Author's Biography |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgment |
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xvii | |
Glossary of Terms |
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xxi | |
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Chapter 1 Nanomaterials and Their Application |
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1 | (50) |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 History of Nanotechnology |
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4 | (2) |
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1.3 Classification of Nanomaterials |
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6 | (5) |
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1.3.1 Zero-Dimensional Materials |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3.2 One-Dimensional Materials |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Two-Dimensional Materials |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Three-Dimensional Materials |
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8 | (3) |
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1.4 Properties of Nanomaterials |
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11 | (18) |
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1.4.1 Physical Properties |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Magnetic Properties |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (4) |
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1.4.4 Mechanical Properties |
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18 | (4) |
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1.4.5 Chemical Properties |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (1) |
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1.4.7 Electronic Properties |
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26 | (3) |
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1.5 Applications of Nanomaterials |
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29 | (13) |
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29 | (3) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
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1.5.5 Sensors and Actuators |
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37 | (4) |
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1.5.6 Biomedical Applications |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (9) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (7) |
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Chapter 2 Overviews of Synthesis of Nanomaterials |
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51 | (66) |
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2.1 Characteristics of Nanomaterials |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (36) |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (9) |
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67 | (9) |
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2.2.4 Vapor Phase Deposition |
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76 | (3) |
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2.2.5 Plasma-Assisted Deposition: DC Glow Discharge |
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79 | (1) |
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2.2.6 Molecular Beam Epitaxy |
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79 | (7) |
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2.2.7 Self-assembly Techniques |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (15) |
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89 | (6) |
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2.3.2 Lithographic Processes |
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95 | (7) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (13) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (12) |
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Chapter 3 Nanocharacterization |
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117 | (64) |
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3.1 Characterization of Nanomaterials |
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117 | (2) |
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3.2 Electron Microscopic Analysis |
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119 | (15) |
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3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis |
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120 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopic Analysis |
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121 | (10) |
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3.2.3 X-ray Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy |
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131 | (3) |
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3.3 Atomic Force Microscopic Analysis |
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134 | (11) |
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3.4 X-ray Diffraction Analysis |
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145 | (13) |
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3.4.1 X-ray Synchronous Diffraction |
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145 | (6) |
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3.4.2 Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction |
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151 | (2) |
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3.4.3 X-ray Powder Diffraction |
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153 | (5) |
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3.5 Spectroscopic Analysis |
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158 | (10) |
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158 | (5) |
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3.5.2 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy |
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163 | (3) |
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3.5.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (13) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (11) |
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Chapter 4 Sustainable Energy Application: Nanomaterials Applied in Solar Cells |
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181 | (52) |
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4.1 Thermodynamics of Solar Energy |
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181 | (4) |
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185 | (12) |
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4.3 Crystalline Silicon PV |
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197 | (12) |
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209 | (5) |
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214 | (11) |
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4.5.1 Develop Enhanced Nanostructured PV Cells |
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215 | (10) |
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225 | (8) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (7) |
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Chapter 5 Sustainable Energy Application: Fuel Cells |
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233 | (64) |
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233 | (7) |
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5.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells |
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240 | (8) |
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5.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells |
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248 | (26) |
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5.3.1 Fabrication of ABO3-A2BO4 Structured Materials |
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249 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopic Analyses of ABO3-A2BO4 Materials |
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249 | (3) |
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5.3.3 X-ray Powder Diffraction Analyses of ABO3-A2BO4 Structured Materials |
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252 | (1) |
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5.3.4 The Background of B-Site-Doped ABO3 Study |
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252 | (1) |
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5.3.5 Wet-Chemistry Synthesis of SrTi1-xFexO3 |
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252 | (3) |
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5.3.6 X-ray Powder Diffraction Analyses of SrTi1-xFexO3 |
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255 | (3) |
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5.3.7 Study of A---B-Site-Doped LaCoO3 Cathodes |
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258 | (2) |
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5.3.8 Studies of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.8Fe0.2O3 Cathodic Material |
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260 | (14) |
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274 | (13) |
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287 | (10) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (9) |
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Chapter 6 Porous Materials to Store Clear Energy Cases |
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297 | (32) |
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297 | (2) |
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6.2 Definition, Syntheses, and Characteristics of MOFs |
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299 | (2) |
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6.3 Storage of Carbon Dioxide in MOFs |
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301 | (9) |
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6.3.1 Storage of Carbon Dioxide in MOFs at Normal Pressure |
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301 | (5) |
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6.3.2 Storage of Carbon Dioxide in MOFs at High Pressure |
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306 | (4) |
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6.4 Storage of Methane in MOFs |
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310 | (2) |
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6.5 Storage of Hydrogen in MOFs |
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312 | (8) |
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313 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Surface Area and Pore Volume |
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315 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Pore Size and Geometry |
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316 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Unsaturated Metal Sites |
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317 | (1) |
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6.5.5 Postsynthetic Modification |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (9) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (8) |
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Chapter 7 Carbon Capture and Storage |
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329 | (38) |
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329 | (2) |
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7.2 Emissions Are Partitioned between the Atmosphere, Land, and Ocean |
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331 | (9) |
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7.2.1 Carbon Dioxide: Past Concentration and Emission Trends |
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332 | (4) |
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7.2.2 Anthropogenic Perturbation of the Global Carbon Cycle |
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336 | (4) |
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7.3 Introduction of Carbon Dioxide capture |
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340 | (1) |
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7.3.1 Importance of CO2 Capture and Storage |
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340 | (1) |
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7.4 Carbon Capture and Storage |
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340 | (6) |
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7.5 Methods of CO2 Capture |
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346 | (4) |
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7.5.1 Adsorption Materials and Physical Absorbents |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (2) |
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7.6 Material Used for CO2 Capture |
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350 | (8) |
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7.6.1 CO2 Capture and Separation Using MOFs |
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350 | (6) |
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7.6.2 Single Molecular Trap as a Predesigned MOF for Gas Capture |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (9) |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (7) |
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Chapter 8 Nanosafety: Exposure, Measurement, and Toxicology |
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367 | (56) |
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Prelog to Nanosafety and Allied Topics |
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368 | (1) |
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8.1 Introduction to Nanosafety |
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368 | (9) |
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8.1.1 Exposure to Nanomaterials (Ultrafine Particles, Metal Nanoparticles/Fullerenes, and Carbon Nanotubes) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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8.1.5 Metal/Metal Oxide and Quantum Dots |
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372 | (2) |
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8.1.6 MOF Synthesis: Use of Flexible and Rigid Ligands |
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374 | (3) |
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377 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Materials and Methods |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Monitoring of NO, ROS, SOS, MMP, and LDH Level(s) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (18) |
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8.3.1 Cytotoxicity Evaluation |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (2) |
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8.3.4 Changes in Intracellular Levels of Nitrogen Monoxide/Nitric Oxide |
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384 | (4) |
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388 | (3) |
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391 | (1) |
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8.3.7 Changes in Single Oxygen Species |
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392 | (3) |
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8.3.8 Discussion of MOF Toxicology Using Cell Culture-Based Bioassays |
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395 | (4) |
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399 | (24) |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (18) |
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Chapter 9 Conclusions/Postlog |
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423 | (2) |
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Index |
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425 | |