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E-raamat: Advanced Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding: Fundamentals, Properties, and Applications

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  • ISBN-13: 9781119128649
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Advanced Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding: Fundamentals, Properties, and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Nov-2018
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119128649
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A comprehensive review of the field of materials that shield people and sensitive electronic devices from electromagnetic fields

Advanced Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding offers a thorough review of the most recent advances in the processing and characterization of the electromagnetic shielding materials. In this groundbreaking book, the authorsnoted experts in the fielddiscuss the fundamentals of shielding theory as well as the practice of electromagnetic field measuring techniques and systems. They also explore applications of shielding materials used as absorbers of electromagnetic radiation, or as magnetic shields and explore coverage of new advanced materials for EMI shielding in aerospace applications. In addition, the text contains methods of preparation and applicability of metal foams.

This comprehensive text examines the influence of technology on the micro-and macrostructure of polymers enabling their use in screening technology, technologies of shielding materials based on textiles, and analyses of its effectiveness in screening. The book also details the method of producing nanowires and their applications in EM shielding. This important resource:





Explores the burgeoning market of electromagnetic shielding materials as we create, depend upon, and are exposed to more electronic devices than ever Addresses the most comprehensive issues relating to electromagnetic fields Contains information on the manufacturing, characterization methods, and properties of materials used to protect against them   Discusses the important characterization techniques compared with one another, thus allowing scientists to select the best approach to a problem

Written for materials scientists, electrical and electronics engineers, physicists, and industrial researchers, Advanced Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding explores all aspects in the area of electromagnetic shielding materials and examines the current state-of-the-art and new challenges in this rapidly growing area.
List of Contributors xv
1 EMI Shielding Fundamentals 1(10)
M.K. Aswathi
Ajay V. Rane
A.R. Ajitha
Sabu Thomas
Maciej Jaroszewski
1.1 Fundamentals of EMI Shielding Theory
1(2)
1.2 Materials for EMI Shielding
3(1)
1.3 Mechanism of EM Shielding Materials
3(5)
References
8(3)
2 EM Noise and Its Impact on Human Health and Safety 11(24)
Halina Aniolczyk
2.1 Introduction
11(2)
2.2 Impact of Non-ionizing EMFs on Humans
13(3)
2.3 Overview of Most Common Sources of EMFs in the Occupational and Residential Modern Human Environment
16(3)
2.4 Protection Against EMFs in European and International Law
19(3)
2.5 Assessment of the Level of EMFs in the Workplaces
22(3)
2.6 Assessment of EMF Levels in Inhabited Area
25(1)
2.7 Assessment of the Level of EMF From Hi-tech Equipment for Personal Use
26(3)
2.8 Needs and Possibilities of Shielding to Reduce the Exposure to EMF
29(1)
2.9 Summary
30(1)
References
31(4)
3 Electromagnetic Field Sensors 35(26)
Vishnu Priya Murali
Jickson Joseph
Kostya Ostrikov
3.1 Introduction
36(1)
3.2 How are EMFs Produced?
36(2)
3.2.1 Natural Sources
37(1)
3.2.2 Man-Made Sources
37(1)
3.2.2.1 Low-Frequency EMF Sources
37(1)
3.2.2.2 High-Frequency EMF Sources
38(1)
3.3 Electromagnetic Field Measurements
38(18)
3.3.1 Magnetic Field Measurement Techniques
38(13)
3.3.1.1 Induction Based Sensors
39(3)
3.3.1.2 Fluxgate Sensors
42(2)
3.3.1.3 SQUID Magnetometer
44(2)
3.3.1.4 Hall Probes
46(1)
3.3.1.5 Magneto-Resistors
47(2)
3.3.1.6 Scalar Magnetometers
49(2)
3.3.2 Electric Field Measurements
51(4)
3.3.2.1 Electric Field Probes
51(2)
3.3.2.2 Electron Drift Instrument
53(2)
3.3.3 Power Density Measurements
55(1)
3.4 Conclusion
56(1)
References
56(5)
4 Shielding Efficiency Measuring Methods and Systems 61(28)
Saju Daniel
Sabu Thomas
4.1 Introduction
62(3)
4.1.1 Mechanism of Shielding
62(1)
4.1.2 Shielding Effectiveness
62(3)
4.1.2.1 Absorption Loss
64(1)
4.1.2.2 Reflection Loss
64(1)
4.1.2.3 Multiple Reflection Correction Factor
65(1)
4.2 Calculation of Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness
65(4)
4.2.1 Calculation of SE of a Material by Using Plane Wave Theory
65(1)
4.2.2 Calculation of SE of a Metal Foil
66(1)
4.2.3 Calculation of SE for Near Field Shielding
67(1)
4.2.4 Calculation of SE for Shielding a Low-Frequency Magnetic Field Source
67(1)
4.2.5 Calculation of Shielding Effectiveness from Scattering Parameters
67(2)
4.3 Effect of Various Parameters on Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness
69(2)
4.4 Types of EMI Shielding Effectiveness Tests
71(2)
4.4.1 Open Field or Free Space Test
71(1)
4.4.2 Shielded Box Test
71(1)
4.4.3 Coaxial Transmission Line Test
72(1)
4.4.4 Shielded Room Test
73(1)
4.5 Shielding Effectiveness Measurement Methods and Systems
73(11)
4.5.1 Test Methods Using Plaque Measurements
74(8)
4.5.1.1 Testing Methods Based on MIL-STD-285T
74(1)
4.5.1.2 Modified Radiation Method for Shielding Effectiveness Testing Based on MIL-G83528
75(1)
4.5.1.3 Dual Mode Stirred Chamber
76(1)
4.5.1.4 Apertured Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Cell in a Reverberating Chamber
77(1)
4.5.1.5 Dual TEM Cell Method
77(1)
4.5.1.6 Split TEM Cell
78(1)
4.5.1.7 ASTM ES-7 Dual Chamber Test Fixture
78(1)
4.5.1.8 ASTM ES-7 Coaxial Transmission Line
78(1)
4.5.1.9 ASTM D 4935 Circular Coaxial Transmission Line Holder
79(2)
4.5.1.10 Enclosure Measurement Techniques
81(1)
4.5.1.11 Injection Molded Enclosure Test Method
81(1)
4.5.1.12 IEEE-STD-299
81(1)
4.5.2 Free Space Methods
82(2)
4.5.2.1 Free-Space Measurement Techniques in the Frequency Domain
82(1)
4.5.2.2 Free-Space Measurement Techniques in the Time Domain
83(1)
4.6 Transfer Impedance of Coaxial Cable
84(1)
4.6.1 Measurement of Transfer Impedance of Coaxial Cable
84(1)
4.7 Measurement of Transfer Impedance of Conductive Gasket
85(1)
4.8 Summary
86(1)
References
86(3)
5 Electrical Characterization of Shielding Materials 89(20)
B.J. Madhu
5.1 Introduction
89(1)
5.2 Basics of Electrostatics
89(4)
5.2.1 Electrostatic Field
89(2)
5.2.2 Electrical Potential Energy
91(1)
5.2.3 Electric Potential and Electric Field Strength
92(1)
5.3 Electrical Conductivity
93(5)
5.3.1 Current and Current Density
93(1)
5.3.2 Resistivity
94(1)
5.3.3 DC Conductivity
95(2)
5.3.4 AC Conductivity
97(1)
5.4 Electric Fields in Materials
98(3)
5.4.1 Dielectrics
98(1)
5.4.2 Polarization
98(3)
5.5 Dielectric Properties
101(2)
5.5.1 Static Dielectric Constant
101(1)
5.5.2 Complex Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Losses
102(1)
5.6 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials
103(2)
5.6.1 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
103(1)
5.6.2 Conductive Shielding Materials
104(1)
5.6.3 Dielectric Shielding Materials
105(1)
References
105(4)
6 Magnetic Field Shielding 109(38)
Qiang Zhang
6.1 Introduction
109(1)
6.2 Theories of Magnetic Field Shielding
110(6)
6.2.1 Magnetic Field
110(1)
6.2.2 Magnetic Circuit and Magnetic Reluctance
111(1)
6.2.3 Shielding of Magnetic Field
112(2)
6.2.3.1 Shielding of High Frequency Magnetic Field
112(1)
6.2.3.2 Shielding of Low Frequency or Static Magnetic Field
112(2)
6.2.4 Design of Multilayer Shielding
114(2)
6.2.4.1 Case (a)
115(1)
6.2.4.2 Case (b)
115(1)
6.2.5 Design of Magnetic Shielding Room
116(1)
6.3 Standard Shielding Materials
116(5)
6.3.1 Basic Magnetic Parameters
116(2)
6.3.2 Metallic and Ferromagnetic Materials
118(1)
6.3.3 Ferrite Materials
119(1)
6.3.4 Superconducting Materials
120(1)
6.3.5 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys
120(1)
6.4 Multilayer Ferromagnetic Matrix Composite Materials
121(13)
6.4.1 Fe-Ni Alloy/Fe/Fe-Ni Alloy Multilayer Composite
122(6)
6.4.1.1 Fabrication
122(1)
6.4.1.2 Microstructure Characterization
122(1)
6.4.1.3 Geomagnetic Shielding Property: Experiment and Calculation
122(6)
6.4.1.4 Shielding Mechanism
128(1)
6.4.2 Fe-Al Alloy/Fe/Fe-Al Alloy Multilayer Composite
128(6)
6.4.2.1 Fabrication
128(1)
6.4.2.2 Microstructure Characterization
129(1)
6.4.2.3 Geomagnetic Shielding Property: Experiment and Calculation
130(4)
6.4.2.4 Shielding Mechanism
134(1)
6.5 Sandwich Composite/Structure Shielding System
134(9)
6.5.1 Fe/Fe-Al Alloy/Fe Sandwich Composite
135(6)
6.5.1.1 Fabrication
135(1)
6.5.1.2 Microstructure Characterization
135(1)
6.5.1.3 Magnetic Shielding Property
136(4)
6.5.1.4 Shielding Mechanism
140(1)
6.5.2 Composite/Polyester/Composite Sandwich Structure
141(6)
6.5.2.1 Fabrication
141(1)
6.5.2.2 Geomagnetic Shielding Property
141(2)
6.5.2.3 Shielding Mechanism
143(1)
6.6 Summary
143(1)
References
144(3)
7 Recent Progress in Electromagnetic Absorbing Materials 147(20)
Raghvendra Kumar Mishra
Aastha Dutta
Priyanka Mishra
Sabu Thomas
7.1 Introduction
147(4)
7.1.1 Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials
149(2)
7.2 Core-Shell Structured Electromagnetic Absorbing Materials
151(2)
7.3 CNM-Based Electromagnetic Absorbing Material
153(5)
7.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes/Polymer Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Shielding
154(2)
7.3.2 Carbon Nanofiber Based EMI Shielding Materials
156(2)
7.4 Graphene Based Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding
158(2)
7.5 Challenges and Prospect
160(1)
References
160(7)
8 Flexible and Transparent EMI Shielding Materials 167(10)
Bishakha Ray
Saurabh Parmar
Suwarna Datar
8.1 Introduction
167(1)
8.2 Theory of Transparent EMI Shielding
168(1)
8.3 Transparent Thin Films for EMI Shielding
169(1)
8.4 Nanocarbon Based Flexible, Transparent EMI Shielding Materials
170(2)
8.5 Conducting Polymer-Based Flexible, Transparent EMI Shielding Materials
172(1)
8.6 Nanowire Based Flexible, Transparent EMI Shielding Materials
172(2)
8.7 Conclusions
174(1)
References
175(2)
9 Polymer-Based EMI Shielding Materials 177(42)
Chong Min Koo
Faisal Shahzad
Pradip Kumar
Seunggun Yu
Seung Hwan Lee
Jun Pyo Hong
9.1 Introduction
178(3)
9.1.1 Need for Polymer-Based EMI Shielding Materials
178(2)
9.1.2 Factors Effecting EMI SE
180(1)
9.2 Types of Polymer Matrixes
181(3)
9.2.1 Insulating Polymers
181(1)
9.2.2 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers
181(3)
9.3 Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding Applications
184(19)
9.3.1 Carbon Based Filler Materials
184(6)
9.3.1.1 Graphite
184(2)
9.3.1.2 Carbon Fiber
186(1)
9.3.1.3 Carbon Nanotube
186(2)
9.3.1.4 Carbon Black
188(1)
9.3.1.5 Graphene
189(1)
9.3.2 Magnetic Fillers
190(9)
9.3.2.1 Magnetic Fillers and Carbon Materials in Insulating Polymer Matrix
190(2)
9.3.2.2 Magnetic Fillers with Carbon Materials in Conducting Polymer Matrix
192(2)
9.3.2.3 All-Magnetic Fillers in Insulating Polymer Matrix
194(4)
9.3.2.4 All-Magnetic Fillers in Conducting Polymer Matrix
198(1)
9.3.3 Metal-Based Filler Materials
199(4)
9.4 Structured Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding
203(9)
9.4.1 Foamed Structures
204(5)
9.4.2 Sandwiched Structures
209(1)
9.4.3 Segregated Structures
210(2)
9.5 Future Perspectives
212(1)
References
213(6)
10 Textile Based Shielding Materials 219(22)
Julija Baltusnikaite-Guzaitiene
Sandra Varnaite-Zuravliova
10.1 Introduction
219(1)
10.2 Materials for Production of EMI Textiles
220(4)
10.2.1 Polymers in EMI Textiles
221(1)
10.2.2 Conductive Coatings
222(1)
10.2.3 Compounding with Conductive Fillers
222(1)
10.2.4 Inherently (Intrinsically) Conductive Polymers (ICP)
223(1)
10.3 Development Trends of Textile Based Shielding Materials
224(4)
10.3.1 Shielding Materials Based on Conductive Fillers
224(2)
10.3.2 Shielding Materials Based on Fabric Formation Technology
226(1)
10.3.3 Shielding Materials Based on Fabric Surface Modification
226(2)
10.4 Methods of Shielding Effectiveness Measurement
228(4)
10.4.1 Coaxial Transmission Line Method
228(1)
10.4.2 Shielded Box Method
229(1)
10.4.3 Shielded Room Method
230(1)
10.4.4 Open Field or Free Space Method
230(2)
10.4.5 Waveguide Method
232(1)
10.5 Conclusions
232(1)
References
233(8)
11 Graphene and CNT Based EMI Shielding Materials 241(22)
M.D. Teli
Sanket P. Voila
11.1 Introduction to Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes
241(1)
11.1.1 Introduction to Graphene Based Materials
241(1)
11.1.2 Introduction to CNT Based Materials
241(1)
11.2 Brief Outline of Synthesis of EMI Shielding Materials
242(3)
11.2.1 Brief Outline of Synthesis of Graphene Based Materials
242(2)
11.2.2 Brief Outline of Synthesis of CNT Based Materials
244(1)
11.2.2.1 Electric Arc Discharge
244(1)
11.2.2.2 Laser Ablation
245(1)
11.2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
245(1)
11.3 General Characteristic of EMI Shielding Materials
245(1)
11.3.1 General Characteristic of Graphene Based Materials
245(1)
11.3.2 General Characteristic of CNT Based Materials
246(1)
11.4 EMI Shielding Properties of EMI Shielding Materials
246(5)
11.4.1 EMI Shielding Properties of Graphene Based Materials
246(4)
11.4.2 EMI Shielding Properties of CNT Based Materials
250(1)
11.5 Overview of Structure and EMI Shielding Property Relationship and Their Applications
251(5)
11.5.1 Structure and EMI Shielding Property Relationship of Graphene Based Materials
251(3)
11.5.2 Structure and EMI Shielding Property Relationship of CNT Based Materials
254(2)
11.6 Future Scope of Research and Application of these Materials
256(1)
11.7 Conclusions
257(1)
References
257(6)
12 Nanocomposites Based EMI Shielding Materials 263(26)
Hossein Yahyaei
Mohsen Mohseni
12.1 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposite Materials
263(1)
12.2 EMI Shielding Materials
264(1)
12.3 Electromagnetic Wave and EMI Shielding Mechanism
265(1)
12.4 Carbonous EMI Shielding Nanocomposites
266(14)
12.4.1 Graphene
266(6)
12.4.1.1 Graphene Synthesis
267(1)
12.4.1.2 Case Studies
267(5)
12.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes
272(5)
12.4.2.1 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
273(1)
12.4.2.2 Carbon Nanotube Properties
274(1)
12.4.2.3 Case Studies
274(3)
12.4.3 Carbon Nanofibers
277(3)
12.4.3.1 Vapor Grown CNFs
277(1)
12.4.3.2 Electrospun CNFs (ECNFs)
278(1)
12.4.3.3 Case Studies
278(2)
12.5 Other EMI Shielding Nanocomposites
280(4)
12.5.1 Mechanical Properties
281(1)
12.5.2 Corrosion Resistance
281(1)
12.5.3 Electrical Conductivity
281(1)
12.5.4 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
282(1)
12.5.5 Case Studies
282(2)
References
284(5)
13 Silver Nanowires as Shielding Materials 289(16)
Feng Xu
Wenfeng Shen
Wei Xu
Jia Li
Weijie Song
13.1 Introduction
289(1)
13.2 Scalable Synthesis of AgNWs
290(4)
13.3 Fabrication of Shielding Materials Based on Silver Nanowire/Polymer Conductive Composites
294(1)
13.4 Properties of Shielding Materials Based on Silver Nanowire/Polymer Conductive Composites
295(6)
13.4.1 Morphological Properties
295(2)
13.4.2 Electrical Properties
297(1)
13.4.3 EMI Properties
298(3)
13.5 Conclusion
301(1)
References
302(3)
14 Advanced Carbon Based Foam Materials for EMI Shielding 305(22)
A.R. Ajitha
Anu Surendran
M.K. Aswathi
V.G. Geethamma
Sabu Thomas
14.1 Introduction
305(1)
14.2 Carbon Hybrid Materials for EMI Shielding
306(16)
14.2.1 Carbon Foam (CF)
306(3)
14.2.2 Graphene Foam
309(6)
14.2.3 Carbon-Carbon Composites
315(1)
14.2.4 Carbon Aerogels
316(4)
14.2.5 Colloidal Graphite
320(2)
14.3 Conclusion
322(1)
References
322(5)
15 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials for Aerospace Application: A State of the Art 327(40)
Raghvendra Kumar Mishra
Martin George Thomas
Jiji Abraham
Kuruvilla Joseph
Sabu Thomas
15.1 Introduction
327(1)
15.2 Radiation in Space Environment
328(2)
15.3 Electromagnetic Radiated Field
330(2)
15.3.1 Low Intensity Radiated Field
331(1)
15.3.2 High Intensity Radiated Field
332(1)
15.4 Electromagnetic Interference in Aerospace
332(4)
15.4.1 Classification of Electromagnetic Interference
333(1)
15.4.2 Effect of Electromagnetic Shielding
333(3)
15.5 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Mechanism for Various Materials
336(1)
15.6 Requirement of Shielding Materials for Aerospace
337(1)
15.7 Types of Shielding Materials for Aerospace
338(16)
15.7.1 Metals Enclosure Based EMI Shielding Materials
338(6)
15.7.1.1 Design Consideration of Metallic Enclosure for EMI Shielding
342(2)
15.7.2 Porous Structure for EMI Shielding Materials
344(2)
15.7.3 Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding
346(25)
15.7.3.1 Metal Coated Polymer for EMI Shielding
346(2)
15.7.3.2 Conducting Polymer Based Materials for EMI Shielding
348(1)
15.7.3.3 Carbonanotube Based Composites for EMI Shielding
349(3)
15.7.3.4 Graphene Based Composites for EMI Shielding
352(2)
15.8 Conclusion
354(1)
References
355(12)
16 Metamaterials as Shielding Materials 367(26)
Yogesh S. Choudhary
N. Gomathi
16.1 Introduction
367(3)
16.2 The Need for EMI Shielding
370(1)
16.3 Why Metamaterials for Shielding Applications?
371(1)
16.4 Metamaterials for Electromagnetic Shielding
371(7)
16.4.1 Microwave Shielding
373(2)
16.4.2 Optical and Near IR Shielding
375(1)
16.4.3 Frequency Selective Shielding
376(2)
16.5 Design and Fabrication of Metamaterials
378(7)
16.5.1 Designing Metamaterials
378(5)
16.5.2 Fabrication of Metamaterials
383(2)
16.6 Other Applications
385(1)
16.6.1 Superlensing
385(1)
16.6.2 Antennas
385(1)
16.7 Challenges in Metamaterials
386(1)
16.8 Summary
386(1)
References
387(6)
17 Double Percolating EMI Shielding Materials Based on Polymer Blend Nanocomposites 393(16)
P. Mohammed Arif
Jemy James
Jiji Abraham
K. Nandakkumar
Sabu Thomas
17.1 Introduction
394(1)
17.2 Concept of Double Percolation
394(1)
17.3 Carbon Black and Carbon Nanofiber Based Composites
395(5)
17.3.1 Carbon Black Based Composites
395(5)
17.3.2 Carbon Nanofibers
400(1)
17.4 Carbon Nanotube Based Nanocomposites
400(5)
17.5 Hybrid Filler Based Nanocomposites
405(2)
17.6 Conclusion
407(1)
References
407(2)
18 Mechanical Performance Characterization of EMI Shielding Materials Using Optical Experimental Techniques 409(16)
Wenfeng Hao
Can Tang
Jianguo Zhu
18.1 Introduction
409(1)
18.2 Characterizing the In-Plane Mechanical Performance of EMI Shielding Materials
410(4)
18.2.1 Digital Image Correlation (DIC)
410(1)
18.2.2 Moire Interfere
411(2)
18.2.3 Photoelastic Method
413(1)
18.3 Characterizing Out-of-Plane Mechanical Performance of EMI Shielding Materials
414(1)
18.4 Characterizing the Fracture and Fatigue Performance of EMI Shielding Materials
415(5)
18.4.1 Caustics
415(1)
18.4.2 Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS)
416(2)
18.4.3 Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS)
418(2)
18.5 Concluding Remarks
420(1)
Acknowledgments
420(1)
References
420(5)
Index 425
MACIEJ JAROSZEWSKI, PHD, is an Assistant Professor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, and Head of the High Voltage Laboratory at Wroc??aw University of Science and Technology, in Wroc??aw, Poland.

SABU THOMAS, PHD, is the Pro-Vice Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University and the Founder Director and Professor of the??International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.??

AJAY V. RANE is a doctoral research fellow, at Durban University of Technology in the Composites Research Group.
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