Klienditugi: 7440010 (E-R 10-18)

E-raamat: Advanced Dental Biomaterials

Edited by Farshid Sefat, Edited by Zohaib Khurshid (Lecturer and Course Coordinator, Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia), Edited by Shariq Najeeb (Adjunct Clinical Instructor, Department of Endodontics, Schulich School of Me), Edited by Muhammad Zafar

Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 24-May-2019
Kirjastus: Woodhead Publishing Ltd
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780081024775

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Ilmumisaeg: 24-May-2019
Kirjastus: Woodhead Publishing Ltd
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780081024775

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Advanced Dental Biomaterials is an invaluable reference for researchers and clinicians within the biomedical industry and academia. The book can be used by both an experienced researcher/clinician learning about other biomaterials or applications that may be applicable to their current research or as a guide for a new entrant into the field who needs to gain an understanding of the primary challenges, opportunities, most relevant biomaterials, and key applications in dentistry.

Provides a comprehensive review of the materials science, engineering principles and recent advances in dental biomaterials
Reviews the fundamentals of dental biomaterials and examines advanced materials’ applications for tissues regeneration and clinical dentistry
Written by an international collaborative team of materials scientists, biomedical engineers, oral biologists and dental clinicians in order to provide a balanced perspective on the field

List of contributors

xxi

1 Introduction to dental biomaterials and their advances

(6)

Zohaib Khurshid

Muhammad S. Zafar

Shariq Najeeb

Touraj Nejatian

Farshid Sefat

References

(2)

Further reading

(2)

2 Properties of dental biomaterials

(30)

Muhammad S. Zafar

Rizwan Ullah

Zeeshan Qamar

Muhammad A. Fareed

Faiza Amin

Zohaib Khurshid

Farshid Sefat

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Optical properties (color)

(1)

2.3 Thermal properties

(5)

2.3.1 Temperature

(1)

2.3.2 Transition temperatures

(2)

2.3.3 Heat of fusion (L)

(1)

2.3.4 Thermal conductivity (K)

(1)

2.3.5 Specific heat (Cp)

(1)

2.3.6 Thermal diffusivity (Δ)

(1)

2.3.7 Coefficient of thermal expansion (α)

(1)

2.4 Viscosity

(1)

2.5 Electrical conductivity and resistivity

(1)

2.6 Mechanical properties and characterization methods

(6)

2.7 Limitation of mechanical testing methods

(1)

2.8 Biological properties

(2)

2.8.1 Biocompatibility

(1)

2.8.2 In vitro testing

(1)

2.8.3 In vivo testing

(1)

2.8.4 Usage tests

(1)

2.9 Toxicity and cytotoxicity

(2)

2.10 Cytotoxicity tests

(1)

2.11 Fluoride and caries

(1)

2.11.1 Fluoride toxicity

(1)

2.12 Carcinogenicity

(1)

2.13 Biodegradation

(1)

2.14 Bioactivity

(1)

2.15 Osseointegration

(1)

2.16 Osteoinduction

(1)

2.17 Foreign body reaction

(1)

2.18 Conclusive remarks

(1)

References

(7)

3 Dental gypsum and investments

(18)

Touraj Nejatian

Pegah Firouzmanesh

Azeem Ul Yaqin Syed

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Desirable properties of gypsum products

(1)

3.3 Production of calcium sulfate hemihydrate

(2)

3.4 Types of gypsum products

(2)

3.5 The setting and manipulation characteristics of gypsum products

(5)

3.5.1 Mixing technique

(1)

3.5.2 Pouring the impression

(1)

3.5.3 The setting processes

(2)

3.5.4 Setting time

(1)

3.6 Setting expansion---hygroscopic setting expansion

(4)

3.6.1 Reproduction of detail

(1)

3.6.2 Compressive strength

(1)

3.6.3 Tensile strength

(1)

3.6.4 Surface hardness and abrasion resistance

(1)

3.6.5 Dimensional stability

(1)

3.7 Dies and models produced from digital data

(1)

3.8 Conclusion

(1)

References

(3)

4 Ceramic materials in dentistry

(24)

James K.M. Tsoi

4.1 Introduction

(10)

4.1.1 Glass ceramics

(5)

4.1.2 Oxide ceramics

(3)

4.1.3 Polymer-containing ceramics

(1)

4.2 Ceramic bonding

(9)

4.2.1 Mechanism

(6)

4.2.2 Bond strength evaluation

(2)

4.2.3 Fatigue

(1)

4.3 Ceramic biological interaction

(3)

4.3.1 Surface chemistry

(2)

4.3.2 Physical parameters

(1)

4.3.3 Sterilization methods

(1)

4.4 Conclusion

(1)

References

(2)

5 Acrylic denture base materials

(26)

Touraj Nejatian

Sajjad Pezeshki

Azeem Ill Yaqin Syed

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 Ideal properties of a denture base material

(1)

5.3 Acrylic denture base materials

(6)

5.3.1 Development of denture base materials

(2)

5.3.2 Chemical structure and mechanism of polymerization

(3)

5.3.3 Commercial forms and composition

(1)

5.4 Modified and novel denture base materials and manufacturing technologies

(8)

5.4.1 Rubber-reinforced resins

(1)

5.4.2 Fiber-reinforced resins

(2)

5.4.3 Paniculate-reinforced resins

(2)

5.4.4 Hybrid reinforcement

(1)

5.4.5 Hypoallergenic resins

(1)

5.4.6 Thermoplastic resins

(1)

5.4.7 Novel technologies in manufacturing removable denture base

(1)

5.5 Denture lining materials

(5)

5.5.1 Clinical indication

(1)

5.5.2 Hard relining

(1)

5.5.3 Soft relining

(2)

5.5.4 Tissue conditioners

(1)

5.6 Acrylic artificial teeth

(1)

5.7 Conclusion

100

(1)

References

100

(4)

Further reading

104

(1)

6 Dental amalgam

105

(22)

Nasira Haque

Safiyya Yousaf

Touraj Nejatian

Mansour Yousejfi

Masoud Mozafari

Farshid Sefat

6.1 Introduction

106

(1)

6.2 Dental filling biomaterials

107

(4)

6.2.1 Gold fillings

107

(1)

6.2.2 Dental composites

108

(1)

6.2.3 Amalgam

109

(2)

6.3 History of amalgam

111

(1)

6.4 Composition of amalgam

112

(1)

6.4.1 Low-copper dental amalgam

112

(1)

6.4.2 High-copper dental amalgam

112

(1)

6.5 Amalgam bonding

113

(1)

6.5.1 Nonbonded amalgam restorations

113

(1)

6.5.2 Bonded amalgam restorations

114

(1)

6.5.3 Nonbonded versus adhesively bonded amalgam restorations

114

(1)

6.6 Material properties of amalgam

114

(3)

6.6.1 Compressive and tensile strength

114

(1)

6.6.2 Creep

115

(1)

6.6.3 Tarnish and corrosion

116

(1)

6.7 Dimensional change

117

(1)

6.8 Hardness

117

(1)

6.9 Young's modulus

118

(1)

6.10 Failure mode

118

(1)

6.11 Biocompatibility

118

(2)

6.11.1 Toxicology of mercury

118

(2)

6.12 Conclusion

120

(1)

References

121

(2)

Further reading

123

(4)

7 Resin-based dental composites for tooth filling

127

(48)

Ahmed El-Banna

Dalia Sherief

Amr S. Fawzy

7.1 Introduction

128

(1)

7.2 General composition

128

(8)

7.2.1 The resin matrix

128

(2)

7.2.2 Fillers

130

(4)

7.2.3 Silane coupling agent

134

(1)

7.2.4 Initiator---accelerator system

134

(2)

7.2.5 Pigments and other components

136

(1)

7.3 Classification of resin composites

136

(2)

7.3.1 According to the fillers size and distribution

136

(1)

7.3.2 According to the composite consistency

137

(1)

7.3.3 According to the packing (placement) technique

138

(1)

7.3.4 According to the curing techniques

138

(1)

7.4 Clinical indications of resin composites

138

(1)

7.5 Properties and limitations

139

(9)

7.5.1 Degree of conversion

139

(1)

7.5.2 Polymerization shrinkage and polymerization shrinkage stresses

140

(4)

7.5.3 Physical properties

144

(1)

7.5.4 Esthetic properties

144

(1)

7.5.5 Mechanical properties

145

(1)

7.5.6 Biocompatibility

145

(2)

7.5.7 Degradation

147

(1)

7.5.8 Clinical durability

147

(1)

7.6 Attempts for resin composite improvement

148

(17)

7.6.1 Regarding material formulation

148

(6)

7.6.2 Regarding manipulation

154

(2)

7.6.3 Regarding both material formulation and manipulation

156

(9)

7.7 Guidelines and recommendations for future laboratory and clinical researches

165

(6)

7.7.1 Guidelines for laboratory evaluation of resin composite (mechanical behavior and technique sensitivity)

166

(1)

7.7.2 Recommendations for future clinical studies

166

(5)

References

171

(4)

8 Glass-ionomer cement: chemistry and its applications in dentistry

175

(22)

Saroash Shahid

Tomas Duminis

8.1 Introduction

175

(1)

8.2 Development of glass-ionomer cements

176

(2)

8.3 Components of glass-ionomer cements

178

(3)

8.3.1 Composition and nature of the glass component

178

(2)

8.3.2 Composition and nature of the acid component

180

(1)

8.3.3 Water: the reaction medium

181

(1)

8.4 Chemistry of the setting reaction

181

(2)

8.4.1 Decomposition of the glass powder

182

(1)

8.4.2 Gelation phase

182

(1)

8.4.3 Maturation phase

183

(1)

8.5 Fluoride release from glass-ionomer cements

183

(2)

8.5.1 Source of fluoride

183

(1)

8.5.2 Mechanism of fluoride release

184

(1)

8.5.3 Factors effecting fluoride release

184

(1)

8.6 Mechanical properties

185

(3)

8.6.1 Compressive strength

185

(1)

8.6.2 Flexural strength

186

(2)

8.7 Esthetics

188

(1)

8.8 Chemical adhesion with tooth

188

(1)

8.9 Moisture sensitivity of glass-ionomer cements

189

(1)

8.10 Use of glass-ionomer cements in alternative restorative technique

189

(1)

8.11 Nanoapatite-filled glass ionomers

189

(1)

8.12 Thermo-cured glass ionomers

190

(1)

8.13 Resin-modified glass-ionomer cements

190

(1)

8.14 Glass ionomer as a "nondental" cement

191

(1)

References

191

(3)

Further reading

194

(3)

9 Impression materials for dental prosthesis

197

(20)

Payam Zarrintaj

Sahba Rezaei

Seyed Hassan Jafari

Mohammad Reza Saeb

Shadi Ghalami

Mahsa Roshandel

Brouki Milan Peiman

Daghigh Ahmadi Ehsaneh

Farshid Sefat

Masoud Mozafari

9.1 Introduction

198

(2)

9.2 Elastic impression materials

200

(4)

9.2.1 Poly ethers

200

(1)

9.2.2 Polysulfide

201

(1)

9.2.3 Alginate

201

(1)

9.2.4 Agar

202

(1)

9.2.5 Silicones

202

(2)

9.3 Inelastic impression materials

204

(3)

9.3.1 Impression wax

204

(1)

9.3.2 Impression compound

205

(1)

9.3.3 Impression plaster

205

(1)

9.3.4 Metallic oxide pastes (zinc oxide---eugenol impression paste)

206

(1)

9.4 Characteristics of impression materials

207

(5)

9.4.1 Dimensional accuracy/dimensional stability

207

(1)

9.4.2 Wettability

208

(1)

9.4.3 Elastic recovery/flexibility

208

(1)

9.4.4 Mechanical properties

209

(1)

9.4.5 Miscellaneous

209

(3)

9.5 Conclusion and future perspective

212

(1)

References

212

(5)

10 Nano glass ionomer cement: modification for biodental applications

217

(12)

Shariq Nqjeeb

Zohaib Khurshid

Hani Ghabbani

Muhammad S. Zafar

Farshid Sefat

10.1 Introduction

217

(2)

10.2 Applications of glass ionomer cements

219

(1)

10.3 Nanomodifications of glass ionomer cement powders

219

(5)

10.3.1 Powder-based nanomodification of glass ionomer cements

220

(1)

10.3.2 Nanohydroxyapatite and ionomers

220

(2)

10.3.3 Glass ionomer cements modified with other nanoparticles

222

(1)

10.3.4 Nanomodified resin-modified glass ionomer cements

223

(1)

10.4 Conclusion

224

(1)

References

224

(5)

11 Enamel etching and dental adhesives

229

(26)

Ahmed Talal

Hafiz Muhammad Owais Nasim

Abdul Samad Khan

11.1 Introduction

229

(1)

11.2 Indications of adhesives

230

(1)

11.3 Composition of adhesives

231

(1)

11.3.1 Etchant

231

(1)

11.3.2 Primer

231

(1)

11.3.3 Bonding

231

(1)

11.4 Types of enamel etching

232

(5)

11.4.1 Acid etching

232

(3)

11.4.2 Laser etching

235

(1)

11.4.3 Self-etching

236

(1)

11.5 Classifications of adhesives

237

(4)

11.5.1 Classification based on generations

237

(3)

11.5.2 Classification based on clinical steps

240

(1)

11.5.3 Classification based on interaction with smear layer

241

(1)

11.6 Dentin bonding

241

(1)

11.7 Advancement in adhesives

242

(5)

11.7.1 Antibacterial properties

242

(3)

11.7.2 Bioactive properties

245

(2)

11.8 Conclusion

247

(1)

References

248

(7)

12 Endodontic materials: from old materials to recent advances

255

(46)

Mai Saleh Ali

Bassel Kano

12.1 Introduction

256

(1)

12.2 Materials used in vital pulp therapy

256

(7)

12.2.1 Mineral trioxide aggregates

257

(5)

12.2.2 Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France)

262

(1)

12.2.3 Bioaggregate (Innovative Bioceramix, Vancouver, BC, Canada)

262

(1)

12.2.4 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Angelus (Londrina, PR, Brazil)

262

(1)

12.2.5 Endosequence (Brasseler USA, Savanah, Georgia, United States)

262

(1)

12.3 Materials used as root canal irrigants

263

(8)

12.3.1 Sodium hypochlorite

263

(2)

12.3.2 Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid

265

(1)

12.3.3 Chlorhexidine

266

(1)

12.3.4 Citric acid

267

(1)

12.3.5 MTAD

267

(2)

12.3.6 Tetraclean

269

(1)

12.3.7 Hydrogen peroxide

269

(1)

12.3.8 Iodine potassium iodide

269

(1)

12.3.9 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1 -bisphosphonate

269

(1)

12.3.10 QMiX

270

(1)

12.4 Intracanal medicaments

271

(3)

12.4.1 Calcium hydroxide

271

(1)

12.4.2 Chlorhexidine

272

(1)

12.4.3 Ledermix

273

(1)

12.4.4 Triple antibiotics pastes

273

(1)

12.4.5 Bioactive glass

274

(1)

12.5 Root canal obturation materials

274

(16)

12.5.1 Core obturation materials

274

(3)

12.5.2 Root canal sealers (cementing medium)

277

(13)

12.6 Root-end filling materials

290

(2)

12.6.1 Amalgam

290

(1)

12.6.2 Zinc oxide eugenol cements

290

(1)

12.6.3 Composite resins (Retroplast)

290

(2)

12.6.4 Glass ionomer cements

292

(1)

12.6.5 Diaket (3M/ESPE, Seefeld, Germany)

292

(1)

12.6.6 Resin---ionomer suspension and compomer

292

(1)

12.6.7 Other types of cement

292

(1)

12.7 Perforation repair materials

292

(1)

12.8 Summary

293

(1)

References

293

(6)

Further reading

299

(2)

13 Fiber-reinforced composites

301

(16)

Daniel Varley

Safiyya Yousaf

Mansour Youseffi

Masoud Mozafari

Zohaib Khurshid

Farshid Sefat

13.1 Introduction

302

(1)

13.2 Anatomy and physiology of teeth

302

(3)

13.2.1 Enamel

303

(1)

13.2.2 Dentin

303

(1)

13.2.3 Dental pulp

304

(1)

13.2.4 Cementum

304

(1)

13.2.5 Tooth development

304

(1)

13.3 Mechanical properties of teeth

305

(1)

13.4 Biomaterials used in dentistry

305

(1)

13.4.1 Metals

305

(1)

13.4.2 Ceramics

306

(1)

13.4.3 Composites

306

(1)

13.5 Fiber-reinforced composites

306

(5)

13.5.1 Fiber-reinforced composite composition

306

(2)

13.5.2 Influencing factors on mechanical properties

308

(3)

13.6 Clinical applications of fiber-reinforced composites

311

(2)

13.6.1 Tooth restoration

311

(1)

13.6.2 Implants

311

(1)

13.6.3 Endodontics

312

(1)

13.6.4 Prosthodontics

312

(1)

13.6.5 Orthodontic

312

(1)

13.6.6 Periodontal

312

(1)

13.7 Conclusion

313

(1)

References

313

(2)

Further reading

315

(2)

14 Zirconium in dentistry

317

(30)

Rafael Pino Vitti

Anderson Catelan

Marina Amaral

Rafael Rocha Pacheco

14.1 Introduction

317

(4)

14.2 Classification

321

(3)

14.2.1 Feldspathic ceramics

323

(1)

14.2.2 Leucite-based ceramics

323

(1)

14.2.3 Lithium disilicate---based ceramics

323

(1)

14.2.4 Alumina-based ceramics

323

(1)

14.2.5 Zirconia-based ceramics

324

(1)

14.3 Zirconia in dentistry

324

(2)

14.4 Yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia

326

(2)

14.5 Zirconia-toughened alumina

328

(1)

14.6 Surface topography, clinical treatments of zirconia surface, and adhesion to zirconia in dental restorations

329

(4)

14.7 Failure and fractographic analysis of zirconia restorations

333

(2)

14.8 Mechanical testing of zirconia ceramics

335

(2)

14.9 Limitations and challenges

337

(1)

Further reading

338

(9)

15 Natural and synthetic bone replacement graft materials for dental and maxillofacial applications

347

(30)

Zeeshan Sheikh

Nader Hamdan

Mohamed-Nur Abdallah

Michael Glogauer

Marc Grynpas

15.1 Introduction

347

(1)

15.2 Rationale behind use of bone replacement graft materials

348

(2)

15.3 Natural tissues and synthetic biomaterials used for bone grafting

350

(13)

15.3.1 Autografts

352

(1)

15.3.2 Allografts

353

(1)

15.3.3 Xenografts

354

(1)

15.3.4 Alloplasts

355

(8)

15.4 Biocompatibility of bone replacement graft materials and their degradation products

363

(1)

15.5 Biodegradation of implanted graft materials and bone formation

363

(2)

15.6 Future of bone tissue graft materials

365

(1)

References

366

(11)

16 Calcium orthophosphates as a dental regenerative material

377

(76)

Sergey V. Dorozhkin

16.1 Introduction

377

(6)

16.2 General definitions and knowledge

383

(2)

16.3 Brief information on current biomedical applications of CaPO4

385

(1)

16.4 CaPO4 for dental caries prevention and in dentifrices

385

(9)

16.4.1 Toothpastes

386

(3)

16.4.2 Chewing gums

389

(1)

16.4.3 Teeth remineralization

390

(2)

16.4.4 Dentin hypersensitivity treatments

392

(2)

16.5 Clinical applications of CaPO4 in dentistry

394

(20)

16.5.1 Classification according to the existing CaPO4

395

(9)

16.5.2 Classification according to the dental specialties

404

(10)

16.6 Tissue engineering approaches

414

(2)

16.7 Conclusion

416

(1)

References

416

(36)

Further reading

452

(1)

17 Bioactive glasses---structure and applications

453

(24)

Imran Farooq

Saqib Ali

Shehriar Husain

Emm Khan

Robert G. Hill

17.1 Introduction

454

(1)

17.2 Bioactivity of glasses

454

(2)

17.2.1 Mechanism of action

455

(1)

17.2.2 Solubility

455

(1)

17.3 Factors affecting apatite formation

456

(1)

17.4 Composition of different bioactive glasses

456

(4)

17.4.1 Silicate-based bioactive glasses

457

(1)

17.4.2 Borate-based bioactive glasses

458

(2)

17.5 Methods of synthesis

460

(1)

17.6 Clinical applications of bioactive glasses

460

(9)

17.6.1 Bone graft substitute

461

(1)

17.6.2 Bone regeneration

461

(1)

17.6.3 Drug delivery system

462

(1)

17.6.4 Coating of implants

463

(1)

17.6.5 Use in toothpastes

463

(2)

17.6.6 Antibacterial activity

465

(1)

17.6.7 Role in minimal invasive dentistry

465

(1)

17.6.8 Bioactive glass scaffolds

465

(3)

17.6.9 Particle size of bioactive glasses and its effect on various clinical applications

468

(1)

17.7 Future of bioactive glasses

469

(1)

17.8 Conclusion

470

(1)

References

470

(6)

Further reading

476

(1)

18 Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in dentistry

477

(30)

Muhammad S. Zafar

Ahmad A. Alnazzawi

Mothanna Alrahabi

Muhammad A. Fareed

Shariq Najeeb

Zohaib Khurshid

18.1 Introduction

477

(1)

18.2 Natural biomaterials and nanoscience

478

(2)

18.3 General properties of nanomaterials

480

(1)

18.4 Dental applications of nanobiomaterials

481

(11)

18.4.1 Nanobiomaterials for preventive dentistry

482

(1)

18.4.2 Nanomaterials for periodontics

483

(1)

18.4.3 Nanomaterials for dental implants

484

(2)

18.4.4 Restorative nanobiomaterials

486

(2)

18.4.5 Endodontic nanobiomaterials

488

(2)

18.4.6 Nanomaterials and endodontic regeneration

490

(1)

18.4.7 Nanomaterials and tissue engineering

490

(1)

18.4.8 Electrospun nanomaterials

491

(1)

18.5 Potential of nanomaterials

492

(2)

18.6 Conclusive remarks

494

(1)

References

494

(13)

19 Digital dentistry

507

(34)

Touraj Nejatian

Sanam Almassi

Azita Farhadi Shamsabadi

Gaurav Vasudeva

Zoe Hancox

Amritpaul Singh Dhillon

Farshid Sefat

19.1 Introduction

508

(1)

19.2 Digital radiography and magnetic resonance imaging

508

(8)

19.2.1 Intraoral, extraoral, including cone beam computed tomography

508

(1)

19.2.2 Clinical applications

509

(3)

19.2.3 Limitations

512

(4)

19.3 Caries detection

516

(1)

19.4 Photography and shade selection

516

(1)

19.5 Computer-aided design---computer-aided manufacturing systems in dentistry

517

(4)

19.5.1 Chairside milling

518

(1)

19.5.2 Laboratory and industrial milling

518

(1)

19.5.3 Machining of the restorations

519

(1)

19.5.4 Three-dimensional printing

519

(2)

19.6 Computer-supported implant dentistry

521

(9)

19.6.1 Three-dimensional printing in implant dentistry

521

(1)

19.6.2 Recent advances in implant technologies

522

(2)

19.6.3 Computer-guided implant surgery

524

(1)

19.6.4 Computer-navigated implant surgery

524

(3)

19.6.5 Computer-aided design---computer-aided manufacturing systems in implant restorative dentistry

527

(1)

19.6.6 Prosthetic abutments

528

(1)

19.6.7 Computer-aided design---computer-aided manufacturing abutments in implant dentistry

528

(1)

19.6.8 Materials used

529

(1)

19.6.9 Computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing custom implant abutments

529

(1)

19.7 Lasers and dental applications

530

(3)

19.7.1 History of lasers in dentistry

531

(1)

19.7.2 Types of lasers

531

(1)

19.7.3 Mechanism of laser action

532

(1)

19.8 Technology and dental education

533

(2)

References

535

(5)

Further reading

540

(1)

20 Biomaterials used in orthodontics: brackets, archwires, and clear aligners

541

(40)

Mohamed-Nur Abdallah

Tiantong Lou

Jean-Marc Retrouvey

Sunjay Suri

20.1 Introduction

541

(1)

20.2 Orthodontic brackets

542

(11)

20.2.1 Metal brackets

542

(8)

20.2.2 Plastic brackets

550

(1)

20.2.3 Ceramic brackets

551

(2)

20.3 Orthodontic archwires

553

(9)

20.3.1 Properties of orthodontic archwires

553

(2)

20.3.2 Classification of orthodontic archwires

555

(7)

20.4 Clear aligners

562

(10)

20.4.1 Material composition

562

(3)

20.4.2 The thermoforming process

565

(1)

20.4.3 Forces of thermoplastic aligners

565

(2)

20.4.4 Mechanical properties

567

(2)

20.4.5 Attachments

569

(2)

20.4.6 Cytotoxicity

571

(1)

20.5 Final remarks

572

(1)

References

572

(9)

21 Dental implants materials and surface treatments

581

(18)

Shariq Najeeb

Maria Mali

Azeem Ul Yaqin Syed

Muhammad Sohail Zafar

Zohaib Khurshid

Abdullah Alwadaani

Jukka P. Matinlinna

21.1 Introduction

581

(2)

21.2 Osseointegration: cellular and biomaterial aspects

583

(1)

21.3 Biomaterial properties and implant surface characteristics

584

(1)

21.4 Biomechanical properties of dental implants

584

(1)

21.5 Surface properties

585

(1)

21.6 Type of dental implant material

586

(2)

21.6.1 Alveolar bone properties

587

(1)

21.6.2 Influence of oral health and systemic disease on implant survival

587

(1)

21.7 Modification of the dental implants

588

(2)

21.7.1 Modification of titanium implants

588

(2)

21.8 Functionally graded/hierarchical dental implant surfaces

590

(1)

21.9 Modification of the polyetheretherketone dental implants

590

(2)

21.10 Modification of zirconia implants

592

(1)

21.11 Conclusion

592

(1)

References

592

(7)

22 Graphene to improve the physicomechanical properties and bioactivity of the cements

599

(16)

Vinicius Rosa

Francisco Javier Rodnguez-Lozano

Kyung-san Min

22.1 Introduction

599

(1)

22.1.1 Graphene and its derivatives

599

(1)

22.2 Graphene to improve cementitious materials

600

(9)

22.3 Conclusion

609

(1)

References

609

(6)

23 Biomaterials for maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation

615

(28)

Waqas Tanveer

23.1 Highlights

616

(1)

23.2 Historical background

616

(1)

23.3 Ideal properties of maxillofacial material

617

(1)

23.4 Search for ideal materials for maxillofacial rehabilitation

617

(3)

23.4.1 Acrylic resins (1940-60)

617

(2)

23.4.2 Polyvinylchloride and copolymer

619

(1)

23.4.3 Chlorinated polyethylene

619

(1)

23.4.4 Polyurethane elastomers (1970-90)

619

(1)

23.4.5 Thermoset urethane elastomers

619

(1)

23.4.6 Silicones (1960-70)

620

(1)

23.5 Silicones

620

(2)

23.5.1 Polymer structures

620

(2)

23.6 Classification of maxillofacial silicones

622

(3)

23.6.1 Classification of silicones according to application

622

(3)

23.7 Types of maxillofacial silicones

625

(3)

23.7.1 Most common room temperature vulcanizing silicones

625

(2)

23.7.2 Medical grade liquid silicone elastomers

627

(1)

23.7.3 Recommendations

627

(1)

23.7.4 Medical grade VerSiTal silicone elastomers

628

(1)

23.8 M-511 platinum silicone rubber

628

(4)

23.8.1 Silicone fluids

629

(1)

23.8.2 Properties

629

(1)

23.8.3 Types of silicone fluids

629

(3)

23.9 Primers

632

(1)

23.10 Soft liners and tissue conditioners

633

(2)

23.10.1 Soft liner

633

(1)

23.10.2 Coe-Comfort and Coe-Soft

633

(2)

23.10.3 Sculpturing clays and waxes

635

(1)

23.11 Coloring agents

635

(3)

23.11.1 Colored flocking

635

(1)

23.11.2 Intrinsic stains

636

(1)

23.11.3 Extrinsic colors

636

(1)

23.11.4 Acetoxy silastic adhesives

636

(2)

23.12 Skin adhesives

638

(1)

References

639

(4)

24 Biomaterials for craniofacial tissue engineering and regenerative dentistry

643

(32)

Sukumaran Anil

Elna Paul Chalisserry

Seung Yun Nam

Jayachandran Venkatesan

24.1 Introduction

644

(3)

24.1.1 Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

645

(1)

24.1.2 Functions and features of scaffolds

646

(1)

24.1.3 Classification of biomaterials

646

(1)

24.2 Natural biomaterials

647

(7)

24.2.1 Collagen

647

(1)

24.2.2 Fibrin

648

(1)

24.2.3 Alginate

649

(1)

24.2.4 Silk

650

(1)

24.2.5 Hyaluronate

651

(1)

24.2.6 Chitosan

651

(2)

24.2.7 Agarose

653

(1)

24.2.8 Elastin

653

(1)

24.3 Synthetic biomaterials

654

(1)

24.3.1 Polyethyleneglycol

654

(1)

24.3.2 Poly-e-caprolactone

654

(1)

24.3.3 Polyglycolic acid

655

(1)

24.4 Bioceramics

655

(3)

24.4.1 Tricalcium phosphate

655

(1)

24.4.2 Hydroxyapatite

656

(1)

24.4.3 Tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite biphasic ceramics (biphasic calcium phosphate)

657

(1)

24.4.4 Bioactive glasses

657

(1)

24.5 Metals

658

(3)

24.5.1 Biodegradable metal scaffolds

658

(1)

24.5.2 Titanium

659

(1)

24.5.3 Zirconia

660

(1)

24.6 Bioactive restorative materials

661

(2)

24.6.1 Mineral trioxide aggregate

661

(1)

24.6.2 Biodentine

662

(1)

24.7 Three-dimensional printed scaffolds

663

(1)

24.8 Conclusion

664

(1)

References

664

(11)

25 Applications of silver diamine fluoride in management of dental caries

675

(26)

Wei-Te Huang

Saroash Shahid

Paul Anderson

25.1 Introduction

675

(1)

25.2 Brief history

676

(1)

25.3 Clinical effects of silver diamine fluoride applications on caries management

676

(9)

25.3.1 Management of coronal caries in children

677

(6)

25.3.2 Management of coronal caries in adults

683

(1)

25.3.3 Management of root caries in the elderly

684

(1)

25.4 Cariostatic mechanism of silver diamine fluoride

685

(7)

25.4.1 Cariostatic effects of silver diamine fluoride on dental mineral

685

(5)

25.4.2 Cariostatic effects of silver diamine fluoride on cariogenic bacteria

690

(2)

25.4.3 Cariostatic effects of silver diamine fluoride on organic content of dentine

692

(1)

25.5 Safety of silver diamine fluoride treatment

692

(2)

25.6 Conclusion

694

(1)

References

694

(7)

Index

701

Dr. Zohaib Khurshid (Scopus h-index: 23) is a lecturer and course coordinator at the Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology Department, School of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. His research interests include biomaterials, dental bone grafts, salivary diagnostics, dental education, dental biomaterial characterization, and dental caries remineralization. He has authored more than 100 publications available in Scopus, including review papers, research papers, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, book chapters, editorials, news magazine reports, and scoping studies. He participates in editorial activities with the 'European Journal of Dentistry' (EJD); 'Journal of Oral Research' (JOralRes); 'Journal of Dentistry'; 'Materials'; 'Molecules'; 'Current Issues in Molecular Biology'; 'Polymer'; 'International Journal of Molecular Sciences' (IJMS); and the 'European Journal of Dental Research and Biomaterials'. He has edited two other books with Elsevier: 'Advanced Dental Biomaterials' and 'Dental Implants: Materials, Coatings, Surface Modifications and Interfaces with Oral Tissues'. He is also a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA) and a Member of The Faculty of Dental Trainers (MDTFEd) of the Faculty of Dental Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. He was also honored with the Membership of the Faculty of Dental Surgery from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (MFDS RCPS). Dr. Shariq Najeeb completed his clinical dentistry training at the University of Karachi, Pakistan, in 2010 and his masters in dental materials from the University of Sheffield in 2013. During his masters, he worked on developing a novel electrospun guided tissue regeneration membrane for periodontal applications. In addition, he has published more than 40 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters. His research has focused on novel approaches in treating periodontitis, endodontics, dental implants, biomaterials for tissue regeneration, and data synthesis and quality assessment of dental literature. He has served as the director of the course in dental materials at Al-Farabi Colleges (Saudi Arabia). At present, he is the director of the Institute of Collaborative Dental Education and Research and an adjunct professor of dentistry at Western University, Canada. Dr. Muhammad Zafar did PhD from Quaid-I- Azam University Islamabad-Pakistan in 2011. Currently he is working as Associate Professor in the Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Pakistan. He is a renowned active scientist in the field of medicinal plants, plant biodiversity and Plant Systematics and taxonomy. He is the founder of first nutraceutical and traditional medicinal plant Lab. and biofuel and Biomass energy laboratory at Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan. Dr. Zafar has over 450 publications in diverse fields of Plant Sciences including 406 research publications, 11 international books, 16 chapters in books published by various publishers. Dr. Farshid Sefat is Associate Professor and Programme Leader in the Biomedical and Electronic Engineering Department at the University of Bradford (UK). He was head of Biomedical Engineering Department at King Faisal University (Saudi Arabia) and Visiting Professor at Stevens Institute of Technology (New Jersey, USA). He completed his post doctorate research assistant at University of Sheffield (UK) in cornea tissue engineering. Dr. Sefat received his Ph.D. and BEng. degrees from University of Bradford in Biomedical Engineering. His research is based on developing biomaterials to control cellular behavior with particular emphasis in developing engineered materials for various tissue engineering applications. Hes an author of >150 peer-reviewed journal articles, editorials, and review papers and >80 book chapters/edited books. Hes on the editorial boards and reviewer of >30 numerous journals including Materials Today, Acta Biomaterialia, IEEE, Bone, MDPI, Journal of Orthopaedics & Rheumatology, Materials Science and Engineering C and Journal of Biomechanics.

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