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E-raamat: Advanced Introduction to Semantics: A Meaning-Text Approach

Jasmina Milievi (Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia), Igor Mel'uk (Université de Montréal)

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Ilmumisaeg: 02-Apr-2020
Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781108631631

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 02-Apr-2020
Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781108631631

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This book is an advanced introduction to semantics that presents this crucial component of human language through the lens of the 'Meaning-Text' theory - an approach that treats linguistic knowledge as a huge inventory of correspondences between thought and speech. Formally, semantics is viewed as an organized set of rules that connect a representation of meaning (Semantic Representation) to a representation of the sentence (Deep-Syntactic Representation). The approach is particularly interesting for computer assisted language learning, natural language processing and computational lexicography, as our linguistic rules easily lend themselves to formalization and computer applications. The model combines abstract theoretical constructions with numerous linguistic descriptions, as well as multiple practice exercises that provide a solid hands-on approach to learning how to describe natural language semantics.

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'A practical and comprehensive approach to the description and analysis of linguistic meaning bridging the narrow interests of traditional formal theories and the looser approaches to semantic representation favoured by usage-based and typologically oriented researchers. The authors systematically introduce a rigorous and intuitively accessible approach to the representation of the meaning of words and sentences that is urgently needed by linguists interested in the description of language, cognitive scientists, lexicographers, and computational linguists in search of formalizable tools for the modelling of the semantics of natural language.' David Beck, University of Alberta

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Presents, in simple and clear terms, the way in which humans express their ideas by talking.

List of Figures

xii

List of Tables

xvi

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Writing Conventions

xxi

List of Phonemic/Phonetic Symbols

xxvi

PART I FUNDAMENTALS

1 Semantics in Language and Linguistics

(27)

1 Semantics and Its Place in Language and Linguistics

(4)

2 Doing Semantics with Meaning-Text Linguistic Theory

(22)

2.1 Language as Meaning-Text Correspondence

(2)

2.2 Modeling Meaning-Text Correspondence

(1)

2.2.1 Functional Models of Language

(2)

2.2.2 The Stratificational Character of Language Models

(4)

2.2.3 Language Modeling from Meaning to Text: Primacy of the Speaker

(2)

2.3 Tasks of the Semantic Module of a Meaning-Text Linguistic Model

(9)

2.4 The Meaning-Text Model within a General Model of Linguistic Behavior

(2)

Further Reading

(1)

2 Some Basic Linguistic Notions

(39)

1 General Linguistic Notions

(24)

1.1 Linguistic Sign and Related Notions

(1)

1.1.1 The Notion of Linguistic Sign

(4)

1.1.2 Reference and Denotation of a Linguistic Sign

(2)

1.1.3 Compositionality of Complex Linguistic Signs

(1)

1.2 Paradigmatic vs. Syntagmatic Relations between Linguistic Signs

(2)

1.3 Linguistic Dependency

(1)

1.3.1 Types of Linguistic Dependency

(3)

1.3.2 Major Dependency Roles

(1)

1.3.3 Valence, Diathesis and Government Pattern

(2)

1.4 Major Types of Linguistic Significations

(3)

1.5 Linguistic Expressive Means

(1)

1.6 Basic Formalisms for Representing Linguistic Phenomena

(1)

1.6.1 Linguistic Representations

(2)

1.6.2 Linguistic Rules

(3)

2 Syntactic Notions

(6)

2.1 Basic Syntactic Units

(1)

2.1.1 Utterance

(1)

2.1.2 Wordform

(1)

2.1.3 Phrase

(1)

2.1.4 Clause

(1)

2.1.5 Sentence

(1)

2.2 Major Syntactic Classes of Lexical Units, alias Parts of Speech

(2)

3 Morphological Notions

(4)

3.1 Morphological Signs

(1)

3.1.1 Elementary Sign

(1)

3.1.2 Segmental Sign

(1)

3.1.3 Morph

(1)

3.2 Inflectional and Derivational Significations

(1)

3.2.1 Inflectional Significations and Inflectional Categories

(1)

3.2.2 Derivational Significations

(1)

3.3 Two Basic Morphological Mechanisms: Inflection and Word Formation

(2)

Further Reading

(4)

PART II MEANING IN LANGUAGE AND ITS DESCRIPTION

3 Linguistic Meaning

(29)

1 The Nature of Linguistic Meaning

(7)

1.1 Linguistic Meaning as the Invariant of Paraphrases

(2)

1.2 Linguistic (= "Shallow") Meaning vs. Real (= "Deep") Meaning

(4)

1.3 Three Aspects of Linguistic Meaning: Propositional, Communicative and Rhetorical Meaning

(1)

2 Meaning Representation

(2)

3 Semantic Units and Semantic Relations

(10)

3.1 Semantemes

(1)

3.1.1 The Language-Specific Character of Semantemes

(3)

3.1.2 Two Major Classes of Semantemes: Semantic Predicates and Semantic Names

(3)

3.2 Semantic Dependency Relations

(1)

3.2.1 Properties of Semantic Dependency

(1)

3.2.2 Semantic Actants

(2)

4 Semantic Decomposition

(8)

4.1 How Is Semantic Decomposition Done?

(1)

4.1.1 Basic Rules of Semantic Decomposition

(1)

4.1.2 Recursive Character of Semantic Decomposition

(1)

4.1.3 Semantic Primitives

(1)

4.2 What Is Semantic Decomposition Necessary For?

(1)

4.2.1 Determining the Semantic Identity of a Linguistic Expression

(1)

4.2.2 Establishing Semantic Equivalence between Linguistic Expressions

(1)

4.2.3 Determining the Hierarchy of Actants of a Semanteme

(3)

Further Reading

(1)

4 Lexical Meaning, Lexical Items and Lexical Units

(19)

1 Lexical Semantics, Lexicology and Lexicography

(1)

2 Lexical Items and Lexical Units

100

(16)

2.1 Lexemes

101

(1)

2.2 Phrasemes

102

(1)

2.2.1 The Notion of Phraseme

102

(3)

2.2.2 Types of Phrasemes

105

(8)

2.2.3 Degree of Frozenness of a Phraseme

113

(1)

2.3 Lexicographic Status of Different Types of Lexical Items

114

(2)

Further Reading

116

(1)

5 Lexicographic Definition

117

(24)

1 General Presentation of a Lexicographic Definition

118

(3)

2 Rules for Formulating Lexicographic Definitions

121

(5)

3 Structuring of a Lexicographic Definition: Different Types of Semantic Components

126

(5)

3.1 The Central Component vs. Peripheral Components

126

(1)

3.2 Simple Components vs. Conjunctive/Disjunctive Components

127

(2)

3.3 Regular Components vs. Weak Components

129

(1)

3.4 Presupposition Components vs. Assertion Components

129

(1)

3.5 The Metaphoric Component

130

(1)

3.6 An Illustration: A Structured Lexicographic Definition

130

(1)

4 Criteria for Elaborating Lexicographic Definitions

131

(4)

5 Lexicographic Definition vs. Lexicographic Connotation

135

(2)

6 Lexicographic Definition Checklist

137

(3)

Further Reading

140

(1)

6 Lexical Relations

141

(20)

1 Paradigmatic Lexical Relations

142

(16)

1.1 The Core Paradigmatic Lexical Relations: Synonymy, Antonymy, Conversion

142

(1)

1.1.1 Synonymy

142

(2)

1.1.2 Antonymy

144

(2)

1.1.3 Conversion

146

(4)

1.2 Derivational Relations

150

(2)

1.3 Polysemy vs. Homonymy

152

(1)

1.3.1 Polysemy

152

(5)

1.3.2 Homonymy

157

(1)

2 Syntagmatic Lexical Relations

158

(2)

Further Reading

160

(1)

7 Lexical Functions

161

(25)

1 What Is a Lexical Function?

162

(5)

2 Standard Lexical Functions

167

(14)

2.1 Paradigmatic Lexical Functions

167

(1)

2.1.1 LFs Describing Core Lexical Relations: Syn, Anti and Conv

167

(3)

2.1.2 LFs Describing Derivational Relations

170

(3)

2.2 Syntagmatic Lexical Functions

173

(1)

2.2.1 Adjectival and Adverbial Lexical Functions: Magn, Ver, Bon

173

(1)

2.2.2 Support Verbs: Operi; Func0/i, Labori: J

174

(4)

2.2.3 Realization Verbs: Reali; Fact0/i, Labreai

178

(1)

2.2.4 Phasal Verbs: incep, Fin, Cont

179

(1)

2.2.5 Causative Verbs: Caus, Liqu, Perm

180

(1)

3 Non-Standard Lexical Functions

181

(2)

3.1 Non-Standard LFs Describing Non-Systematic Word Formation

181

(1)

3.2 Non-Standard LFs Describing Non-Systematic Collocations

182

(1)

3.3 Non-Standard LFs Describing Cliches

182

(1)

4 Applications of Lexical Functions in Natural Language Processing: An Illustration

183

(2)

Further Reading

185

(1)

8 The Lexical Stock of a Language and the Dictionary

186

(42)

1 Lexical Stock and Its Structure

187

(15)

1.1 Vocables

188

(2)

1.2 Semantic Classes of Lexical Units

190

(1)

1.2.1 Vendler's Aspectual Classes

190

(2)

1.2.2 Semantic Labels and Taxonomic Semantic Classes of Lexical Units

192

(4)

1.2.3 Semantic Labels in Lexical Descriptions

196

(3)

1.3 Semantic Fields

199

(1)

1.4 Lexical Fields

200

(1)

1.5 Vocables, Semantic Classes, Semantic Fields and Lexical Fields Compared

200

(2)

2 A Model of the Lexical Stock: The Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary (ECD)

202

(25)

2.1 General Characterization of the ECD

203

(1)

2.1.1 Main Features of the ECD

203

(1)

2.1.2 Principles for Compiling an ECD

204

(5)

2.2 The ECD Lexical Entry

209

(1)

2.2.1 The Structure of an ECD Entry

209

(1)

2.2.2 The Semantic Zone

210

(1)

2.2.3 The Syntactic Cooccurrence Zone

211

(3)

2.2.4 The Lexical Relations Zone

214

(2)

2.3 The ECD Lexical Superentry

216

(1)

2.3.1 Distinguishing Entries within a Superentry

216

(2)

2.3.2 Ordering and Numbering Lexical Entries within a Superentry

218

(2)

2.3.3 Three Superentries from an English ECD

220

(7)

Further Reading

227

(1)

9 Sentential Meaning and Meaning Relations between Sentences

228

(27)

1 Sentential Meaning Properties

229

(6)

1.1 Semantic Normalcy/Anomaly of a Sentence

230

(1)

1.1.1 Extralinguistically Well/III-Formed Sentences

230

(1)

1.1.2 Linguistically Well-/III-Formed Sentences

231

(1)

1.2 Semantic Truth/Falsehood of a Sentence

232

(2)

1.3 Treatment of Anomalous Sentences in a Formal Linguistic Model

234

(1)

2 Meaning Relations between Sentences

235

(17)

2.1 Synonymy of Sentences = Paraphrase

235

(1)

2.1.1 The Notion of Paraphrase

235

(4)

2.1.2 Types of Paraphrase

239

(2)

2.1.3 Testing Paraphrastic Equivalence: Substitution Test

241

(1)

2.1.4 Semantic Representations of Paraphrases

242

(3)

2.2 Implication

245

(1)

2.3 Presupposition

246

(3)

2.4 Equinomy

249

(3)

Further Reading

252

(3)

PART III MEANING-TEXT MODEL OF SEMANTICS

10 Semantic Representation

255

(29)

1 General Characterization of the Semantic Representation

256

(3)

2 Semantic Structure

259

(11)

2.1 Elements of the Semantic Structure

260

(1)

2.1.1 The Graph: A Semantic Network

260

(1)

2.1.2 Node Labels: Semantemes

261

(1)

2.1.3 Arc Labels: Semantic Actantial Numbers

262

(2)

2.2 Formal Requirements on Semantic Structures

264

(4)

2.3 Substantive Requirements on Semantic Structures

268

(2)

3 Semantic-Communicative Structure

270

(10)

3.1 Elements of the Semantic-Communicative Structure

271

(1)

3.1.1 Communicatively Dominant Node

271

(1)

3.1.2 Semantic-Communicative Oppositions

271

(8)

3.2 Formal Requirements on Semantic-Communicative Structures

279

(1)

4 Interaction of Semantic and Semantic-Communicative Structures in Linguistic Synthesis

280

(3)

4.1 SemS - Sem-CommS Pairings and the Well-Formedness of the SemR

280

(1)

4.2 SemS ~ Sem-CommS Pairings and the Paraphrastic Potential of the SemS

281

(2)

Further Reading

283

(1)

11 Deep-Syntactic Representation

284

(26)

1 General Characterization of the Deep-Syntactic Representation

285

(2)

2 Deep-Syntactic Structure

287

(18)

2.1 Dependency Tree

287

(1)

2.2 Deep Lexical Units

288

(1)

2.2.1 Semantically Full Lexical Units

289

(1)

2.2.2 Lexical Functions

289

(1)

2.2.3 Fictitious Lexemes

290

(1)

2.3 Deep Grammemes

291

(2)

2.4 Deep-Syntactic Dependency Relations

293

(1)

2.4.1 General Characterization of Syntactic Relations

293

(4)

2.4.2 Inventory of Deep-Syntactic Relations

297

(8)

3 Deep-Syntactic-Communicative Structure

305

(2)

4 Role of the Deep-Syntactic Structure in Sentence Synthesis

307

(2)

Further Reading

309

(1)

12 Semantic Rules

310

(35)

1 Semantic Transition (= Expression) Rules

312

(15)

1.1 Lexicalization Rules

313

(1)

1.1.1 Lexemic Rules

313

(4)

1.1.2 Phrasemic Rules

317

(1)

1.1.3 Lexical-Functional Rules

317

(2)

1.1.4 Lexical-Constructional Rules

319

(1)

1.2 Morphologization Rules

320

(1)

1.3 Arborization Rules

321

(1)

1.3.1 Rules Establishing the Top Node of the DSynt-Tree

321

(2)

1.3.2 Rules Constructing Branches and Subtrees of the DSynt-Tree

323

(4)

2 Semantic Equivalence (= Paraphrasing) Rules

327

(15)

2.1 Semantic Equivalences Proper

327

(1)

2.1.1 Semantic Substitution Rules

327

(4)

2.1.2 Semantic Restructuring Rules

331

(3)

2.2 Lexical-Syntactic Equivalences

334

(2)

2.2.1 (Quasi-)Equivalent Substitutions

336

(5)

2.2.2 Implicative Substitutions

341

(1)

Further Reading

342

(1)

Concluding Remarks

343

(2)

Appendix: Some Mathematical and Logical Notions Useful to Linguistics

345

(10)

1 Sets

346

(1)

2 Operations

346

(1)

3 Relations

347

(3)

3.1 Set-Theoretical Relations (Relations between Two Sets)

347

(1)

3.2 Properties of Binary Relations

348

(2)

3.3 A Very Special Relation: Isomorphism

350

(1)

4 Formal Languages

350

(2)

5 Propositions and Predicates

352

(2)

5.1 Propositional Calculus

352

(1)

5.2 Predicate Calculus

353

(1)

Further Reading

354

(1)

Exercises

355

(15)

References

370

(12)

Notion and Term Index cum Glossary

382

(29)

Definition Index

411

(10)

Language Index

421

(1)

Lexical Unit and Semanteme Index

422

Igor Mel'uk is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the Université de Montréal. One of the pioneers of Machine-Translation research, he launched, together with A. Zholkovsky, the Meaning-Text linguistic approach a universal linguistic theory. Jasmina Milievi is Associate Professor at Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia. She is co-author of the three-volume Introduction ą la linguistique (2014) with Igor Mel'uk.

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