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E-raamat: Advanced Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems

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Advanced Technologies for Intelligent Transportation SystemsSuurem pilt
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This book focuses on emerging technologies in the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) namely efficient information dissemination between vehicles, infrastructures, pedestrians and public transportation systems. It covers the state-of-the-art of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), with centralized and decentralized (Peer-to-Peer) communication architectures, considering several application scenarios. With a detailed treatment of emerging communication paradigms, including cross networking and distributed algorithms. Unlike most of the existing books, this book presents a multi-layer overview of information dissemination systems, from lower layers (MAC) to high layers (applications). All those aspects are investigated considering the use of mobile devices, such as smartphones/tablets and embedded systems, i.e. technologies that during last years completely changed the current market, the user expectations, and communication networks. The presented networking paradigms are supported and validated by means of extensive simulative analysis and real field deployments in different application scenarios.

This book represents a reference for professional technologist, postgraduates and researchers in the area of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs), wireless communication and distributed systems.

1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1 Principles and Challenges
1(2)
1.2 Standardization History and Open Issues
3(6)
1.2.1 Worldwide Standardization Process
3(1)
1.2.2 European Vision
4(3)
1.2.3 American Vision
7(2)
1.3 ITS Architecture
9(4)
1.3.1 A Global Standardization Effort
9(1)
1.3.2 ISO/ETSI ITS Station Architecture
9(3)
1.3.3 WAVE Station Architecture
12(1)
1.4 ITS Applications
13(3)
1.4.1 Traffic Information Services
15(1)
1.5
Chapter Outlines
16(5)
References
17(4)
2 Communication Paradigms and Literature Analysis
21(30)
2.1 Vehicular Networks
21(5)
2.1.1 Terminology and Definition
21(1)
2.1.2 Key Challenges in Vehicular Networks
22(2)
2.1.3 Network Topology
24(2)
2.2 Vehicle-to-X Communications
26(3)
2.2.1 Key Features of a V2X Communication Protocol
26(1)
2.2.2 Vehicle-to-X Communication Paradigms
27(2)
2.3 Centralized Client/Server Technologies
29(3)
2.4 Decentralized and Peer-to-Peer Systems
32(8)
2.5 Enabling Technologies
40(11)
2.5.1 Cellular Networks
41(1)
2.5.2 WiFi and WiFi Direct
42(2)
2.5.3 IEEE 802.11p and WAVE
44(2)
2.5.4 ETSI ITS Protocol Stack
46(1)
References
47(4)
3 Wireless Communications for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
51(40)
3.1 Information Dissemination in Loosely-Coupled VANETs
51(2)
3.2 Multihop Broadcast Protocols
53(3)
3.2.1 Reference Scenario
54(1)
3.2.2 Performance Metrics of Interest
55(1)
3.3 Average Distribution of Poisson Points in a Segment with Finite Length
56(2)
3.4 A Quick Overview of the IEEE 802.11b Standard
58(4)
3.4.1 The IEEE 802.11 Standard
58(1)
3.4.2 Physical Layer
58(1)
3.4.3 MAC Layer
59(3)
3.4.4 Main IEEE 802.11 Parameters
62(1)
3.5 Probabilistic Broadcast Protocols with Silencing
62(4)
3.5.1 Preliminaries Considerations
62(2)
3.5.2 Polynomial Broadcast Protocol
64(1)
3.5.3 Silencing Irresponsible Forwarding
65(1)
3.6 A Recursive Analytical Performance Evaluation Framework
66(7)
3.6.1 Local (Single Transmission Domain) Performance Analysis with a Given Number of Nodes
66(3)
3.6.2 Global Performance Analysis with Fixed Number of Nodes
69(2)
3.6.3 Generalization to a PPP-Based Scenario
71(2)
3.7 Performance Analysis in Realistic Scenarios
73(9)
3.7.1 Polynomial Protocol
73(3)
3.7.2 Silencing Irresponsible Forwarding
76(1)
3.7.3 Comparison with Benchmark Protocols
77(3)
3.7.4 Highway-Style Scenarios
80(2)
3.8 VANETs as Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks
82(9)
3.8.1 System Model
82(1)
3.8.2 Clustered VANET Creation and IVCs
83(4)
References
87(4)
4 Hierarchical Architecture for Cross Layer ITS Communications
91(30)
4.1 The Big Picture
91(1)
4.2 Related Works
92(2)
4.3 Cross-network Information Flow
94(4)
4.3.1 Information Dissemination Through Multihop Communications
94(1)
4.3.2 A Push/Pull Dissemination Approach
95(1)
4.3.3 Securing X-NETAD
96(2)
4.4 Application Design and Implementation on Android Smartphones
98(6)
4.4.1 System Overview and Challenges
99(1)
4.4.2 Message Structure and Dissemination Protocol
100(3)
4.4.3 System Architecture
103(1)
4.5 Experimental Results
104(17)
4.5.1 Metrics of Interest
105(1)
4.5.2 Preliminary Results
105(3)
4.5.3 Tests in Ideal Static Scenarios
108(6)
4.5.4 Tests in a Mobile Scenario
114(4)
4.5.5 Discussion
118(1)
References
119(2)
5 Novel Distributed Algorithms for Intelligent Transportation Systems
121(80)
5.1 Introduction
121(1)
5.2 Distributed Geographic Table
122(1)
5.3 Conceptual Framework
123(7)
5.3.1 Routing Strategy
124(2)
5.3.2 Data Structure
126(1)
5.3.3 Network Join
126(1)
5.3.4 Peer Lookup
127(2)
5.3.5 Position Update
129(1)
5.4 Analytical Model for Performance Evaluation
130(5)
5.5 DGT and Mobility
135(7)
5.5.1 Mobility Model with Vertical Handover
140(2)
5.6 DGT Simulation
142(25)
5.6.1 Packet Delay Model
144(5)
5.6.2 DEUS Model
149(18)
5.7 DGT for Vehicular Networks: The D4V Architecture
167(5)
5.7.1 Traffic Information System and Vehicular Sensor Networks
168(2)
5.7.2 D4V
170(2)
5.8 D4V Simulation
172(7)
5.9 D4V Prototype
179(16)
5.9.1 Performance Evaluation of the D4V Prototype
182(13)
5.10 Concluding Remarks
195(6)
References
196(5)
Appendix A DEUS: A Simple Tool for Complex Simulations 201(14)
Appendix B Mathematical Frameworks 215(12)
Appendix C Batch-Based Group Key Management 227(10)
Index 237
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