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E-raamat: Advances in Optical Science and Engineering: Proceedings of the Third International Conference, OPTRONIX 2016

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The Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Opto-Electronics and Applied Optics, OPTRONIX 2016 is an effort to promote and present the research works by scientists and researchers including students in India and abroad in the area of Green Photonics and other related areas as well as to raise awareness about the recent trends of research and development in the area of the related fields. The book has been organized in such a way that it will be easier for the readers to go through and find out the topic of their interests.

The first part includes the Keynote addresses by Rajesh Gupta, Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay; P.T. Ajith Kumar, President and Leading Scientist Light Logics Holography and Optics, Crescent Hill, Trivandrum, Kerala; and K.K. Ghosh, Institute of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India.

The second part focuses on the Plenary and Invited Talks given by eminent scientists namely, Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan, University of Waterloo, Canada; Motoharu Fujigaki, University of Fukuii, Japan; Takeo Sasaki, Tokyo University of Science, Japan; Kehar Singh, Former Professor, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; Rajpal S. Sirohi, Tezpur University, India; Ajoy  Kumar Chakraborty, Institute of Engineering & Management, India; Lakshminarayan Hazra, Emeritus Professor, Calcutta University, India; S.K. Bhadra, Emeritus Scientist, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, India; Partha Roy Chaudhuri, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India; Navin Nishchal, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna, India; Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, India; Samudra Roy, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India; Kamakhya Ghatak, University of Engineering & Management, India.









The subsequent parts focus on contributory papers in : Green Photonics; Fibre andIntegrated Optics; Lasers, Interferometry; Optical Communication and Networks; Optical and Digital Data and Image Processing; Opto-Electronic Devices, Terahertz Technology; Nano-Photonics, Bio-Photonics, Bio-Medical Optics; Lasers, Quantum Optics and Information Technology; E. M. Radiation Theory and Antenna; Cryptography; Quantum and Non-Linear Optics, Opto-Electronic Devices; Non-Linear Waveguides; Micro-Electronics and VLSI; Interdisciplinary. 
Part I Keynote Address
Investigation of Degradation in Photovoltaic Modules by Infrared and Electroluminescence Imaging
3(8)
Archana Sinha
Subinoy Roy
Sagarika Kumar
Rajesh Gupta
Solar Holography---A Potential High Efficiency Green Energy Solution
11(8)
P.T. Ajith Kumar
Status and Technology of Present Day Solar Cells
19(12)
K.K. Ghosh
Part II Plenary and Invited Address
A Brief History of Aberrometry Applications in Ophthalmology and Vision Science
31(10)
Mohana Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy
Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan
Application of Phase-Shifted Fringe Projection Method with Linear Fiber Arrays Using Talbot Effect to Height Measurement of BGA
41(8)
Motoharu Fujigaki
Takumi Hayashi
Yorinobu Murata
Light Amplification in Photorefractive Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Blends Containing Quarter-Thiophene Photoconductive Dopant
49(8)
Takeo Sasaki
Shouta Morino
Khoa Van Le
Photorefractive Optical Cryptography: A Personal Tour
57(8)
Kehar Singh
Interferometry: From Hooke till Date
65(8)
Rajpal S. Sirohi
Role of Light in Green Technology
73(6)
Ajoy Chakraborty
Pareto Optimality Between Far-Field Parameters of Lossless Phase-Only Filters
79(10)
L.N. Hazra
S. Mukhopadhyay
Can Photons Affect the Elastic Constants in Heavily Doped Nano Wires?
89(6)
R. Paul
S. Ghatak
S. Das
M. Mitra
T. Datta
K.P. Ghatak
Noble Metal Doped Optical Fiber for Specialty Light Source
95(12)
Rik Chattopadhyay
Arindam Haldar
Mukul C. Paul
Shyamal K. Bhadra
Digital Holography for Recognition and Security of 3D Objects
107(10)
Dhirendra Kumar
Naveen K. Nishchal
Recent Advances in Fiber Loop Ringdown Sensors
117(10)
Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay
Jijo V. Ittiarah
All-Optical Fiber-Cantilever Beam-Deflection Magnetometer: Detection of Low Magnetic Field and Magnetization Measurement
127(14)
Partha Roy Chaudhuri
Somarpita Pradhan
Dynamics of Dissipative Solitons in Active Silicon Waveguides
141(8)
Samudra Roy
Part III Green Photonics: Applied Photovoltaics, Application of Solar Energy, Organic Photovoltaics
Wavelength Response Analysis and Optimization of Photopolymer Volume Holographic Elements for Solar Energy Applications
149(8)
T.L. Shaji Sam
P.T. Ajith Kumar
Investigating the Growth-Time Dependent Comparative Performance of Vapour-Liquid-Solid (VLS) Grown p-CuO/n-Si Thin Film Hetero-Junction Solar Cells
157(8)
Jenifar Sultana
Somdatta Paul
Anupam Karmakar
Sanatan Chattopadhyay
Electrical Characterization of n-ZnO NW/p-CuO Thin Film Hetero-Junction Solar Cell Grown by Chemical Bath Deposition and Vapor Liquid Solid Technique with Varying Reaction Time
165(8)
Somdatta Paul
Jenifar Sultana
Aritra Banerjee
Pintu Singha
Anupam Karmakar
Sanatan Chattopadhyay
Analytical Modeling of Vertically Oriented Standalone Si-Nanowire Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Capacitors for Wavelength Selective Near-Infrared Sensing Applications
173(8)
Subhrajit Sikdar
Basudev Nag Chowdhury
Sanatan Chattopadhyay
Computing Spectral Response of GaAs Solar Cell with Quasi-Fermi Level Approximation
181(8)
Somshuddha Datta
Tamalika Chakraborty
Arpan Deyasi
Optimal Designing of Higher Efficiency Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cell
189(10)
Koushik Sarkar
Sudipta Banerjee
A.K. Chakraborty
K.K. Ghosh
Part IV Fibre and Integrated Optics, Photonic Crystals, Silicon Photonic Devices
Highly Non-linear Simple Designed Solid Core Photonic Crystal Fiber
199(6)
Moutusi De
Rahul Kumar Gangwar
Vinod Kumar Singh
Butterworth Filter Design Using Ternary Photonic Crystal Structure Under Polarized Incidence of E.M. Wave
205(6)
Meenakshi Banerjee
Romi Dey
Arpan Deyasi
Sandip Dey
Antara Das
Numerical Simulation of Millimeter Wave Generation in a Digital Fiber Optic Link
211(8)
V. Charan Teja
M. Ganesh Madhan
Enhanced of Photonic Bandgaps in One-Dimensional Plasma Photonic Crystal with Defect
219(8)
G.N. Pandey
Anil Kumar Shukla
Khem B. Thapa
J.P. Pandey
Design of All-Optical Logical AND Gate Based on Photonic Crystal Using T-Shaped Waveguide
227(8)
Tanvi Sachdev
Anil Kumar Shukla
G.N. Pandey
Part V Lasers, Interferometry, Imaging, Devices
Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Differential Phase Analysis Using Mach-Zehnder Interferometric Set-up
235(6)
Jayeta Banerjee
Mahua Bera
Mina Ray
Modeling of a Transversely Pumped Aprotic Liquid Laser
241(8)
A.K. Varshney
Avinash C. Verma
Gaurav Singhal
Mainuddin
R.K. Tyagi
Differential Phase Imaging of Evanescent Wave in Total Internal Reflection for Determining Refractive Index
249(8)
Tania Das
Srinjini Roy
Gray to Binary Code Converter Using Ti-Indiffused Lithium Niobate Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
257(6)
Harsh Kumar
Laxman Kumar
Vijay Janyani
Buryy Oleh
Ubizskii Serhij
Ghanshyam Singh
Fingerprint Detection and Analysis Using Talbot Interferometry
263(8)
Jitendra Dhanotia
Litesh Bopche
Vimal Bhatia
Shashi Prakash
Birefringence Analysis Using Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
271(8)
Santa Sircar
Ipsita Chakraborty
Part VI Optical Communication and Networks
Fuzzy Based Relay Selection for Secondary Transmission in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks
279(10)
Jyoti Sekhar Banerjee
Arpita Chakraborty
Abir Chattopadhyay
Optical Generation of Subcarrier Multiplexed (SCM) Millimeter Wave Signal and Its Application in Radio Over Fiber System
289(4)
Madhumita Bhattacharya
Design and Performance Analysis of Traffic Rerouting Based Congestion Control Technique in Optical WDM Network
293(8)
Manoj Kr. Dutta
Outage Analysis of an Inter-relay Assisted Free Space Optical Communication System
301(10)
Himanshu Khanna
Mona Aggarwal
Swaran Ahuja
Part VII Optical and Digital Data and Image Processing
Single Public Key Dependent Attack on Optical Asymmetric Cryptosystem
311(6)
Areeba Fatima
Naveen K. Nishchal
Weighted Laplacian Energy Based Image Fusion
317(10)
Pradeep Shankhwar
A.K. Singh
B.S. Chauhan
Radon Transforms and Chaotic Mask Based Image Encryption for Information Security
327(8)
Avinash Kumar Jha
Sajan Ambadiyil
Himanshu Shekhar
Pose Invariant Face Recognition Technique Based on Eigen Space Approach Using Dual Registration Techniques After Masking
335(12)
Tumpa Dey
Dibyendu Ghoshal
Part VIII Opto-Electronic Devices, Terahertz Technology
Hybrid VLC-RF System for Real Time Health Care Applications
347(8)
Anshul Vats
Mona Aggarwal
Swaran Ahuja
Sharda Vashisth
Arc-Induced Long Period Gratings: Analysis of the Fabrication Parameters on the Surrounding Refractive Index Sensitivity
355(6)
Rajeev Ranjan
Flavio Esposito
Stefania Campopiano
Agostino Iadicicco
Design of Data Transmission System for Application in Terahertz Frequency
361(8)
Sanjana Meshram
Manoj Dongre
Kshitij Mittholiya
Saurabh Bhardwaj
Gesture Based Audio/Video Player
369(12)
Indrajeet Vadgama
Yash Khot
Yash Thaker
Pranali Jouras
Yogita Mane
Part IX Nano-Photonics, Bio-Photonics, Bio-Medical Optics
Automated Glaucoma Detection of Medical Image Using Biogeography Based Optimization
381(8)
Debasree Sarkar
Soumen Das
Quality Assessment of Medicinal Leaves Through Biospeckle Technique
389(6)
Jitendra Dhanotia
Litesh Bopche
Vimal Bhatia
Shashi Prakash
Biospeckle Assessment of Bread Spoilage by Fungus Contamination Using Alternative Fujii Technique
395(8)
Amit Chatterjee
Reena Disawal
Shashi Prakash
Evaluation of Aging Effect on Pea Seed Germination Using Generalized Difference Method
403(8)
Amit Chatterjee
Reena Disawal
Shashi Prakash
Part X Lasers, Quantum Optics and Information Technology
Electronic Band Structure of Quantum Cascade Laser
411(6)
Ritabrata Chakraborty
Arpan Deyasi
Arkadeep Paul
Shrabani Nayak
Effect of Material Parameters on the Attenuation and Amplification of an Incident Laser Beam
417(8)
Rahul Basu
Distortion Analysis of 1.3 μm AlGaInAs/InP Transistor Laser
425(8)
R. Ranjith
S. Piramasubramanian
M. Ganesh Madhan
Oscillator Strength of Gaussian Double Quantum Well for Intersubband Transition
433(8)
Debasmita Sarkar
Arpan Deyasi
Part XI E. M. Radiation Theory and Antenna
Multi-slot Loaded Dual Band Compact Half-Mode SIW Triangular Antenna
441(8)
Soumen Banerjee
Sombuddha Chatterjee
Sampoorna Das Mazumdar
Malay Gangopadhyaya
Biswarup Rana
A Compact Half-Mode SIW Based Semi-circular Antenna with X-Shaped Slot
449(6)
Soumen Banerjee
Twinkle Mohanty
Sneha Das
Biswarup Rana
Topical Survey on Daylighting System
455(10)
Divya Pandey
Rajeev Ranjan
Rishabh Raj
Anukriti Tyagi
R. Navamathavan
Performance Modifications of a Dielectric Ring Resonator Loaded Monopole Using a Composite Frequency Selective Surface
465(8)
Rudraishwarya Banerjee
Biswarup Rana
Susanta Kumar Parui
Part XII Cryptography, Micro-Electronics and VLSI
Chaotic Elements---A Novel Physical Cryptographic Primitive for Document Authentication
473(8)
Sajan Ambadiyil
V.P. Mahadevan Pillai
Analytical Modelling of Hybrid CMOS SET Rijndael Cryptography
481(8)
J. Gope
S. Chowdhury
S. Chakraborty
S. Bhadra
Audio File Digitization and Encryption Using ASCII Conversion
489(10)
Soumen Das
Debasree Sarkar
Part XIII Quantum and Non-Linear Optics, Opto-Electronic Devices
Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticle Doping on the Electrical Properties of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal
499(8)
Pradeep Kumar
Aloka Sinha
Improved Noise Rejection in Metamaterial based Defected Photonic Crystal Structure
507(6)
Solanki Ghosh
Ruma Dutta
Varsha Shaw
Arpan Deyasi
Computational Analysis of Carrier Mass Under Energetic Photons in Accumulation Layers of MOSFET Devices
513(4)
R. Paul
S. Ghatak
S. Das
M. Mitra
T. Datta
Phase Shifters in QPM Device for Domain Engineering
517(4)
Nagarajan Asvin
Arvind Ganesh
Navin Infant Raj
Toijam Sunder Meetei
Shanmugam Boomadevi
Krishnamoorthy Pandiyan
Simulated Annealing: An Approach for Multiple QPM
521(8)
Siva Chellappa
Shiva Prabhakar
Narayanan Balaji
Toijam Sunder Meetei
Krishnamoorthy Pandiyan
Part XIV Non-Linear Waveguides, Optical Fibre Devices, Photonic Crystal
Spectral Bandwidth Tuning at Telecommunication Wavelength by Specific Intensity Modulation in Nonlinear Plasmonic Cavity Coupled Waveguide
529(6)
Sushmita Paul
Mina Ray
Investigation on Fiber Loop Ring Resonator for Chemical Sensor Application
535(8)
Arun V.S. Nair
Jijo V. Ittiarah
Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay
Spectrally Efficient SSB Optical OFDM Signal Using Balanced Detection
543(8)
Gokul Boro
Subhash C. Arya
Design of 1 × 4 All Optical Splitter Based on 2D Photonic Crystal
551(8)
Bani Gandhi
Anil Kumar Shukla
G.N. Pandey
Analysis of a Novel Grating-Assisted Directional Coupler by Using the Normal Mode and Coupled Mode Analyses
559(8)
Parvinder Kaur
M.R. Shenoy
Part XV Optical and Digital Image Processing Devices
1-D Photonic Crystal Based Dynamic Encoder/Decoder for 2D W-T OCDMA System
567(8)
M. Bala Subramanian
K.S. Resmi
Prita Nair
Full-Duplex 20 Gbit/s Fiber-Optic Link Design Based on Dual-Polarization Differential Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
575(8)
Dhiman Kakati
Subhash C. Arya
Development of MATLAB Based Image Stitching Tool for Detection of Hidden Objects at 89 GHz
583(8)
Triveni Keskar
Vijay R. Dahake
Kshitij Mittholiya
Archana Hegde
A.M. Basil
Anuj Bhatnagar
Modelling for Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) System
591(8)
Suyog Choudhari
Mukesh Patil
Roshan Makkar
Characterization of Memory Effect of Polarization Speckles from a Birefringent Scatterer
599(8)
Abhijit Roy
Rakesh K. Singh
Maruthi M. Brundavanam
Part XVI Micro-Electronics and VLSI
Analytical Study of High Speed Low Power Consuming Reversible Nano Device CPLD
607(6)
Jayanta Gope
Sanjay Bhadra
Shantanu Bhadra
Reversible Logic Gates Based on Single Spin Logic
613(8)
J. Gope
S. Mondal
M. Kundu
S. Chowdhury
S. Bhadra
Hypothetical Modeling of Single Spin Logic Based Booth's Multiplier IC
621(8)
Jayanta Gope
Snigdha Chowdhury
Sanjay Bhadra
Shantanu Bhadra
Designing Comprehensive Tool for Analytical Modeling of Single Spin Logic
629(10)
J. Gope
Shantanu Bhadra
Sanjay Bhadra
Koustuv Sarkar
Part XVII Interdisciplinary: Lasers, Interferometry and Devices
Talbot Interferometry for Focal Length Measurement Using Linear and Circular Gratings
639(10)
Rahul K. Choudhary
Sunit M. Hazarika
Rajpal S. Sirohi
Simulations Studies for Femtosecond Laser Inscribed Bragg Grating Structures on Polymer
649(10)
Sanyogita
U. Das
P.K. Panigrahi
Focal Length Measurement Using Modified Bessel's Method
659(10)
Sunit M. Hazarika
Rajpal S. Sirohi
Automatic Vehicle Detection and Motion Path Tracking Based on Gaussian Mixture Model
669(12)
Kyamelia Roy
Soham Saha
Tanmoy Mondal
Sheli Sinha Choudhury
Stability Improvement of Captive Generator Sets Utilizing FACTS Device
681(6)
Utpal Goswami
Madhuria Chanda
Arijit Ganguly
P.K. Sadhu
Suprava Chakraborty
Author Index 687
Indrani Bhattacharya is Associate Professor and Head, Research and Development Cell, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India, the newly formed University by well- known Institute of Engineering & Management Group (www.iem.edu.in). Ms. Bhattacharya has secured her M.Sc. (Tech) degree from the Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta in Applied Physics with specialization in Opto-electronics in 1988. Ms. Bhattacharya is pursuing her Ph.D. (Tech) from Department of Applied Optics and Photonics, University of Calcutta under the guidance of Emeritus Professor Prof. Lakshminarayan Hazra. Ms. Bhattacharya has a long professional experience (~20 years) working as a Research Scientist and Engineer in a leading Telecom Industry in India. She has experience in study, development and characterization of Fused Fibre Optics Biconical Taper Couplers, Optical Fibre Joint Boxes, Slotted core and loose tube fibre optic cables. Ms. Bhattacharya is trained in UNIX, SYBASE, ORACLE with Developer 2000. Ms. Bhattacharya is the Faculty Adviser of SPIE and OSA approved IEM-UEMK Group Student Chapters and she has been enlisted as Women in Optics in the year planner 2016-17 published by SPIE. Prof. Bhattacharya is the Co-coordinator of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India sponsored INSPIRE (INnovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research) Science Internship Program, The Enchanting World of Science in IEM / UEMK. Ms. Bhattacharya has published ten research works in scientific journals including Conference publications starting from 2011. Her interest of research area includes PSF Engineering, Optical Macro- and Micro-Trapping, Bio-Medical Applications, Light-Matter Interactions, Quantum Computing, Optical Fibre Technology, Nano-Photonics, Solar Concentrator Optics, and so on. Ms. Bhattacharya is the member of Optical Society of India, Optical Society of America, Society of Photonics and Instrumentation Engineering (SPIE) and has beenselected as Steering Committee member of International Society of Opto-mechatrinics (ISOM) in Tokyo, Japan. Ms. Bhattacharya is the Convener and TPC chair of International Conference on Opto-Electronics and Applied Optics, OPTRONIX 2014, 2015 and 2016.

Prof. Dr. Satyajit Chakrabarti, Pro-Vice Chancellor, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata and Jaipur Campus, India and Director of Institute of Engineering & Management, IEM, a premier organization in education sector in India, started many entrepreneurial ventures starting from Aug, 2002 to till date. As the Director of one of the most reputed organization in Engineering & Management in Eastern India of  Budget - $10 Million with  Reporting Team Size  250, he started PGDM Programme to run AICTE approved Management courses, Toppers Academy to train students for certificate courses, Software Development in the field of ERP solutions. Dr. Chakrabarti was Project Manager in TELUS, Vancouver, Canada from Feb, 2006 to Sept, 2009 where he was involved with extensive experience in planning, execution, monitoring, communicating with stakeholders, negotiating with vendors and cross-functional teams, motivating members. He managed Projects a combined budget of $3 million along with 50 people in his team.

Prof. Dr. Chakrabarti has got his B.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering in May 2002 from University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India and got his MS in Computer Science from University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada in Sept 2004. He won scholarships and graduated in the top 1% of the class and led a team of 4 Computer Engineers to successfully complete the Research Project: Advanced OS (AVOS): A Real-Time 32 bit Operating System. He is the Convener and General Chair of 7th International Conference on IEMCON which is going to be held in Canada and New York, USA from 15-17 October, 2016 and 20-22 October, 2016.

Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan (aka Vengu) received his Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley and is currently a professor of Vision Science, Physics, Electrical and Computer Engineering and Systems Design Engineering at the University of Waterloo. He has held visiting and faculty appointments at the universities of California at Berkeley, at Irvine, University of Missouri, the University of Michigan, Glasgow Caledonian University, Ryerson University and the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.  He has been selected as a GIAN Professor of Physics at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (2016), and has been named as the International Visiting Professor of Biophotonics at the University of Brescia, Italy in 2017. He has had numerous honors, including Fellow of AAAS, APS,  IoP, OSA, SPIE, etc., as well as  Senior Member status of IEEE  and the recipient  of various awards, including most recently, the Esther Hoffman Beller medal of OSA (2013), and the Optics Educator award of SPIE (2011).  He has been a KITP Scholar at the Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of California at Santa Barbara.  He is currently the Chair of Education of SPIE The International Society for Optics and Photonics and is deeply involved with education and outreach in developing nations. He is a consultant to the ophthalmic and medical devices section of the FDA (from 2013) and is technical editor or section editor of a number of journals including Journal of Modern Optics and Optics Letters. He has authored or edited about 13 books, and over 300 publications in topics ranging from  optical physics and engineering, neuroscience, bioengineering, applied math, cognitive science and ophthalmology/optometry and serves on grant review panels for a number of funding agencies both in the US and abroad.

Prof. Haricharan S. Reehal is head of the Advanced Materials group in the School of Engineering at London South Bank University (LSBU). His research is focused on PV materials and devices, particularly thin film silicon, low temperature processing and novel concepts for PV devices including nanowires and plasmonics. His interests include improving PV module performance and PV systems. He has wide expertise in thin film growth and in the characterization of materials and devices. Prior to joining LSBU, Prof. Reehal was a lecturer in Physics at Bradford University working on electroluminescent display devices and then Team Leader of the Solid State and Surface Science Groups at BP Research UK. His work at BP ranged from photovoltaics (PV) and novel devices to advanced materials, coatings and surface science. In PV, his team made significant contributions to the development of BP's laser buried grid solar cell technology as well as thin film crystalline Si and GaAs technologies. Prof. Reehals work has been supported by EPSRC, Industry and charities and he has been a partner in several research consortia and international collaborations. He has supervised more than 30 PhD students and research fellows and acted as the external PhD examiner in more than 20 national and international vivas. He has organised several successful UK conferences and meetings on PV and is a member of various national and international PV conference committees. He is a member of EPSRCs peer review college and acted as a reviewer for many bodies. He contributed to the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) task force on developing a roadmap for PV research. He is a chartered engineer (CEng) and a Fellow of the Institute of Physics. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Solar Energy and has published more than 100 papers, 4 patents as well as contributed to more than 100 confidential BP technical reports. Prof. Reehal has carried out several senior academic management roles at LSBU including Director of Research in the Faculty of Engineering, Science and the Built Environment.