Nearly 50 scientists from academia, government, and industry report on the latest theory and practice of alternatives to animal testing in laboratory research. They focus on the main approaches of reducing the number of animals used; minimizing discomfort; maximizing the information obtained from each animal; using animals lower on the phylogenetic tree; and replacing animals with in vitro cultures, chemical systems, and computer models. Five categories are covered: dermal toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and oral/dermal/ocular validation. Expanded from Animal Test Alternatives published by Marcel Dekker in 1995. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.
Contributors xiii(6) Preface xix PART I DERMAL TOXICITY 3(108) CHAPTER 1 Pseudo-Epidermis: An In Vitro Surrogate for the Study of Cutaneous Sulfur Mustard Toxicity 3(18) I. A. Bernstein L. I. Bernstam E. Gasiciel A. Kotlyar P. P. Lin Y. P. Pu F. L. Vaughan Y. Yang CHAPTER 2 Refinement of an Endpoint for Measuring Skin Decontaminant Efficacy 21(6) J. A. Blank Ronald G. Menton C. T. Olson D. W. Hobson T. H. Snider D. W. Korte, Jr. CHAPTER 3 An In Vitro Model for Skin Reconstruction 27(10) R. Fleischmajer E. D. MacDonald P. Contard J. S. Perlish CHAPTER 4 Critique of Cell Culture Methods in Skin Permeability Assessment 37(12) Gordon L. Flynn CHAPTER 5 The Local Lymph Node Assay and Other Approaches to the Evaluation of Skin Sensitizing Potential 49(6) Ian Kimber CHAPTER 6 The Alternative to Animals for Assessing Topical Irritants Is Humans 55(4) Albert M. Kligman CHAPTER 7 Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Activity in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Exposed to Sulfur Mustard 59(6) Margaret E. Martens CHAPTER 8 What Is Irritant Dermatitis? A Biological Approach 65(24) Sunita Patil K. Lamintausta Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 9 Skin(2): An In Vitro Tissue Model for Assessment of Cutaneous Safety and Efficacy Needs 89(10) Lawrence A. Rheins Tracy A. Donnelly Susan M. Edwards CHAPTER 10 Biochemical and Flow Cytometric Studies of the Mechanism of Action of Sulfur Mustard Using Human Cells In Culture 99(4) William J. Smith Margaret E. Martens Clark L. Gross Offie E. Clark Fred M. Cowan CHAPTER 11 A Multiphase Screen for the Evaluation of Topical Skin Protectants Against Chemical Warfare Agents 103(8) T. H. Snider Ronald G. Menton D. W. Hobson D. W. Korte, Jr. PART II DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY 111(82) CHAPTER 12 Induction of Low-Molecular-Weight Heat-Shock Proteins in Drosophila and Human Embryonic Lineage Cells After Teratogen Exposure 111(14) Nicole Bournias-Vardiabasis Kuyng-Won Huh Keri Hopkins Tae-Wook Chun CHAPTER 13 Using Invariants of Swimming Motion in Biotoxicity Testing via Computerized Microscopy 125(34) David K. Cohoon R. James Swanson Ronald J. Young CHAPTER 14 Computation of Developmental Toxicity Potential by QSTR Models in the TOPKAT Program 159(10) Kurt Enslein Vijay K. Gombar Benjamin W. Blake James R. Carter CHAPTER 15 Activity Profiles of Developmental Toxicity 169(6) Robert J. Kavlock CHAPTER 16 Screening of Populations of Women at Risk for Reproductive Failure Using Cultured Rodent Embryos 175(6) Norman W. Klein CHAPTER 17 Continued Evaluation and Application of a Bioluminescent Bacterial Genotoxicity Test 181(12) W. -D. Wang T. S. C. Sun H. M. Stahr PART III IMMUNOTOXICITY 193(16) CHAPTER 18 Cytokine Gene Expression and Allergic Contact Dermatitis 193(6) Craig A. Elmets CHAPTER 19 Strategies for Developing Alternative Methods to Assess Contact Allergens 199(10) Anthony A. Gaspari PART IV NEUROTOXICITY 209(42) CHAPTER 20 Astrocytes as Target Site for Neurotoxicity 209(14) Michael Aschner CHAPTER 21 Altered Angiotensin-Induced Drinking as a Noninvasive Behavioral Biomarker of Neonatal Glutamic Acid Neurotoxicity in the Rat 223(6) Florence A. Caputo Andrew C. Scallet CHAPTER 22 Cell Cultures for Screening of Antiesterase Compounds 229(6) Marion Ehrich CHAPTER 23 Mechanistic Neurotoxicity Studies Using PC12 Cells 235(8) Gary E. Isom A. G. Kanthasamy J. L. Borowitz CHAPTER 24 MDCK: An Epithelial Cell Line Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Its Response to Cholinesterase Inhibitors 243(8) Bellina Veronesi Marion Ehrich PART V ORAL DERMAL OCULAR VALIDATION 251(194) CHAPTER 25 The Blood-Perfused Pig Ear: A Potential In Vitro Alternative for Dermal Permeation and Toxicity Studies 251(10) Piet Bruijnzeel Jan de Lange Govert van der Schans Graham Elliott CHAPTER 26 Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Validation as an Alternative to the Draize Eye Irritation Assay 261(8) D. Cerven O. Moreno CHAPTER 27 Metabolism of Humans and Animals Compared by Organ Cultures 269(8) Byong Han (Paul) Chin CHAPTER 28 Sulfur Mustard-Increased Proteolysis in Cultured Human Cells 277(8) Fred M. Cowan Clarence A. Broomfield William J. Smith CHAPTER 29 Evaluation of Two In Vitro Human Skin Equivalents (Epiderm(TM) and Skin(2)(TM) Model ZK1300) for Assessing the Skin Irritation Potential of Personal Care Products and Chemicals 285(8) Joanna M. Doyle William E. Dressler S. R. Rachui CHAPTER 30 Strategies of Applications of In Vitro Methods to the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices 293(10) Shayne C. Gad CHAPTER 31 A Modular Approach to Validation--A Work in Progress 303(6) Alan M. Goldberg Leonardo D. Epstein Joanne Zurlo CHAPTER 32 Evaluation of the CORROSITEX Method to Determine the Corrosivity Potential of Surfactants, Surfactant-Based Formulations, Chemicals, and Mixtures 309(22) Virginia C. Gordon Soheila Mirhashemi Rosalind Wei CHAPTER 33 Comparison Study of In Vitro and In Vivo Results on Textile Fabric Extracts for Assessing Dermal Irritancy Potential to Industrial Workers 331(8) Virginia C. Gordon K. Harris Howard I. Maibach Sunita Patil CHAPTER 34 Validation Issues for Alternatives Testing 339(8) Stanley B. Gross CHAPTER 35 Intra- and Interlaboratory Reproducibility of EpiDerm, an In Vitro Model for Dermal Irritancy Testing 347(12) M. Klausner P. J. Neal C. L. Cannon J. Kubilus R. D. Curren J. W. Harbell CHAPTER 36 Primary Human Hepatocytes as an In Vitro Toxicology System 359(10) Albert P. Li Dale J. Beck Linda J. Loretz Lilly Xu Asenath Rasmussen Jill C. Merrill Donald L. Kaminski CHAPTER 37 Review of the Up-and-Down Method for Acute Toxicity Determination 369(6) Robert L. Lipnick Joseph A. Cotruvo Richard N. Hill Robert D. Bruce Katherine A. Stitzel Arthur P. Walker Ih Chu Michael J. Goddard Larry M. Segal Janet A. Springer Roy C. Myers CHAPTER 38 Skin Partitions as a Screen for Dermal Permeability 375(6) D. R. Mattie James N. McDougal CHAPTER 39 Reduction of Animal Utilization in Dermal Toxicologic Studies 381(6) Ronald G. Menton J. A. Blank T. H. Snider C. T. Olson D. W. Korte, Jr CHAPTER 40 Computerized In Vitro Test for Chemical Toxicity Based on Tetrahymena Swimming Patterns 387(12) David A. Noever Helen C. Matsos Raymond J. Cronise Loren L. Looger Rachna A. Relwani Jacqueline U. Johnson CHAPTER 41 Renal Alterations Following Sublethal Mercury Toxicity: A Fish Model for Aquatic Environmental Contamination 399(4) R. Reimschuessel C. M. Gonzalez CHAPTER 42 A Nonlethal, Anesthetized Canine Model Used to Reduce the Number of Animals Required to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Pretreatment Compounds Challenged with Toxic Concentrations of Cyanide 403(6) J. A. Vick M. T. Marino L. D. Brown A. Kaminskis J. von Bredow T. Brewer CHAPTER 43 Confocal Microscopy and Calcium Images of Keratinocytes Exposed to Sulfur Mustard 409(8) Robert J. Werrlein J. S. Madren-Whalley S. D. Kirby M. A. E. Mol CHAPTER 44 Inherited and Acquired Enzyme Defects in Multiple Chemical Sensitivity 417(10) Patricia P. Wilcox CHAPTER 45 An In Vitro Method for Detecting Toxicants by Changes in the Pattern of Polarized Light Scattered from Bacteria 427(6) B. V. Bronk Zhao Z. Li J. Czege W. P. Van De Merwe CHAPTER 46 Attaining a Rational Refinement and Reduction in the Use of Live Animals: Studies on Cyanide Toxicity 433(4) Edward U. Maduh Steven I. Baskin Harry Salem CHAPTER 47 Integration of Alternative Tests into a Toxicology Research Program 437(8) Sidney Green Saura C. Sahu Index 445
Harry Salem U.S. Army Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Sidney A. Katz, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey.
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