| Series Preface |
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xi | |
| Preface |
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xiii | |
| About the Author |
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xv | |
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1 | (2) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Diffusion in Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Diffusion Imaging: Basic Principles |
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3 | (11) |
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1.2.1 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (3) |
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1.2.3 Apparent Diffusion Coefficient |
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8 | (2) |
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1.2.4 Isotropic or Anisotropic Diffusion? |
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10 | (2) |
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1.2.5 Echo Planar Imaging |
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12 | (1) |
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1.2.6 Main Limitations of DWI |
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13 | (1) |
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1.3 Diffusion Tensor Imaging |
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14 | (8) |
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1.3.1 "Rotationally Invariant" Parameters (Mean Diffusivity and Fractional Anisotropy) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (3) |
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1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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22 | (7) |
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23 | (6) |
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2 Artifacts and Pitfalls in Diffusion MRI |
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29 | (1) |
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2.2 Artifacts and Pitfalls Categorization |
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30 | (1) |
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2.3 Artifacts from the Gradient System |
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30 | (3) |
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2.3.1 Eddy Current Artifacts |
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30 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Eddy Currents---Mitigating Strategies |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (5) |
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2.4.1 Motion Artifacts---Mitigating Strategies |
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35 | (1) |
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2.4.2 EPI Specific Artifacts |
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35 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Distortions Originating from BO Inhomogeneities |
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36 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Misregistration Artifacts from Eddy Currents and Subject Motion |
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36 | (1) |
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2.4.5 Mitigating Strategies---EPI Specific |
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37 | (1) |
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2.5 Artifacts Due to Properties of the Subject Being Imaged and "Physiological" Noise |
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38 | (2) |
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2.5.1 Susceptibility-Induced Distortions |
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38 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Physiological Noise |
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38 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Susceptibility Effects and Physiological Noise---Mitigating Strategies |
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39 | (1) |
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2.6 Processing and Interpretation Pitfalls |
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40 | (8) |
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2.6.1 Preprocessing of Data |
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40 | (2) |
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2.6.2 Quantitation of Parameters |
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42 | (3) |
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2.6.3 Dependence of Estimated Mean Diffusivity on b-Factor |
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45 | (1) |
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2.6.4 Effect on ROI Positioning and Bias on Parametric Maps |
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45 | (2) |
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2.6.5 CSF Contamination in Tract Specific Measurements |
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47 | (1) |
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2.6.6 Intrasubject and Intersubject Comparisons |
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47 | (1) |
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2.7 Mitigating Strategies---Available Methods and Software for Diffusion Data Correction |
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48 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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2.7.4 FreeSurfer---TRACULA |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (5) |
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50 | (5) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (5) |
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3.2.1 DSC Imaging Explained |
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58 | (1) |
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3.2.2 DSC Perfusion Parameters: CBV, CBF, MTT |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (5) |
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3.3.1 DCE Imaging Explained |
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62 | (4) |
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66 | (3) |
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3.4.1 ASL Imaging Explained |
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66 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Different ASL Techniques |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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3.4.3 ASL beyond CBF Estimation |
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69 | (1) |
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3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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69 | (6) |
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70 | (5) |
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4 Artifacts and Pitfalls of Perfusion MRI |
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75 | (1) |
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4.2 Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC) Imaging Limitations |
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76 | (3) |
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76 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Relationship between MR Signal and Contrast Concentration |
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76 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Bolus Delay and Dispersion |
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77 | (1) |
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4.2.4 BBB Disruption and Leakage Correction |
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77 | (1) |
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4.2.5 Absolute versus Relative Quantification |
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78 | (1) |
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4.3 Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (DCE) Imaging Limitations |
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79 | (2) |
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4.3.1 Suitability of Tumor Lesions |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Estimation of Arterial Input Function (AIF) |
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79 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Temporal and Spatial Resolutions |
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80 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Variability of Results According to the Models Used |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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4.4 Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) Imaging Limitations |
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81 | (4) |
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81 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Physiological Signal Variations |
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82 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Magnetic Susceptibility Artifacts |
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83 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Coil Sensitivity Variations |
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84 | (1) |
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4.4.5 Labeling Efficiency |
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84 | (1) |
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4.4.6 Transit Time Effects |
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84 | (1) |
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4.4.7 Errors from Quantification Models |
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85 | (1) |
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4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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85 | (6) |
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86 | (5) |
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5 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy |
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91 | (2) |
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5.2 MRS Basic Principles Explained |
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93 | (11) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (3) |
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5.2.3 Field Strength (B0) |
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98 | (2) |
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5.2.4 Voxel Size Dependency |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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5.2.6 Water and Lipid Suppression Techniques |
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102 | (2) |
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5.3 MRS Metabolites and Their Biological and Clinical Significance |
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104 | (6) |
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104 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Choline-Containing Compounds |
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106 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Creatine and Phosphocreatine |
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107 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Glutamate and Glutamine |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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5.3.7 Less Commonly Detected Metabolites |
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108 | (2) |
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5.4 MRS Quantification and Data Analysis |
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110 | (3) |
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110 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Post Processing Techniques |
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111 | (2) |
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5.5 Quality Assurance in MRS |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (10) |
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114 | (9) |
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6 Artifacts and Pitfalls of MRS |
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123 | (1) |
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6.2 Artifacts and Pitfalls |
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124 | (14) |
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6.2.1 Effects of Patient Movement |
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124 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Field Homogeneity and Linewidth |
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124 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Frequency Shifts and Temperature Variations |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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6.2.5 Use of Contrast and Positioning in MRS |
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128 | (1) |
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6.2.6 Chemical Shift Displacement |
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129 | (1) |
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6.2.7 Spectral Contamination or Voxel Bleeding |
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130 | (1) |
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6.2.8 To Quantify or Not to Quantify? |
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131 | (1) |
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6.2.8.1 Relative Quantification |
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131 | (1) |
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6.2.8.2 Absolute Quantification |
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132 | (2) |
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6.2.9 Available Software Packages for Quantification and Analysis of MRS Data |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (3) |
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138 | (3) |
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7 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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141 | (7) |
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7.1.1 What Is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Brain? |
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141 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) fMRI |
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142 | (2) |
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7.1.3 fMRI Paradigm Design and Implementation |
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144 | (1) |
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7.1.3.1 Blocked versus Event-Related Paradigms |
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145 | (1) |
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7.1.3.2 Mixed Paradigm Designs |
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146 | (2) |
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7.2 fMRI Acquisitions---MR Scanning Sequences |
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148 | (3) |
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148 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Temporal Resolution |
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148 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Pulse Sequences Used in fMRI |
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149 | (2) |
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7.3 Analysis and Processing of fMRI Experiments |
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151 | (3) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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7.3.2.1 Slice-Scan Timing Correction |
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152 | (1) |
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7.3.2.2 Head Motion Correction |
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152 | (1) |
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7.3.2.3 Distortion Correction |
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153 | (1) |
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7.3.2.4 Spatial and Temporal Smoothing |
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153 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Statistical Analysis |
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153 | (1) |
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7.4 Pre-Surgical Planning with fMRI |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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7.5.1 Resting State fMRI Procedure |
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155 | (1) |
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7.6 Conclusion and the Future of fMRI |
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156 | (5) |
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157 | (4) |
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8 Artifacts and Pitfalls of fMRI |
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8.1 Introduction to Quantitative fMRI Limitations |
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161 | (1) |
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8.2 Image Acquisition Limitations |
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162 | (5) |
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8.2.1 Spatial and Temporal Resolution |
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162 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Spatial and Temporal fMRI Resolution---Mitigating Strategies |
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164 | (2) |
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8.2.3 EPI-Related Image Distortions |
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166 | (1) |
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8.3 Physiological Noise and Motion Limitations |
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167 | (4) |
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8.3.1 Physiological Noise---Mitigating Strategies |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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8.3.1.2 Acquisition-Based Image Corrections |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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8.4 Interpretation Limitations |
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171 | (2) |
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8.5 Quality Assurance in fMRI |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (5) |
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174 | (5) |
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9 The Role of Multiparametric MR Imaging---Advanced MR Techniques in the Assessment of Cerebral Tumors |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (8) |
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9.2.1 DWI Contribution in Gliomas |
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183 | (3) |
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9.2.2 DTI Contribution in Gliomas |
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186 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Perfusion Contribution in Gliomas |
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187 | (1) |
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9.2.4 MRS Contribution in Gliomas |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (5) |
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9.3.1 DWI/DTI Contribution in Metastases |
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191 | (2) |
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9.3.2 Perfusion Contribution in Metastases |
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193 | (1) |
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9.3.3 MRS Contribution in Metastases |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (4) |
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9.4.1 DWI/DTI Contribution in Meningiomas |
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194 | (2) |
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9.4.2 Perfusion Contribution in Meningiomas |
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196 | (1) |
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9.4.3 MRS Contribution in Meningiomas |
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197 | (1) |
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9.5 Primary Cerebral Lymphoma |
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198 | (2) |
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9.5.1 DWI/DTI Contribution in PCLs |
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198 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Perfusion Contribution in PCLs |
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198 | (1) |
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9.5.3 MRS Contribution in PCLs |
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199 | (1) |
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9.6 Intracranial Abscesses |
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200 | (2) |
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9.6.1 DWI DTI Contribution in Abscesses |
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200 | (1) |
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9.6.2 Perfusion Contribution in Abscesses |
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201 | (1) |
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9.6.3 MRS Contribution in Abscesses |
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202 | (1) |
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9.7 Summary and Conclusion |
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202 | (13) |
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203 | (12) |
| Index |
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215 | |