Klienditugi: 7440010 (E-R 10-18)

E-raamat: Advanced Solutions in Power Systems: HVDC, FACTS, and Artificial Intelligence

5.00/5 (2 hinnangut Goodreads-ist)

Edited by Mircea Eremia (University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania), Series edited by Mohamed E. El-Hawary (Dalhousie University), Edited by Abdel-Aty Edris (anta Clara University, USA), Edited by Chen-Ching Liu (Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; University College Dublin, Ireland)

Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Sari: IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems
Ilmumisaeg: 27-Sep-2016
Kirjastus: Wiley-IEEE Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781119175353

Teised raamatud teemal:

Energy technology & engineering

Formaat - EPUB+DRM
Hind: 166,66 €*
* hind on lõplik, st. muud allahindlused enam ei rakendu
Lisa ostukorvi
Lisa soovinimekirja
See e-raamat on mõeldud ainult isiklikuks kasutamiseks. E-raamatuid ei saa tagastada.
Raamatukogudele

Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Sari: IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems
Ilmumisaeg: 27-Sep-2016
Kirjastus: Wiley-IEEE Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781119175353

Teised raamatud teemal:

Energy technology & engineering

DRM piirangud

Kopeerimine (copy/paste):

ei ole lubatud
Printimine:

ei ole lubatud
Kasutamine:

Digitaalõiguste kaitse (DRM)
Kirjastus on väljastanud selle e-raamatu krüpteeritud kujul, mis tähendab, et selle lugemiseks peate installeerima spetsiaalse tarkvara. Samuti peate looma endale Adobe ID Rohkem infot siin. E-raamatut saab lugeda 1 kasutaja ning alla laadida kuni 6'de seadmesse (kõik autoriseeritud sama Adobe ID-ga).

Vajalik tarkvara
Mobiilsetes seadmetes (telefon või tahvelarvuti) lugemiseks peate installeerima selle tasuta rakenduse: PocketBook Reader (iOS / Android)

PC või Mac seadmes lugemiseks peate installima Adobe Digital Editionsi (Seeon tasuta rakendus spetsiaalselt e-raamatute lugemiseks. Seda ei tohi segamini ajada Adober Reader'iga, mis tõenäoliselt on juba teie arvutisse installeeritud )

Seda e-raamatut ei saa lugeda Amazon Kindle's.

Provides insight on both classical means and new trends in the application of power electronic and artificial intelligence techniques in power system operation and control

This book presents advanced solutions for power system controllability improvement, transmission capability enhancement and operation planning. The book is organized into three parts. The first part describes the CSC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC technologies, the second part presents the FACTS devices, and the third part refers to the artificial intelligence techniques. All technologies and tools approached in this book are essential for power system development to comply with the smart grid requirements.

Discusses detailed operating principles and diagrams, theory of modeling, control strategies and physical installations around the world of HVDC and FACTS systems Covers a wide range of Artificial Intelligence techniques that are successfully applied for many power system problems, from planning and monitoring to operation and control Each chapter is carefully edited, with drawings and illustrations that helps the reader to easily understand the principles of operation or application

Advanced Solutions in Power Systems: HVDC, FACTS, and Artificial Intelligence is written for graduate students, researchers in transmission and distribution networks, and power system operation. This book also serves as a reference for professional software developers and practicing engineers.

Contributors

xxi

Foreword

xxiii

Acknowledgments

xxv

Chapter 1 Introduction

(10)

Mircea Eremia

Chen-Ching Liu

Abdel-Aty Edris

PART I HVDC TRANSMISSION

Mircea Eremia

Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Devices For Hvdc and Facts Systems

(24)

Remus Teodorescu

Mircea Eremia

2.1 Power Semiconductor Overview

(9)

2.1.1 Not-Controllable Power Semiconductor Devices

(1)

2.1.2 Semicontrollable Power Semiconductor Devices

(4)

2.1.3 Fully Controllable Power Semiconductor Devices

(1)

2.1.3.1 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor

(1)

2.1.3.2 Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor

(1)

2.1.3.3 Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor

(2)

2.1.4 Power Semiconductor Parameters

(1)

2.1.4.1 Steady-State Parameters

(1)

2.1.4.2 Switching Characteristics

(1)

2.1.5 Future Power Semiconductor Devices

(1)

2.2 Converter Types

(2)

2.3 HVDC Evolution

(7)

2.3.1 Line-Commutated HVDC Converters (LCC/CSC-HVDC)

(2)

2.3.2 Capacitor-Commutated Converter (CCC-HVDC)

(2)

2.3.3 Voltage Source Converter VSC-HVDC

(1)

2.3.3.1 VSC-HVDC Based on Two-Level Conveners

(1)

2.3.3.2 VSC-HVDC Based on Multilevel Converters

(1)

2.3.3.3 Limitations of VSC Transmission

(1)

2.4 FACTS Evolution

(5)

References

(2)

Chapter 3 Csc-Hvdc Transmission

(90)

Mircea Eremia

Constantin Bulac

3.1 Structure and Configurations

(12)

3.1.1 Structure of HVDC Links

(5)

3.1.2 HVDC Configurations

(7)

3.2 Converter Bridge Modeling

(12)

3.2.1 Rectifier Equations

(1)

3.2.1.1 Ideal Converter Bridge Operation

(5)

3.2.1.2 Commutation Process or Overlap

(4)

3.2.1.3 Equivalent Circuit of the Rectifier

(1)

3.2.2 Inverter Equations

(2)

3.3 Control of CSC-HVDC Transmission

(19)

3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit and Control Characteristics

(1)

3.3.1.1 Equivalent Circuit of DC Transmission Link

(3)

3.3.1.2 Voltage-Current Characteristics

(2)

3.3.2 HVDC Control Principles

(1)

3.3.2.1 State Variables of a HVDC Link

(1)

3.3.2.2 Basic Control Principles of the DC Voltage and DC Current

(2)

3.3.2.3 Control Modes

(2)

3.3.3 HVDC Control Strategies

(1)

3.3.3.1 Rectifier Control Strategy

(2)

3.3.3.2 Inverter Control Strategy

(1)

3.3.4 Hierarchical Control of a HVDC Link

(1)

3.3.4.1 Master Control

(2)

3.3.4.2 Pole Control

(4)

3.3.4.3 Firing (Valve) Control

(1)

3.3.4.4 Telecommunications

(1)

3.3.4.5 Measurement Transducers

(1)

3.4 Reactive Power and Harmonics

(13)

3.4.1 Reactive Power Requirements and Sources

(5)

3.4.2 Harmonics and Filters

(1)

3.4.2.1 The Source of AC Harmonic Currents

(2)

3.4.2.2 The Effect of Y/Δ Transformation on AC Harmonic Current

(1)

3.4.2.3 Higher Pulse Operation Using Multiple Bridges and Transformers

(1)

3.4.2.4 Elimination of Harmonics

(5)

3.5 Load Row in Mixed HVAC/HVDC-CSC Systems

(5)

3.5.1 Steady-State Model

(2)

3.5.1.1 The Extended Variables Method

(1)

3.5.1.2 The Sequential Method

(1)

3.5.1.3 The Eliminated Variables Method

(2)

3.6 Interaction Between AC and DC Systems

(5)

3.6.1 AC Systems Stabilization

(1)

3.6.2 Influence of AC System Short-Circuit Ratio

(3)

3.6.3 Effective Inertia Constant

(1)

3.6.4 Reactive Power and the Strength of the AC System

100

(1)

3.7 Comparison Between DC and AC Transmission

101

(8)

3.8 Application on a CSC--HVDC Link

109

(16)

3.8.1 Solution

111

(7)

Appendix 3.1 CSC--HVDC Systems in the World

118

(5)

References

123

(2)

Chapter 4 Vsc--Hvdc Transmission

125

(146)

Mircea Eremia

Jose Antonio Jardini

Guangfu Tang

Lucian Toma

4.1 VSC Converter Structures

126

(25)

4.1.1 Half-Bridge VSC or Two-Level Pole

126

(2)

4.1.2 Full-Bridge Single-Phase VSC

128

(1)

4.1.3 Three-Phase Two-Level VSC

128

(1)

4.1.4 Three-Level Pole VSC

129

(2)

4.1.5 Multimodule VSC Systems

131

(1)

4.1.6 Multilevel VSC Systems

132

(6)

4.1.7 Modular Multilevel Converter

138

(2)

4.1.7.1 Half-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter

140

(3)

4.1.7.2 Full-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter

143

(1)

4.1.7.3 The MMC--HVDC INELFE Project

144

(3)

4.1.8 Cascaded Two-Level Converters

147

(4)

4.2 Modulation Techniques

151

(15)

4.2.1 PWM Techniques

151

(1)

4.2.1.1 PWM Principle

151

(4)

4.2.1.2 PWM Strategy Control of a Half-Bridge Converter

155

(4)

4.2.1.3 Three-Phase Bridge Inverter with Sinusoidal PWM

159

(4)

4.2.2 Modulation Techniques for Multilevel Converters

163

(1)

4.2.2.1 PWM Algorithms for Multilevel Converters

163

(2)

4.2.2.2 Space Vector Modulation Algorithms

165

(1)

4.2.2.3 Other Modulation and Control Algorithms for Multilevel Converters

165

(1)

4.3 DC/AC Converter Analysis

166

(22)

4.3.1 Operation Modes of the Switched-Inductor Cell

166

(2)

4.3.2 Ideal DC/AC Half-Bridge Converter

168

(7)

4.3.3 Averaging Models

175

(1)

4.3.3.1 Circuit/Switch Averaging of DC-DC Converters

176

(1)

4.3.3.2 State-Space Averaging of DC-DC Converters

177

(1)

4.3.3.3 AVM of DC--AC Converters

178

(2)

4.3.4 Detailed and Averaged Models for MMC--HVDC Systems

180

(1)

4.3.4.1 Detailed Equivalent Models

181

(2)

4.3.4.2 AVM of MMC--HVDC Using Voltage- and Current-Controlled Sources

183

(5)

4.4 VSC Transmission Scheme and Operation

188

(15)

4.4.1 Power Equipment

188

(4)

4.4.2 Principles of Active and Reactive Power Control

192

(4)

4.4.3 VSC Transmission Control

196

(1)

4.4.3.1 VSC Converter Control Using the Vector Control Strategy

196

(3)

4.4.3.2 Levels of Control

199

(1)

4.4.3.3 Coordination of Controls

200

(3)

4.5 Multiterminal VSC--HVDC Systems and HVDC Grids

203

(1)

4.5.1 On the Conventional Multiterminal HVDC Configurations

203

(1)

4.5.2 Multiterminal HVDC Grid Configurations

204

(17)

4.5.3 Meshed HVDC Grid Configurations

209

(2)

4.5.4 Need for Fast and Low Loss HVDC Breakers

211

(1)

4.5.4.1 Preconditions

211

(1)

4.5.4.2 Schemes for the Current Zero Formation

212

(2)

4.5.4.3 Types of DC Circuit Breakers

214

(4)

4.5.5 HVDC Grid Protection

218

(3)

4.6 Load Flow and Stability Analysis

221

(25)

4.6.1 Load Flow in Meshed AC/DC Grids

221

(1)

4.6.1.1 Generalities

221

(2)

4.6.1.2 Load Flow Calculation in a DC Grid

223

(4)

4.6.1.3 Application

227

(4)

4.6.2 Dynamic Stability in Meshed AC/DC Grids

231

(1)

4.6.2.1 Generalities

231

(2)

4.6.2.2 Description of the VSC Model for Stability Analysis

233

(2)

4.6.2.3 Control Models

235

(2)

4.6.2.4 P--V Droop Control

237

(1)

4.6.2.5 Current and Voltage Limits

237

(1)

4.6.2.6 RMS Model Testing

238

(1)

4.6.2.7 Simulations on an AC/DC Meshed Grid

239

(7)

4.7 Comparison of CSC--HVDC Versus VSC--HVDC Transmission

246

(3)

4.7.1 Differences Resulting from the Commutation Principle

246

(2)

4.7.2 Differences Resulting from the Converter Type

248

(1)

4.8 Forward to Supergrid

249

(22)

4.8.1 Challenges and Solutions for Developing Supergrid

249

(1)

4.8.1.1 Connecting Renewable Energy Sources and Increased Transmission System Capacity

250

(1)

4.8.1.2 Compensating Reactive Power

250

(2)

4.8.1.3 Maintaining System Stability

252

(1)

4.8.2 Hybrid AC and DC Systems

252

(2)

4.8.3 Supermodes

254

(1)

4.8.4 Stepwise Development of the European Supergrid

255

(3)

4.8.5 Steps Toward a Planetary Supergrid

258

(2)

4.8.6 VSC Multiterminal in China

260

(1)

Appendix 4.1 VSC--HVDC Projects Around the World

261

(2)

Appendix 4.2 Examples of VSC--HVDC One-Line Diagrams

263

(1)

References

263

(8)

PART II FACTS TECHNOLOGIES

Abdel-Aty Edris

Mircea Eremia

Chapter 5 Static Var Compensator (Svc)

271

(68)

Mircea Eremia

Aniruddha Gole

Lucian Toma

5.1 Generalities

271

(2)

5.2 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor

273

(11)

5.3 Thyristor-Switched Capacitor

284

(3)

5.4 Configurations of SVC

287

(7)

5.4.1 Fixed Capacitor and Thyristor-Controlled Reactor

287

(2)

5.4.2 The SVC Device (TSC--TCR)

289

(1)

5.4.2.1 V--I Characteristics

289

(1)

5.4.2.2 Operating Domain

290

(4)

5.5 Control of SVC Operation

294

(2)

5.5.1 The Voltage Regulator

294

(2)

5.5.2 Gate Pulse Generator

296

(1)

5.6 SVC Modeling

296

5.6.1 Steady-State SVC Modeling

296

(1)

5.6.1.1 Modeling of an SVC That Operates Within or Outside the Linear Control Domain

297

(2)

5.6.1.2 Improved Models for SVC Representation

299

(6)

5.6.1.3 Newton-Raphson Modified Algorithm to Include the SVCs

305

(2)

5.6.2 SVC Dynamic Modeling

307

(1)

5.6.2.1 The Basic Dynamic Model

307

(1)

5.6.2.2 First-Order Dynamic Model

308

(1)

5.6.2.3 Complex SVC Dynamic Models

309

(3)

5.7 Placement of SVC

312

(2)

5.8 Applications of SVC

314

(10)

5.8.1 Maintaining the Voltage Level of a Bus or into an Area

315

(1)

5.8.2 Increasing the Transmission Capacity

315

(2)

5.8.3 Static and Transient Stability Reserve Improvement

317

(5)

5.8.4 Oscillations Damping

322

(1)

5.8.5 Reducing the Transient Overvoltages

323

(1)

5.9 SVC Installations Worldwide

324

(15)

5.9.1 SVC at Hagby, in Sweden

326

(1)

5.9.2 SVC at Forbes, in United States

327

(1)

5.9.3 SVC in Temascal, Mexico

328

(1)

5.9.4 Complex Compensation Scheme in Argentina

329

(1)

5.9.5 SVC in the 735 kV Transmission System in Canada

329

(1)

5.9.6 SVC at Auas, in Namibia

330

(3)

5.9.7 SVC at the Channel Tunnel Rail Link

333

(1)

5.9.8 SVC at Harker, in United Kingdom

334

(2)

5.9.9 Relocatable SVCs

336

(1)

References

337

(2)

Chapter 6 Series Capacittve Compensation

339

(70)

Mircea Eremia

Stig Nilsson

6.1 Generalities

339

(1)

6.2 Mechanical Commutation-Based Series Devices

339

(3)

6.3 Static-Controlled Series Capacitive Compensation

342

(23)

6.3.1 GTO-Controlled Series Capacitor

342

(3)

6.3.2 Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor

345

(3)

6.3.3 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor

348

(1)

6.3.3.1 Basic Structure

349

(2)

6.3.3.2 Operating Principles of TCSC. Steady-State Approach and Synchronous Voltage Reversal

351

(6)

6.3.3.3 Operation Modes and the Characteristics of the TCSC

357

(5)

6.3.3.4 Capability Characteristics of the TCSC

362

(3)

6.4 Control Schemes for the TCSC

365

(5)

6.4.1 Open Loop Impedance Control

365

(1)

6.4.2 Closed Loop Control

366

(4)

6.5 TCSC Modeling

370

(12)

6.5.1 Steady-State Modeling of TCSC

370

(1)

6.5.1.1 TCSC Modeling Through Series Variable Impedance

370

(4)

6.5.1.2 TCSC Impedance Modeling as a Function of the Firing Angle

374

(2)

6.5.2 TCSC Dynamic Models

376

(1)

6.5.2.1 Transient Stability Model

376

(3)

6.5.2.2 Long-Term Stability Model

379

(3)

6.6 Applications of TSSC/TCSC Installations

382

(5)

6.7 Series Capacitors Worldwide

387

(22)

6.7.1 Kanawha River Mechanically Switched Series Capacitor in United States

387

(2)

6.7.2 Kayenta TCSC in United States

389

(3)

6.7.3 Slatt TCSC in United States

392

(4)

6.7.4 Stode TCSC in Sweden

396

(1)

6.7.5 Imperatriz-Serra da Mesa TCSC in Brazil

397

(3)

6.7.6 Purnea and Gorakhpur TCSC/FSC in India

400

(2)

6.7.7 Series-Compensated 500 kV Power Transmission Corridors in Argentina

402

(2)

Appendix 6.1 TCSC Systems Around the World

404

(1)

References

405

(4)

Chapter 7 Phase Shifting Transformer: Mechanical and Static Devices

409

(50)

Mylavarapu Ramamoorty

Lucian Toma

7.1 Introduction

409

(1)

7.2 Mechanical Phase Shifting Transformer

410

(18)

7.2.1 Principle of Operation of the PST

410

(2)

7.2.2 PST Topology

412

(1)

7.2.2.1 Direct-Type Asymmetrical PSTs

412

(2)

7.2.2.2 Direct-Type Symmetrical PSTs

414

(2)

7.2.2.3 Indirect-Type Asymmetrical and Symmetrical PSTs

416

(1)

7.2.2.4 Comparison of the Topologies

417

(1)

7.2.3 Steady-State Model of a Mechanical Phase Shifter

418

(2)

7.2.4 Equivalent Series Reactance as a Function of the Phase Shift Angle

420

(1)

7.2.4.1 Symmetrical Phase Shifter

420

(4)

7.2.4.2 Quadrature Booster

424

(1)

7.2.4.3 Asymmetrical Phase Shifter

425

(1)

7.2.4.4 In-Phase Transformer and Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Phase Shifter

426

(2)

7.3 Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer

428

(11)

7.3.1 Configurations of the Static Phase Shifter

428

(1)

7.3.1.1 Substitution of Mechanical Tap Changer by Electronic Switches

429

(1)

7.3.1.2 Thyristor-Controlled Quadrature Voltage Injection

429

(3)

7.3.1.3 Pulse-Width Modulation AC Controller

432

(1)

7.3.1.4 Delay-Angle Controlled AC-AC Bridge Converter

433

(1)

7.3.1.5 Discrete-Step Controlled AC-AC Bridge Converter

434

(1)

7.3.1.6 PWM Voltage Source Converter

434

(2)

7.3.2 Modeling of TCPST

436

(1)

7.3.2.1 Model of a Transmission System with a TCPST

436

(1)

7.3.2.2 Line Model with Thyristor-Controlled Phase Angle Regulator

437

(2)

7.3.2.3 The Dynamic Model of the Phase Shifter

439

(1)

7.4 Applications of the Phase Shifting Transformers

439

(11)

7.4.1 Power Flow Control by Phase Angle Regulators

440

(2)

7.4.2 Real and Reactive Loop Power Flow Control

442

(2)

7.4.3 Improvement of Transient Stability with PST

444

(2)

7.4.4 Power Oscillation Damping with PST

446

(2)

7.4.4.1 Application to Damp Power Oscillations

448

(2)

7.5 Phase Shifting Transformer Projects Around the World

450

(9)

References

456

(3)

Chapter 8 Static Synchronous Compensator -- Statcom

459

(68)

Rafael Mihalic

Mircea Eremia

Bostjan Blazic

8.1 Principles and Topologies of Voltage Source Converter

459

(14)

8.1.1 Basic Considerations

459

(5)

8.1.2 Converter Topologies

464

(1)

8.1.2.1 Two-Level Topologies

464

(5)

8.1.2.2 Multilevel Topologies

469

(2)

8.1.2.3 PWM Converter

471

(1)

8.1.3 Switching Function

472

(1)

8.2 STATCOM Operation

473

(3)

8.3 STATCOM Modeling

476

(30)

8.3.1 STATCOM Model for Steady-State Analysis

476

(2)

8.3.1.1 Basic Load Flow Equations

478

(2)

8.3.1.2 The Single-Phase Voltage-Based Model

480

(2)

8.3.1.3 The Single-Phase Current-Based Model

482

(2)

8.3.1.4 Three-Phase Voltage-Based Model

484

(3)

8.3.1.5 Three-Phase Current-Based Model

487

(5)

8.3.2 Dynamic Models of STATCOM

492

(1)

8.3.2.1 Simplified Dynamic Model

492

(2)

8.3.2.2 Detailed Dynamic Model

494

(5)

8.3.3 Control Algorithm

499

(2)

8.3.4 STATCOM Model for Unbalanced Operation

501

(5)

8.4 STATCOM Applications

506

(9)

8.4.1 Fast Voltage Control and Maintaining Voltage Levels of a Bus or an Area

506

(1)

8.4.2 Flicker Compensation

506

(3)

8.4.3 Improvement of the Network Transmission Capability

509

(3)

8.4.4 Improvement of Static and Transient Stability Reserve

512

(2)

8.4.5 Oscillations Damping

514

(1)

8.5 STATCOM Installations in Operation

515

(12)

8.5.1 ± 80 MVAr STATCOM in Japan

515

(1)

8.5.2 ± 100 MVAr STATCOM at Sullivan, in United States

516

(4)

8.5.3 +225/-52 MVAr TSC and STATCOM Mixed System at East Claydon, in Great Britain

520

(1)

8.5.4 +133/-41 MVAr STATCOM at Essex, in United States

520

(1)

8.5.5 STATCOM (+80/-110 MVAr) and Mechanic-Switched Capacitor (-93 MVAr) Mixed System, at Holly, in United States

521

(1)

8.5.6 ± 100 MVAr STATCOM at Talega, in United States

522

(2)

References

524

(3)

Chapter 9 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

527

(32)

Laszlo Gyugyi

Abded-Aty Edris

Mircea Eremia

9.1 Introduction

527

(1)

9.2 Architecture and Operating Principles

528

(5)

9.2.1 The Basic Structure and Principles of Operation

528

(2)

9.2.2 Operating Modes of SSSC

530

(2)

9.2.3 The Pq-δ Characteristic of SSSC

532

(1)

9.3 Comparison of SSSC with Other Technologies

533

(7)

9.3.1 Comparison with Fixed Series Capacitor

533

(1)

9.3.2 Comparison with Fixed Series Reactor

534

(1)

9.3.3 Comparison with Phase Angle Regulator

534

(1)

9.3.4 Comparison with Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor

535

(3)

9.3.5 Comparison with Gate-Controlled Series Capacitor

538

(2)

9.3.6 Dynamic Flow Controller

540

(1)

9.4 Components of an SSSC

540

(6)

9.4.1 Overview of the Functional SSSC Components

540

(2)

9.4.2 Control

542

(3)

9.4.3 Protection

545

(1)

9.5 SSSC Modeling

546

(5)

9.5.1 Steady-State SSSC Model

546

(1)

9.5.1.1 VSC Controller Load Flow Models

546

(1)

9.5.1.2 Newton-Raphson Load Flow Solution

547

(2)

9.5.2 SSSC Dynamic Model

549

(2)

9.6 Applications

551

(1)

9.7 SSSC Installation

552

(7)

9.7.1 SSSC in Operation

552

(1)

9.7.2 SSSC for Power Flow Control: A Project in Spain

553

(1)

9.7.2.1 Project Overview

553

(1)

9.7.2.2 Components of the SSSC

554

(1)

9.7.2.3 Location Selection for Prototype Installation

555

(1)

References

556

(3)

Chapter 10 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

559

(70)

Laszlo Gyugyi

10.1 Introduction

559

(8)

10.1.1 UPFC as the Functional Combination of Conventional Transmission Controllers

559

(7)

10.1.2 UPFC Directly Providing Line Current Forcing Function

566

(1)

10.2 Basic Characteristics of the UPFC

567

(4)

10.3 UPFC Versus Conventional Power Flow Controllers

571

(4)

10.3.1 UPFC versus Series Reactive Compensators

571

(2)

10.3.2 UPFC versus Phase Shifters

573

(2)

10.4 UPFC Control System

575

(9)

10.4.1 Functional Control of the Shunt Converter

578

(1)

10.4.2 Functional Control of the Series Converter

579

(1)

10.4.3 Stand-Alone Shunt and Series Compensation

580

(1)

10.4.4 Basic Control Structure for the Series and Shunt Converters

580

(3)

10.4.5 Practical Control Considerations

583

(1)

10.5 Equipment Structural and Rating Considerations

584

(12)

10.5.1 Circuit Structural Considerations

586

(2)

10.5.2 Rating Considerations for Series and Shunt Converters

588

(1)

10.5.2.1 Series Converter Rating to Meet Line Compensation Requirements

588

(4)

10.5.2.2 Shunt Converter Rating to Meet UPFC Operation Requirements

592

(2)

10.5.3 UPFC Rating Optimization by Combined Compensation

594

(2)

10.6 Protection Considerations

596

(1)

10.6.1 Protection of the Series Converter

596

(4)

10.6.2 Protection of the Shunt Converter

600

(1)

10.7 Application Example: UPFC at AEP's INEZ Station

600

(13)

10.7.1 Background and Planning Information at the Time of Installation

601

(2)

10.7.2 UPFC Operation Strategy

603

(1)

10.7.3 Description of the UPFC

604

(3)

10.7.4 Performance of the UPFC

607

(6)

10.7.5 Importance of Results and Possible Future Trends

613

(1)

10.8 Modeling of the UPFC Device

613

(16)

10.8.1 The Steady-State Model of UPFC

613

(3)

10.8.2 Power Flow and Active Power Balance Restrictions

616

(2)

10.8.3 Implementing the UPFC Model in the Newton-Raphson Method

618

(5)

10.8.4 The Dynamic Model of UPFC

623

(4)

References

627

(2)

Chapter 11 Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)

629

(22)

Laszlo Gyugyi

11.1 Generalities

629

(1)

11.2 Basic Operating Principles and Characteristics of the IPFC

630

(6)

11.3 Generalized Interline Power Flow Controller for Multiline Systems

636

(2)

11.4 Basic Control System

638

(2)

11.5 Equipment Structural and Rating Considerations

640

(2)

11.6 Protection Considerations

642

(1)

11.7 Application Example: IPFC at NYPA's Marcy Substation

643

(8)

11.7.1 Background Information, System, and Equipment Requirements

643

(1)

11.7.2 Description of the CSC/IPFC

644

(1)

11.7.3 Importance of the NYPA Installation

645

(4)

References

649

(2)

Chapter 12 Sen Transformer: A Power Regulating Transformer

651

(134)

Kalyan K. Sen

12.1 Background

651

(5)

12.1.1 Traditional Power Flow Controllers

652

(3)

12.1.2 Essential Control Parameters and Their Implementations

655

(1)

12.2 The Sen Transformer Concept

656

(107)

12.2.1 Shunt-Series Configuration for ST

657

(1)

12.2.2 Principle of Operation of ST

658

(103)

16.5.2 Unsupervised ICA Learning Objectives

761

(1)

16.5.2.1 Off-Line ICA Learning

762

(1)

16.5.2.2 On-Line (Adaptive) ICA Learning

762

(1)

16.6 Examples of Neural Network Applications for Power System Monitoring and Control

763

(22)

16.6.1 On-Line Estimation of Electric Power System Active Loads

763

(4)

16.6.2 Harmonic Source Identification Using Off-Line ICA

767

(2)

16.6.3 ICA-Based Harmonic Source Identification Case Study

769

(3)

16.6.4 Wind Speed Forecasting

772

(1)

16.6.5 Optimal Control of Grid Independent Photovoltaic System

773

(3)

16.6.6 Adaptive Neurocontrol of a FACTS Device: The Unified Power Flow Controller

776

(4)

16.6.7 Wide-Area Monitoring and Control

780

(1)

References

781

(4)

Chapter 17 Fuzzy Systems

785

(34)

Germano Lambert-Torres

Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva

Carlos Henrique Valerio de Moraes

Yvo Marcelo Chiaradia Masselli

17.1 Introduction

785

(2)

17.2 Fundamental Notions

787

(10)

17.2.1 Classical Sets

787

(1)

17.2.2 Fuzzy Sets

788

(1)

17.2.2.1 Operations on Fuzzy Sets

788

(1)

17.2.2.2 Properties of Fuzzy Sets

789

(1)

17.2.3 Linguistic Values

790

(3)

17.2.4 Fuzzy Statements

793

(1)

17.2.5 Fuzzy Conditional Statements

793

(3)

17.2.6 Ordinary and Fuzzy Relations

796

(1)

17.3 Fuzzy Logic

797

(4)

17.3.1 Fuzzy Control

798

(1)

17.3.2 Fuzzy Controller

799

(2)

17.3.3 Fuzzy Inference Process

801

(1)

17.4 Fuzzy Model

801

(10)

17.4.1 Problem Formulation

802

(1)

17.4.2 The Algorithm to Solve for the Vector 0

802

(2)

17.4.3 A Multiple Input/Output Decision System

804

(3)

17.4.4 Illustrative Example

807

(4)

17.5 An Application of Fuzzy Logic in Control System

811

(5)

17.5.1 Control Strategy

813

(1)

17.5.2 Production System

814

(2)

17.6 Final Remarks

816

(3)

Acknowledgments

817

(1)

References

817

(2)

Chapter 18 Decision Trees

819

(26)

Constantin Bulac

Adrian Bulac

18.1 Introduction

819

(1)

18.2 Decision Trees

820

(9)

18.2.1 Decision Tree Construction

821

(3)

18.2.2 Decision Tree Pruning

824

(1)

18.2.2.1 Reduced Error Pruning

825

(1)

18.2.2.2 Pessimistic Error Pruning

826

(1)

18.2.2.3 Minimum Error Pruning

827

(1)

18.2.2.4 Critical Value Pruning

827

(1)

18.2.2.5 Cost-Complexity Pruning

828

(1)

18.2.2.6 Error-Based Pruning

829

(1)

18.3 Oblique Decision Trees

829

(4)

18.3.1 Recursive Least Squares Procedure

830

(1)

18.3.2 The Thermal Training Procedure

831

(1)

18.3.3 OC1 Algorithm

831

(2)

18.4 Applications of Decision Trees in Power Systems

833

(3)

18.5 Case Study

836

(9)

References

843

(2)

Chapter 19 Genetic Algorithms

845

(58)

Anastasios Bakirtzis

Spyros Kazarlis

19.1 Introduction to Evolutionary Computation

845

(14)

19.1.1 Taxonomy

846

(1)

19.1.2 Initial Inspiration and Basic Principles

846

(2)

19.1.3 On the Evolution Theory

848

(1)

19.1.4 DNA-Like Solution Encoding

849

(2)

19.1.5 Solution Evaluation

851

(1)

19.1.6 Genetic Information Recombination

852

(1)

19.1.7 The Circle of Evolution

853

(1)

19.1.8 Evolutionary Algorithms as Global Optimizers

853

(1)

19.1.9 Evolutionary Computation Paradigms

854

(3)

19.1.10 Application Areas

857

(1)

19.1.11 Advantages and Disadvantages

858

(1)

19.2 Genetic Algorithms

859

(38)

19.2.1 Basic GA Principles

860

(2)

19.2.2 GA Flow Diagram

862

(1)

19.2.3 Solution Encoding

863

(6)

19.2.4 Fitness Function

869

(1)

19.2.5 Parent Selection Methods

870

(3)

19.2.6 Basic Genetic Operators

873

(1)

19.2.6.1 The Crossover Operator

873

(4)

19.2.6.2 Mutation

877

(1)

19.2.7 Elitism

878

(1)

19.2.8 Other Genetic Operators

879

(1)

19.2.9 Hill-Climbing Operators

880

(3)

19.2.10 Parent Replacement Methods

883

(1)

19.2.11 Fitness Scaling

884

(3)

19.2.12 GA Control Parameters Determination

887

(1)

19.2.13 Niche and Species

888

(5)

19.2.14 Diversity Enhancement

893

(1)

19.2.15 Constrained Optimization with GAs

894

(3)

19.3 On The Optimal Location and Operation of FACTS Devices by Genetic Algorithms

897

(6)

References

898

(5)

Chapter 20 Multiagent Systems

903

(28)

Nan-Peng Yu

Chen-Ching Liu

20.1 Overview

903

(6)

20.1.1 What is an Agent? What is a Multiagent System?

903

(1)

20.1.2 Why Multiagent Systems?

904

(1)

20.1.3 Applications of Multiagent Technology

904

(1)

20.1.3.1 Industrial Applications

905

(1)

20.1.3.2 Commercial Applications

906

(1)

20.1.3.3 Medical Applications

907

(1)

20.1.3.4 Entertainment Applications

907

(1)

20.1.4 Challenges and Future of Multiagent Technology

908

(1)

20.1.4.1 Design Methodologies for Software Development of Agent-Based Systems

908

(1)

20.1.4.2 Ensure User Confidence and Trust in Agent-Based Systems

908

(1)

20.1.4.3 Enable Agent Adaptation in Artificial System

908

(1)

20.1.4.4 Promote Interoperability in an Open Environment

909

(1)

20.1.4.5 Develop Semantic Infrastructure and Common Ontology for Agent Communication and Information Management

909

(1)

20.1.4.6 Enhance Reasoning Capabilities for Agents in Open Environment

909

(1)

20.2 Multiagent Technology Overview

909

(8)

20.2.1 Architectures for Intelligent Agents

909

(1)

20.2.1.1 Logic-Based Architectures

910

(1)

20.2.1.2 Reactive Architectures

910

(1)

20.2.1.3 Belief-Desire-Intention Architectures

911

(1)

20.2.1.4 Layered (Hybrid) Architectures

911

(1)

20.2.2 Multiagent Systems and Societies of Agents

912

(1)

20.2.2.1 Communication

912

(1)

20.2.2.2 Negotiation

913

(1)

20.2.2.3 Coordination

913

(1)

20.2.3 Programming Languages, Tools, and Frameworks for Multiagent Systems

914

(1)

20.2.3.1 Programming Languages for Multiagent Systems

914

(1)

20.2.3.2 Integrated Development Environment

915

(1)

20.2.3.3 Frameworks for Multiagent Systems Development

915

(1)

20.2.4 Multiagent System-Related Standards

915

(1)

20.2.4.1 The Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents

915

(2)

20.2.4.2 The Object Management Group

917

(1)

20.3 Applications of Multiagent Systems in Power Engineering

917

(3)

20.3.1 Modeling and Simulation

917

(1)

20.3.2 Monitoring and Diagnostics

918

(1)

20.3.3 Restoration and Reconfiguration

919

(1)

20.3.4 Distributed Control

919

(1)

20.4 Electricity Markets Modeling and Simulation with Multiagent Systems

920

(11)

20.4.1 Why Multiagent System?

921

(1)

20.4.2 Literature on Multiagent-Based Modeling of Electricity Markets

921

(1)

20.4.3 Multiagent System Design for Electricity Market Modeling and Simulation

922

(1)

20.4.3.1 Purpose

922

(1)

20.4.3.2 MAS Structure

923

(1)

20.4.3.3 Agents

924

(3)

References

927

(4)

Chapter 21 Heuristic Optimization Techniques

931

(54)

Kwang Y. Lee

Malihe M. Farsangi

Jong-Bae Park

John G. Vlachogiannis

21.1 Introduction

931

(1)

21.2 Evolutionary Algorithms for Reactive Power Planning

932

(11)

21.2.1 Evolutionary Algorithms

932

(1)

21.2.1.1 Evolutionary Programming

932

(1)

21.2.1.2 Evolutionary Strategy

933

(1)

21.2.1.3 Genetic Algorithm

934

(1)

21.2.2 Optimal Reactive Power Planning Problem

935

(1)

21.2.2.1 Objective Functions

935

(1)

21.2.2.2 P--Q Decomposition

936

(1)

21.2.3 Case Studies

937

(6)

21.3 Genetic Algorithm for Generation Planning

943

(8)

21.3.1 Generation Expansion Planning Problem

943

(2)

21.3.2 Improved GA for the Least-Cost GEP

945

(1)

21.3.2.1 Overview of Genetic Algorithm

945

(1)

21.3.2.2 String Structure

945

(1)

21.3.2.3 Fitness Function

945

(1)

21.3.2.4 Creation of an Artificial Initial Population

946

(1)

21.3.2.5 Stochastic Crossover, Elitism, and Mutation

947

(1)

21.3.3 Case Studies

948

(1)

21.3.3.1 Test Systems Description

948

(1)

21.3.3.2 Parameters for GEP and IGA

949

(1)

21.3.3.3 Numerical Results

950

(1)

21.4 Particle Swarm Optimization for Economic Dispatch

951

(10)

21.4.1 Formulation of Economic Dispatch Problem

952

(1)

21.4.1.1 ED Problem with Smooth Cost Functions

952

(2)

21.4.2 Implementation of PSO for ED Problems

954

(1)

21.4.2.1 Overview of the PSO

954

(1)

21.4.2.2 Modified PSO for ED Problems

955

(3)

21.4.2.3 Case Studies

958

(1)

21.4.2.4 ED Problem with Smooth Cost Functions

959

(1)

21.4.2.5 ED Problem with Nonsmooth Cost Functions Considering Valve-Point Effects

959

(2)

21.5 Ant Colony System for Constrained Load Flow Problem

961

(7)

21.5.1 Formulation of Constrained Load Flow Problem

961

(1)

21.5.2 Development of Ant Colony System for the Constrained Load Flow Problem

962

(3)

21.5.3 Results

965

(3)

21.6 Immune Algorithm for Damping of Interarea Oscillation

968

(6)

21.6.1 Study System and Problem Formulation

969

(2)

21.6.2 Designing of Supplementary Controller

971

(3)

21.7 Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search for Optimal Allocation of Static VAr Compensators

974

(6)

21.7.1 Voltage Stability Analysis

974

(1)

21.7.2 Simulated Annealing

975

(1)

21.7.3 Tabu Search

975

(1)

21.7.4 Study System and Optimal Allocation of SVCs

976

(1)

21.7.4.1 A 5-Area-16-Machine System

976

(1)

21.7.4.2 Optimal Allocation of SVCs

976

(4)

21.8 Conclusions

980

(5)

References

981

(4)

Chapter 22 Unsupervised Learning and Hybrid Methods

985

(48)

Nikos Hatziargyriou

Manolis Voumvoulakis

22.1 Generalities

985

(3)

22.2 Supervised Learning Methods

988

(8)

22.2.1 Decision Trees

988

(2)

22.2.2 Neuro-Fuzzy Decision Trees

990

(2)

22.2.3 Radial Basis Function Neural Networks

992

(4)

22.3 Unsupervised Learning Methods

996

(4)

22.3.1 Self-Organized Maps

996

(4)

22.4 Som Variants

1000

(7)

22.4.1 Evolving SOM

1001

(1)

22.4.2 Growing Hierarchical Self-Organized Map

1002

(2)

22.4.3 Growing Neural Gas

1004

(2)

22.4.4 Variable Local Topology-Self-Organized Map

1006

(1)

22.5 Combined Use of Unsupervised with Supervised Learning Methods

1007

(1)

22.6 Applications to Power Systems

1007

(26)

22.6.1 Description of the Power System

1007

(2)

22.6.1.1 RBFNN for DSA

1009

(1)

22.6.1.2 Decision Trees for DSA

1010

(1)

22.6.1.3 Decision Trees Application for Load Shedding

1011

(1)

22.6.1.4 Genetic Algorithm Aided DTs for Load Shedding

1012

(1)

22.6.1.5 Neuro-Fuzzy Decision Trees for DSA

1013

(1)

22.6.1.6 SOM Application for Load Shedding

1014

(2)

22.6.1.7 Decision Trees Aided SOM for Load Shedding

1016

(2)

22.6.2 Preventive Security Control

1018

(1)

22.6.2.1 Study Case System

1019

(1)

22.6.2.2 Decision Trees for Security Constrained Economic Dispatch

1020

(2)

22.6.3 Power System-Controlled Islanding

1022

(5)

22.6.3.1 Application of the Method on the IEEE 30 Bus Test System

1027

(1)

22.6.3.2 Application of the Method on the IEEE 118 Bus Test System

1028

(2)

References

1030

(3)

Index

1033

MIRCEA EREMIA is Professor Emeritus in the Electrical Power Systems Department of the University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania. Dr. Eremia is author and co-author of over 180 journals and conference papers as well as 11 books in power systems. He was an active member of IEEE and CIGRE by participating in various working groups related to applications of power electronics and artificial intelligence techniques. In 2013, Dr. Eremia and Mohammad Shahidehpour published The Handbook of Electrical Power System Dynamics: Modeling, Stability, and Control with the Wiley-IEEE press.

CHEN-CHING LIU is Boeing Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering at Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA, and Visiting Professor of University College Dublin, Ireland, in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. He obtained his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees, both in electrical engineering, from National Taiwan University, Taiwan, in 1976 and 1978, and a PhD degree from the University of California, Berkeley, USA.

ABDEL-ATY EDRIS is the Senior Manager at Exponent Failure Analysis Associates and Adjunct Professor at Santa Clara University, USA. He received his BS from Cairo University, MS from Ain-Shams University, and PhD from Chalmers University of Technology. Dr. Edris is a leading expert in the design and operation of FACTS devices. He is the recipient of the IEEE 2006 FACTS Award, the IEEE 2008 Outstanding Engineer Award, and many other awards.

Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta