| Foreword |
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v | |
| Abstract |
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ix | |
| Preface |
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xi | |
| About the Author |
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xvii | |
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1 | (60) |
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1.1 Growing Challenges in Advanced Cooling |
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2 | (3) |
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1.2 Water Cooling and New Alternatives |
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5 | (2) |
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1.3 Basic Features of Conventional Heat Exchangers |
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7 | (9) |
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1.3.1 Heat exchanger classification by geometry and structure |
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9 | (6) |
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1.3.2 Heat exchange enhancement techniques |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4 Limitations of Water-based Heat Exchanger |
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16 | (3) |
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1.4.1 Overall properties of water |
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16 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Adhesion and cohesion |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.5 Liquid Metal Coolant for Chip Cooling |
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19 | (3) |
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1.6 Some Facts About Liquid Metal |
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22 | (2) |
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1.7 Revisiting Traditional Liquid Metal Cooling |
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24 | (4) |
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1.8 Liquid Metal Enabled Innovation in Conventional Heat Exchanger |
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28 | (1) |
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1.9 Potential Application Areas of Liquid Metal Thermal Management |
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29 | (13) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (2) |
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1.9.4 Heat transfer process engineering |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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1.9.6 Appliances in large power systems |
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38 | (1) |
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1.9.7 Thermal interface material |
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38 | (1) |
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1.9.8 More new conceptual applications |
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39 | (3) |
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1.10 Technical and Scientific Challenges in Liquid Metal Heat Transfer |
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42 | (3) |
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45 | (16) |
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46 | (15) |
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Chapter 2 Typical Liquid Metal Medium and Properties for Advanced Cooling |
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61 | (58) |
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2.1 Typical Properties of Liquid Metals |
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62 | (12) |
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62 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Thermal conductivity |
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63 | (5) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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2.1.5 Boiling temperature |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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2.1.8 Electrical properties |
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73 | (1) |
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2.1.9 Magnetic properties |
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73 | (1) |
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2.1.10 Chemical properties |
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74 | (1) |
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2.2 Alloy Candidates with Low Melting Point |
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74 | (4) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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2.3 Nano Liquid Metal as More Conductive Coolant or Grease |
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78 | (8) |
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2.3.1 Technical concept of nano liquid metal |
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78 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Performance of typical nano liquid metals |
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79 | (7) |
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2.4 Liquid Metal Genome Toward New Material Discovery |
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86 | (3) |
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2.4.1 About liquid metal material genome |
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86 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Urgent needs of new liquid metals |
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87 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Category of room-temperature liquid metal genome |
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87 | (2) |
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2.5 Fundamental Methods for Development of New Liquid Metal Materials |
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89 | (6) |
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2.5.1 Alloying strategy from single metal element |
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89 | (2) |
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2.5.2 Making composites from binary liquid alloys |
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91 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Realizing composites from multicomponent liquid alloys |
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92 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Nano technological strategies |
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92 | (1) |
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2.5.5 Additional physical approaches |
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93 | (1) |
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2.5.6 Chemical strategies |
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94 | (1) |
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2.6 Fundamental Theories for Material Discovery |
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95 | (3) |
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2.6.1 Calculation of Phase Diagram (CALPHAD) |
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95 | (1) |
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2.6.2 First principle prediction |
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96 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Molecular dynamics simulation |
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97 | (1) |
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2.6.4 Other theoretical methods |
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98 | (1) |
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2.7 Experimental Ways for Material Discovery |
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98 | (2) |
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2.8 Theoretical and Technical Challenges |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (18) |
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102 | (10) |
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112 | (7) |
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Chapter 3 Fabrications and Characterizations of Liquid Metal Cooling Materials |
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119 | (48) |
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120 | (8) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Fabrication of liquid metal droplets |
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121 | (3) |
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3.1.4 Preparation of liquid metal nanoparticles |
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124 | (1) |
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3.1.5 Coating of liquid metal surface |
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124 | (3) |
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3.1.6 Loading with nanomaterials |
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127 | (1) |
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3.1.7 Compositing with other materials |
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128 | (1) |
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3.2 Characterizations of Functional Liquid Metal Materials |
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128 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Regulation of thermal properties |
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129 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Regulation of electrical properties |
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130 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Regulation of magnetic properties |
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130 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Regulation of fluidic properties |
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131 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Regulation of chemical properties |
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131 | (1) |
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3.3 Liquid Metal as Energy Harvesting or Conversion Medium |
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132 | (1) |
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3.4 Low-Temperature Liquid Metal Used in Harsh Environment |
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132 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Working of liquid metal under cryogenic condition |
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132 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Basics of cryogenic cooling |
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134 | (3) |
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3.5 Potential Metal Candidates with Melting Point below Zero Centigrade |
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137 | (9) |
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139 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Particularities of gallium or its alloys |
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140 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Alkali metal and its alloys |
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142 | (4) |
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3.6 Preparation Methods of Low-Temperature Liquid Metal |
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146 | (6) |
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3.6.1 Phase diagram calculation |
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147 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Subcooling of metal melt |
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148 | (2) |
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3.6.3 Experimental approaches |
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150 | (2) |
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3.7 Potential Roles for Future Low-Temperature Liquid Metal |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (12) |
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155 | (12) |
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Chapter 4 Corrosion Issues in Liquid Metal-based Thermal Management |
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167 | (28) |
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4.1 Corrosions Caused by Liquid Metal on Specific Substrates |
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168 | (2) |
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4.2 Characterization of Liquid Metal Corrosion |
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170 | (2) |
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4.3 Corrosion Trends of Typical Substrates with Liquid Gallium |
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172 | (2) |
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4.4 Microscopic SEM/EDS Observation and Analysis |
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174 | (6) |
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4.4.1 SEM quantification of corroded surface |
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174 | (2) |
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4.4.2 EDS quantification of corroded surface |
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176 | (3) |
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4.4.3 EDS quantification of corroded cross-section |
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179 | (1) |
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4.5 Factors Affecting the Liquid Metal Corrosion |
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180 | (3) |
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4.6 Anti-Corrosion of LM on Substrate |
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183 | (2) |
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4.7 Quantification of Gallium Alloy on Anodic Oxidation Aluminum |
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185 | (6) |
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4.7.1 Thermal transfer simulation and setting of anodized aluminum alloy |
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186 | (3) |
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4.7.2 Thermal transfer performance |
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189 | (1) |
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4.7.3 Corrosion resistance of anodized aluminum alloy |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (4) |
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192 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Nano Liquid Metal for Development of Enhanced Materials |
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195 | (40) |
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5.1 Typical Features of Nano Liquid Metals |
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197 | (1) |
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5.2 Applications of Nano Liquid Metals |
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198 | (5) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Interactions between liquid metal and micro/nano particles |
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201 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Fabrication of micro/nano liquid metal droplets |
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201 | (1) |
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5.2.6 Fabrication of micro/nano liquid metal motors |
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202 | (1) |
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5.3 Scientific and Technical Challenges |
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203 | (1) |
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5.4 Fabrication of Magnetic Nano Liquid Metal |
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204 | (1) |
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5.5 Nanoparticles Enabled Magnetic Liquid Metal Materials |
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205 | (8) |
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5.6 Liquid Metal Phagocytosis Effect to Make Functional Materials |
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213 | (12) |
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225 | (10) |
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226 | (9) |
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Chapter 6 Liquid Metal-based Thermal Interface Material |
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235 | (82) |
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6.1 About Thermal Interface Materials |
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236 | (2) |
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6.2 Gallium-based Thermal Interface Materials |
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238 | (3) |
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6.2.1 Preparation of GBTIM |
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238 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Characterization of GBTIM |
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238 | (3) |
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6.3 Practical Working of Gallium-based Thermal Interface Materials |
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241 | (8) |
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6.4 Liquid Metal Amalgams with Enhanced and Tunable Thermal Properties |
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249 | (2) |
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6.5 Performance Evaluation of Liquid Metal Amalgams |
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251 | (18) |
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6.5.1 Material preparation and characterization |
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251 | (4) |
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6.5.2 Chemical composition characterization |
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255 | (4) |
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6.5.3 Characterization of electrical and thermal conductivities |
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259 | (2) |
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6.5.4 DSC characterization |
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261 | (2) |
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6.5.5 Mechanical properties characterization |
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263 | (3) |
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6.5.6 Adhesion-guaranteed direct painting |
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266 | (1) |
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6.5.7 Formability-guaranteed molding |
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267 | (2) |
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6.6 Thermally Conductive and Electrically Resistive TIM |
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269 | (2) |
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6.7 Fabrication of Thermally Conductive and Electrically Resistive TIM |
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271 | (13) |
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6.7.1 Fabrication principle |
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271 | (2) |
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6.7.2 Characterization of LMP grease |
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273 | (1) |
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6.7.3 Performance of LMP grease |
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273 | (11) |
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6.8 Metallic Bond Enabled Wetting between Liquid Metal and Metal Substrate |
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284 | (15) |
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6.8.1 Metallic bond enabled wetting behavior at liquid Ga/CuGa2 interfaces |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (2) |
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6.8.3 Theoretical simulation |
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288 | (11) |
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6.9 Bulk Expansion Effect of Gallium-based Thermal Interface Material |
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299 | (7) |
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6.9.1 Experimental phenomena |
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299 | (2) |
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6.9.2 Influencing factors |
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301 | (2) |
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6.9.3 Material characterization |
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303 | (3) |
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306 | (11) |
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308 | (9) |
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Chapter 7 Low Melting Point Metal Enabled Phase Change Cooling |
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317 | (122) |
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7.1 About Phase Change Materials |
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318 | (2) |
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7.2 Classification of PCMs |
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320 | (3) |
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7.3 Typical Features of Low Melting Point Metals as PCMs |
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323 | (3) |
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7.3.1 Selection criterion of PCMs |
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323 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Properties of low melting point metal PCMs |
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325 | (1) |
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7.4 Case of Using Low Melting Point Metal PCM for Smart Cooling of USB Disk |
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326 | (4) |
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7.5 Case of Using Low Melting Point Metal PCM for Smart Cooling of Mobile Phone |
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330 | (14) |
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7.6 Potential Application Areas of Low Melting Point Metal |
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344 | (22) |
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7.6.1 PCM used in solar energy |
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344 | (4) |
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7.6.2 PCM used in thermal comfort maintenance |
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348 | (4) |
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7.6.3 PCM used in building heat storage |
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352 | (7) |
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7.6.4 PCM used in thermal management of various electronic devices |
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359 | (5) |
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7.6.5 PCM used in anti-laser heating |
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364 | (2) |
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7.7 Theory to Quantify Phase Change Process of Low Melting Point Metal |
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366 | (13) |
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7.7.1 Enthalpy--Porosity method |
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366 | (2) |
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7.7.2 Validation of numerical method |
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368 | (1) |
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7.7.3 Comparison with conventional PCM paraffin |
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369 | (5) |
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7.7.4 Dimensionless correlations: constant wall temperature |
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374 | (2) |
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7.7.5 Dimensionless correlations: constant heat flux |
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376 | (1) |
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7.7.6 Discussion on high Ra number condition |
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377 | (2) |
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7.8 Phase Change of Low Melting Point Metal Around Horizontal Cylinder |
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379 | (12) |
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379 | (4) |
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7.8.2 Comparison with conventional PCM paraffin |
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383 | (3) |
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7.8.3 Constant wall temperature case |
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386 | (3) |
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7.8.4 Constant wall heat flux case |
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389 | (2) |
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7.9 Low Melting Point Metal PCM Heat Sink with Internal Fins |
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391 | (13) |
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7.9.1 Performance enhancement of low melting point metal PCM |
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391 | (1) |
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7.9.2 PCM preparation and characterization |
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392 | (2) |
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394 | (2) |
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7.9.4 Transient thermal performance |
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396 | (3) |
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399 | (2) |
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401 | (3) |
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7.10 Optimization of Low Melting Point Metal PCM Heat Sink |
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404 | (15) |
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7.10.1 Optimization of PCM |
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404 | (1) |
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7.10.2 Theoretical evaluation |
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405 | (2) |
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7.10.3 Problem description |
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407 | (2) |
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409 | (1) |
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7.10.5 Effect of fin number |
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410 | (3) |
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7.10.6 Effect of fin width fraction |
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413 | (2) |
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7.10.7 Base thickness and structural material |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (3) |
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7.11 Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of Phase Change of Low Melting Point Metal |
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419 | (3) |
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7.12 Emerging Scientific Issues and Technical Challenges |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (16) |
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425 | (14) |
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Chapter 8 Fluidic Properties of Liquid Metal |
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439 | (62) |
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8.1 Splashing Phenomena of Liquid Metal Droplet |
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440 | (17) |
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8.1.1 On the impact of liquid metal droplets |
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440 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Experiments on impact of liquid metal droplets |
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441 | (2) |
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8.1.3 Droplet shapes during the impact dynamics |
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443 | (4) |
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8.1.4 Quantification of the impact process |
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447 | (6) |
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453 | (4) |
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8.2 Impact Dynamics of Water Film Coated Liquid Metal Droplet |
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457 | (10) |
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8.2.1 Water film coated liquid metal droplet |
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457 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Impact dynamics of water film coated liquid metal droplet |
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459 | (8) |
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8.3 Hybrid Fluids Made of Liquid Metal and Allied Solution |
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467 | (2) |
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8.4 Fluidic Behaviors of Hybrid Liquid Metal and Solution |
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469 | (7) |
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8.4.1 Electric field actuated liquid metal flow |
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469 | (3) |
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8.4.2 Self-driven motion of liquid metal |
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472 | (2) |
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8.4.3 Coupled fields on liquid metal machine |
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474 | (2) |
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8.5 Theoretical Foundation of Liquid Metal Flow |
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476 | (7) |
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8.5.1 Physical and chemical properties of gallium |
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (4) |
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481 | (2) |
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8.6 Theoretical Simulation Method |
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483 | (7) |
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8.6.1 Volume-of-fluid method |
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485 | (1) |
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8.6.2 Lattice Boltzmann method |
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486 | (1) |
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8.6.3 Boundary integral method |
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487 | (1) |
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8.6.4 Finite-element method |
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488 | (1) |
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8.6.5 Front-tracking method |
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489 | (1) |
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8.7 Challenges and Prospects |
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490 | (1) |
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491 | (10) |
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492 | (9) |
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Chapter 9 Liquid Metal Flow Cooling and its Applications in Diverse Areas |
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501 | (106) |
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9.1 Comparison between Liquid Metal Cooling and Water Cooling |
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502 | (8) |
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9.2 Electromagnetic Pump-Driven Liquid Metal Cooling |
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510 | (19) |
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9.3 Design of Practical Liquid Metal Cooling Device |
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529 | (4) |
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9.3.1 Thermal resistance evaluation theory |
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530 | (3) |
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9.4 Electromagnetic pump design principles |
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533 | (11) |
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9.4.1 Radiator design principles |
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535 | (1) |
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9.4.2 System fabrication and characterization |
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535 | (3) |
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9.4.3 System cooling capability evaluation |
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538 | (3) |
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9.4.4 Economic analysis and other practical issues |
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541 | (3) |
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9.5 Rotational Magnetic Field Induced Flow Cooling of Liquid Metal |
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544 | (4) |
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9.6 Liquid Metal Cooling for Thermal Management of High-Power LEDs |
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548 | (11) |
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9.6.1 Liquid metal cooling of LED |
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548 | (1) |
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549 | (1) |
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9.6.3 Heat dissipation performance evaluation |
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550 | (6) |
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9.6.4 Liquid metal cooling of large-power street LED lamp |
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556 | (3) |
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9.7 Optimization of High-Performance Liquid Metal CPU Cooling |
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559 | (13) |
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9.7.1 Optimization criteria |
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560 | (1) |
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9.7.2 Schematic thermal resistance model |
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561 | (1) |
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9.7.3 Parameter optimization of electromagnetic pump |
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562 | (4) |
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9.7.4 Parameter optimization of fin radiator |
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566 | (1) |
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9.7.5 Product design and evaluation |
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567 | (5) |
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9.8 Liquid Metal Cooling System for More Practical Systems |
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572 | (4) |
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9.8.1 Liquid metal cooling for desktop and notebook computers |
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572 | (1) |
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9.8.2 Cooling transformer in electricity delivery via liquid metal |
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572 | (4) |
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9.9 Thermal Management of Li-ion Battery with Liquid Metal |
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576 | (17) |
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9.9.1 Cooling of electric vehicle |
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576 | (2) |
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9.9.2 Theoretical analysis |
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578 | (1) |
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9.9.3 Cooling capability evaluation |
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579 | (3) |
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9.9.4 Pump power consumption |
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582 | (3) |
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9.9.5 Temperature uniformity |
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585 | (1) |
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9.9.6 Numerical simulation model |
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586 | (2) |
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9.9.7 Computational results |
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588 | (5) |
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9.10 Thawing Issue of Frozen Liquid Metal Coolant |
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593 | (5) |
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598 | (9) |
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599 | (8) |
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Chapter 10 Self-Adaptable Liquid Metal Cooling |
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607 | (52) |
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10.1 Electromagnetic Driving of Liquid Metal Coolant |
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608 | (1) |
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10.2 Heat-driven Thermoelectric-Electromagnetic Generator |
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609 | (3) |
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10.3 Self-Adaptive Waste Heat-driven Liquid Metal Cooling |
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612 | (6) |
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10.4 Thermal Resistance Analysis of Heat-driven Liquid Metal Cooling System |
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618 | (5) |
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10.5 Thermosyphon Effect-driven Liquid Metal Cooling |
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623 | (8) |
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10.6 Thermal Resistance Analysis of Thermosyphon Effect-driven Liquid Metal Cooling |
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631 | (6) |
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10.7 Design of a Practical Self-Driven Liquid Metal Cooling Device in a Closed Cabinet |
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637 | (10) |
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10.7.1 Practical application of self-driven liquid metal cooling |
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637 | (1) |
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10.7.2 Cooling capability evaluation |
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638 | (3) |
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10.7.3 Convective heat transfer thermal resistance of liquid metal |
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641 | (4) |
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10.7.4 System fabrication and testing |
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645 | (2) |
|
10.8 Working of a Practical Self-Driven Liquid Metal Cooling Device in a Closed Cabinet |
|
|
647 | (7) |
|
|
|
654 | (5) |
|
|
|
655 | (4) |
|
Chapter 11 Liquid Metal Cooling in Confined Spaces |
|
|
659 | (70) |
|
11.1 Liquid Metal-Based Miniaturized or Micro Chip Cooling Device |
|
|
660 | (5) |
|
11.1.1 Miniaturized chip cooling device |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
11.1.2 MEMS-based chip cooling device |
|
|
661 | (4) |
|
11.1.3 MEMS-based liquid metal cooling device in harsh environments |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
11.2 Heat Spreader Based on Room-Temperature Liquid Metal |
|
|
665 | (9) |
|
11.2.1 About heat spreader |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
11.2.2 Fundamental equations |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
11.2.3 Performance evaluation |
|
|
667 | (7) |
|
11.3 Liquid Metal Blade Heat Dissipator |
|
|
674 | (9) |
|
11.4 Liquid Metal-based Mini-/Micro-Channel Cooling Device |
|
|
683 | (13) |
|
11.4.1 About mini-/micro-channel cooling device |
|
|
683 | (3) |
|
11.4.2 Pressure difference under different coolant volume flows |
|
|
686 | (2) |
|
11.4.3 Convection coefficient under different coolant volume flows |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
11.4.4 Thermal resistance under different pump powers |
|
|
689 | (2) |
|
11.4.5 Flow pattern discrimination |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
11.4.6 Flow resistance comparison |
|
|
692 | (2) |
|
11.4.7 Convective heat transfer coefficient comparison |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
11.4.9 Liquid metal alloy-based mini-channel heat exchanger |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
11.5 Hybrid Mini-/Micro-Channel Heat Sink Based on Liquid Metal and Water |
|
|
696 | (13) |
|
11.5.1 Hybrid mini-/micro-channel heat sink |
|
|
697 | (2) |
|
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
|
699 | (3) |
|
11.5.4 Cooling capability comparison with pure water cooling system |
|
|
702 | (7) |
|
11.6 Flow and Thermal Modeling and Optimization of Micro-/Mini-channel Heat Sink |
|
|
709 | (15) |
|
11.6.1 About micro-/mini-channel heat sink |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
11.6.2 Flow and thermal model |
|
|
710 | (2) |
|
11.6.3 Optimization of micro-/mini-channel heat sink |
|
|
712 | (2) |
|
11.6.4 Micro-channel water cooling |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
11.6.5 Channel aspect ratio |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
11.6.6 Channel number and width ratio |
|
|
715 | (2) |
|
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
|
|
717 | (2) |
|
11.6.9 Structural material |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
11.6.10 Mini-channel liquid metal cooling |
|
|
720 | (3) |
|
11.6.11 Mini-channel water cooling |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (5) |
|
|
|
725 | (4) |
|
Chapter 12 Hybrid Cooling via Liquid Metal and Aqueous Solution |
|
|
729 | (82) |
|
12.1 Electrically Driven Hybrid Cooling via Liquid Metal and Aqueous Solution |
|
|
730 | (11) |
|
12.1.1 Coolants and driving strategy |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
12.1.3 Continuous actuation of circular motion of liquid metal sphere |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
12.1.4 Heat transfer performance |
|
|
733 | (2) |
|
12.1.5 Thermal resistance components |
|
|
735 | (2) |
|
12.1.6 Heat transfer capacity under different driving voltages |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
12.1.7 Electrical driving of liquid metal droplet |
|
|
737 | (2) |
|
12.1.8 Periodic circular motion of liquid metal droplet in different conditions |
|
|
739 | (2) |
|
12.1.9 More potential coolants with improved performances |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
12.2 Alternating Electric Field-Actuated Liquid Metal Cooling |
|
|
741 | (12) |
|
12.2.1 Liquid metal as water driving pump |
|
|
741 | (2) |
|
12.2.2 Performance of the liquid metal droplet-driven flow |
|
|
743 | (10) |
|
12.3 Self-Driving Thermo-Pneumatic Liquid Metal for Cooling or Energy Harvesting |
|
|
753 | (9) |
|
12.3.1 Hybrid coolants for automatic heat-enabled driving |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
12.3.2 Running of thermo-pneumatic liquid metal energy harvester |
|
|
754 | (8) |
|
12.4 Hybrid Liquid Metal--Water Cooling System for Heat Dissipation |
|
|
762 | (14) |
|
12.4.1 Combined liquid metal heat transport and water cooling |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
12.4.2 Working performance of combined liquid metal and water cooling |
|
|
763 | (8) |
|
12.4.3 Theoretical analysis of combined liquid metal and water cooling |
|
|
771 | (5) |
|
12.5 Electromagnetic Driving Rotation of Hybrid Liquid Metal and Solution Pool |
|
|
776 | (20) |
|
12.5.1 Electromagnetic driving rotation of hybrid fluids |
|
|
776 | (5) |
|
12.5.2 Rotational motion of liquid metal in electromagnetic field |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
12.5.3 Controlling the rotating motion of liquid metal pool |
|
|
782 | (5) |
|
12.5.4 Liquid metal patterns induced by electric capillary force |
|
|
787 | (9) |
|
12.6 Dynamic Interactions of Leidenfrost Droplets on Liquid Metal Surface |
|
|
796 | (10) |
|
|
|
806 | (5) |
|
|
|
806 | (5) |
|
Chapter 13 Liquid Metals for Harvesting Heat and Energy |
|
|
811 | (74) |
|
13.1 Direct Harvesting of Solar Thermal Power or Low-Grade Heat |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
13.2 Liquid Metal-based Thermoelectric Generation |
|
|
815 | (10) |
|
13.3 Thermionic Technology |
|
|
825 | (2) |
|
13.4 Liquid Metal-based Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation |
|
|
827 | (2) |
|
13.5 Alkali Metal-based Thermoelectric Conversion Technology |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
13.6 Direct Solar Thermoelectric Power Generation |
|
|
830 | (7) |
|
13.7 Liquid Metal-Cooled Photovoltaic Cell |
|
|
837 | (12) |
|
13.7.1 Thermal management of solar cells with optical concentration |
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
13.7.2 Experimental system |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
13.7.3 Performance evaluation |
|
|
839 | (5) |
|
13.7.4 Theoretical evaluation of thermal resistance |
|
|
844 | (5) |
|
13.8 Solar Thermionic Power Generation |
|
|
849 | (6) |
|
13.9 Magnetohydrodynamic and AMTEC Technologies |
|
|
855 | (4) |
|
|
|
859 | (2) |
|
13.11 Remarks and Future Developments |
|
|
861 | (3) |
|
13.12 Harvesting Heat to Generate Electricity via Liquid Metal Thermosyphon Effect |
|
|
864 | (5) |
|
13.13 Liquid Metal Thermal Joint |
|
|
869 | (10) |
|
|
|
879 | (6) |
|
|
|
879 | (6) |
|
Chapter 14 Combinatorial Liquid Metal Heat Transfer toward Extreme Cooling |
|
|
885 | (32) |
|
14.1 Proposition of Combinatorial Liquid Metal Heat Transfer |
|
|
886 | (3) |
|
14.2 Basic Cooling System |
|
|
889 | (8) |
|
14.2.1 Abstract division of a cooling system |
|
|
889 | (3) |
|
14.2.2 Heat acquisition segment |
|
|
892 | (2) |
|
14.2.3 Heat rejection segment |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
14.2.4 Heat transport segment |
|
|
895 | (2) |
|
14.3 LMPM PCM Combined Cooling System |
|
|
897 | (5) |
|
|
|
897 | (5) |
|
14.4 Liquid Metal Convection-based Cooling Systems |
|
|
902 | (3) |
|
14.5 All-Liquid Metal Combined Cooling System |
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
14.6 Other Alternative Combinations |
|
|
905 | (2) |
|
|
|
907 | (10) |
|
|
|
907 | (10) |
| Index |
|
917 | |
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