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E-raamat: Ageing and Life Extension of Offshore Structures: The Challenge of Managing Structural Integrity

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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Dec-2018
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119284406
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Ageing and Life Extension of Offshore Structures: The Challenge of Managing Structural IntegritySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Dec-2018
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119284406
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A comprehensive overview of managing and assessing safety and functionality of ageing offshore structures and pipelines

A significant proportion, estimated at over 50%, of the worldwide infrastructure of offshore structures and pipelines is in a life extension phase and is vulnerable to ageing processes. This book captures the central elements of the management of ageing offshore structures and pipelines in the life extension phase. The book gives an overview of: the relevant ageing processes and hazards; how ageing processes are managed through the life cycle, including an overview of structural integrity management; how an engineer should go about assessing a structure that is to be operated beyond its original design life, and how ageing can be mitigated for safe and effective continued operation.

Key Features:

  • Provides an understanding of ageing processes and how these can be mitigated.
  • Applies engineering methods to ensure that existing structures can be operated longer rather than decommissioned unduly prematurely.
  • Helps engineers performing these tasks in both evaluating the existing structures and maintaining ageing structures in a safe manner.

The book gives an updated summary of current practice and research on the topic of the management of ageing structures and pipelines in the life extension phase but also meets the needs of structural engineering students and practicing offshore and structural engineers in oil & gas and engineering companies. In addition, it should be of value to regulators of the offshore industry.

Preface xi
Definitions xiii
1 Introduction to Ageing of Structures
1(22)
1.1 Structural Engineering and Ageing Structures
1(3)
1.2 History of Offshore Structures Worldwide
4(4)
1.3 Failure Statistics for Ageing Offshore Structures
8(7)
1.3.1 Introduction
8(1)
1.3.2 Failure Statistics of Offshore Structures
8(1)
1.3.3 Experience from Land Based Structures
9(1)
1.3.4 Experience from Offshore Fixed Steel Structures
10(4)
1.3.5 Experience from the Shipping and Mobile Offshore Unit Industries
14(1)
1.4 The Terms `Design Life' and `Life Extension' and the Bathtub Curve
15(3)
1.5 Life Extension Assessment Process
18(5)
References
20(3)
2 Historic and Present Principles for Design, Assessment and Maintenance of Offshore Structures
23(34)
2.1 Historic Development of Codes and Recommended Practices
23(4)
2.1.1 US Recommended Practices and Codes
23(1)
2.1.2 UK Department of Energy and HSE Guidance Notes
24(2)
2.1.3 Norwegian Standards
26(1)
2.1 A ISO Standards
27(1)
2.2 Current Safety Principles Applicable to Structural Integrity
28(10)
2.2.1 Introduction
28(1)
2.2.2 Application of Safety Principles to Structures
29(1)
2.2.2.1 General
29(1)
2.2.2.2 Partial Factor and Limit State Design Method
30(2)
2.2.2.3 Robustness
32(2)
2.2.2.4 Design Analysis Methods
34(1)
2.2.2.5 Management of Structures in Operation
35(1)
2.2.3 Managing Safety
35(3)
2.2.4 Change Management
38(1)
2.3 Current Regulation and Requirements for Ageing and Life Extension
38(5)
2.3.1 Regulatory Practice in the UK for Ageing and Life Extension
38(2)
2.3.2 Regulatory Practice in Norway Regarding Life Extension
40(1)
2.3.3 Regulatory Practice in the USA
41(1)
2.3.4 Regulatory Practice Elsewhere in the World
42(1)
2.4 Structural Integrity Management
43(14)
2.4.1 Introduction
43(2)
2.4.2 The Main Process of Structural Integrity Management
45(2)
2.4.3 Evolution of Structural Integrity Management
47(1)
2.4.3.1 The Early Years
47(1)
2.4.3.2 The Introduction of Structural Integrity Management into Standards
47(1)
2.4.4 Current SIM Approach
47(4)
2.4.5 Incident Response and Emergency Preparedness
51(1)
2.4.6 SIM in Life Extension
52(1)
References
53(4)
3 Ageing Factors
57(38)
3.1 Introduction
57(5)
3.1.1 Physical Changes
59(1)
3.1.2 Structural Information Changes
59(1)
3.1.3 Changes to Knowledge and Safety Requirements
60(1)
3.1.4 Technological Changes
61(1)
3.2 Overview of Physical Degradation Mechanisms in Materials
62(1)
3.3 Material Degradation
63(10)
3.3.1 Introduction
63(1)
3.3.2 Overview of Physical Degradation for Types of Steel Structures
64(1)
3.3.3 Steel Degradation
65(1)
3.3.3.1 Hardening Due to Plastic Deformation
65(1)
3.3.3.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement
66(2)
3.3.3.3 Erosion
68(1)
3.3.3.4 Wear and Tear
68(1)
3.3.4 Concrete Degradation
68(1)
3.3.4.1 Concrete Strength in Ageing Structures
68(2)
3.3.4.2 General
70(1)
3.3.4.3 Bacterial Induced Deterioration
71(1)
3.3.4.4 Thermal Effects
72(1)
3.3.4.5 Erosion
72(1)
3.4 Corrosion
73(4)
3.4.1 General
73(1)
3.4.2 External Corrosion
73(1)
3.4.3 Various Forms of Corrosion
74(1)
3.4.3.1 CO2 Corrosion
74(1)
3.4.3.2 Environmental Cracking Due to H2S
74(1)
3.4.3.3 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion
74(1)
3.4.4 Special Issues Related to Corrosion in Hulls and Ballast Tanks
75(1)
3.4.5 Concrete Structures
75(1)
3.4.5.1 Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement
75(2)
3.4.5.2 Corrosion of Prestressing Tendons
77(1)
3.5 Fatigue
77(8)
3.5.1 Introduction
77(3)
3.5.2 Factors Influencing Fatigue
80(1)
3.5.3 Implications of Fatigue Damage
81(2)
3.5.4 Fatigue Issues with High Strength Steels
83(1)
3.5.5 Fatigue Research
84(1)
3.6 Load Changes
85(1)
3.6.1 Marine Growth
85(1)
3.6.2 Subsidence and Wave in Deck
86(1)
3.7 Dents, Damages, and Other Geometrical Changes
86(2)
3.8 Non-physical Ageing Changes
88(7)
3.8.1 Technological Changes (Obsolescence)
88(1)
3.8.2 Structural Information Changes
89(1)
3.8.3 Knowledge and Safety Requirement Changes
90(1)
References
91(4)
4 Assessment of Ageing and Life Extension
95(48)
4.1 Introduction
95(2)
4.1.1 Assessment Versus Design Analysis
96(1)
4.2 Assessment Procedures
97(7)
4.2.1 Introduction
97(2)
4.2.2 Brief Overview of ISO 19902
99(2)
4.2.3 Brief Overview of NORSOK N-006
101(1)
4.2.4 Brief Overview of API RP 2A-WSD
102(1)
4.2.5 Brief Overview of ISO 13822
102(1)
4.2.6 Discussion of These Standards
103(1)
4.3 Assessment of Ageing Materials
104(3)
4.4 Strength Analysis
107(8)
4.4.1 Introduction
107(1)
4.4.2 Strength and Capacity of Damaged Steel Structural Members
108(1)
4.4.2.1 Effect of Metal Loss and Wall Thinning
109(1)
4.4.2.2 Effect of Cracking and Removal of Part of Section
110(1)
4.4.2.3 Effect of Changes to Material Properties
110(1)
4.4.2.4 Effect of Geometric Changes
110(1)
4.4.2.5 Methods for Calculating the Capacity of Degraded Steel Members
110(1)
4.4.3 Strength and Capacity of Damaged Concrete Structural Members
111(2)
4.4.4 Non-Linear Analysis of Jacket of Structures (Push-Over Analysis)
113(2)
4.5 Fatigue Analysis and the S--N Approach
115(11)
4.5.1 Introduction
115(1)
4.5.2 Methods for Fatigue Analysis
116(1)
4.5.3 S--N Fatigue Analysis
117(1)
4.5.3.1 Fatigue Loads and Stresses to be Considered
117(2)
4.5.3.2 Fatigue Capacity Based on S--N Curves
119(2)
4.5.3.3 Damage Calculation
121(1)
4.5.3.4 Safety consideration by Design Fatigue Factors
122(1)
4.5.4 Assessment of Fatigue for Life Extension
122(1)
4.5.4.1 Introduction
122(1)
4.5.4.2 High Cycle/Low Stress Fatigue
123(1)
4.5.4.3 Low Cycle/High Stress Fatigue
124(2)
4.6 Fracture Mechanics Assessment
126(8)
4.6.1 Introduction
126(2)
4.6.2 Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis
128(3)
4.6.3 Fracture Assessment
131(1)
4.6.4 Fracture Toughness Data
132(1)
4.6.5 Residual Stress Distribution
132(1)
4.6.6 Application of Fracture Mechanics to Life Extension
132(2)
4.7 Probabilistic Strength, Fatigue, and Fracture Mechanics
134(9)
4.7.1 Introduction
134(1)
4.7.2 Structural Reliability Analysis -- Overview
135(1)
4.7.3 Decision Making Based on Structural Reliability Analysis
136(2)
4.7.4 Assessment of Existing Structures by Structural Reliability Analysis
138(1)
References
139(4)
5 Inspection and Mitigation of Ageing Structures
143(30)
5.1 Introduction
143(1)
5.2 Inspection
144(16)
5.2.1 Introduction
144(1)
5.2.2 The Inspection Process
145(2)
5.2.3 Inspection Philosophies
147(1)
5.2.4 Risk and Probabilistic Based Inspection Planning
148(2)
5.2.5 Inspection of Fixed Jacket Structures
150(4)
5.2.6 Inspection of Floating Structures
154(1)
5.2.7 Inspection of Topside Structures
155(3)
5.2.8 Structural Monitoring
158(2)
5.3 Evaluation of Inspection Findings
160(1)
5.4 Mitigation of Damaged Structures
161(7)
5.4.1 Introduction
161(2)
5.4.2 Mitigation of Corrosion Damage
163(1)
5.4.3 Mitigation of the Corrosion Protection System
163(3)
5.4.4 Mitigation of Fatigue and Other Damage
166(2)
5.5 Performance of Repaired Structures
168(5)
5.5.1 Introduction
168(1)
5.5.2 Fatigue Performance of Repaired Tubular Joints
168(2)
5.5.3 Fatigue Performance of Repaired Plated Structures
170(1)
References
171(2)
6 Summary and Further Thoughts
173(4)
6.1 Ageing Structures and Life Extension
173(1)
6.2 Further Work and Research Needs Related to Ageing Structures
174(2)
6.3 Final Thoughts
176(1)
A Types of Structures
177(4)
A.1 Fixed Platforms
177(1)
A.2 Floating Structures
177(4)
Reference
179(2)
B Inspection Methods
181(4)
B.1 General Visual Inspection
181(1)
B.2 Close Visual Inspection
181(1)
B.3 Flooded Member Detection
181(1)
B.4 Ultrasonic Testing
182(1)
B.5 Eddy Current Inspection
182(1)
B.6 Magnetic Particle Inspection
182(1)
B.7 Alternating Current Potential Drop
182(1)
B.8 Alternating Current Field Measurement
182(1)
B.9 Acoustic Emission Monitoring
183(1)
B.10 Leak Detection
183(1)
B.11 Air Gap Monitoring
183(1)
B.12 Strain Monitoring
183(1)
B.13 Structural Monitoring
184(1)
C Calculation Examples
185(6)
C.1 Example of Closed Form Fatigue Calculation
185(1)
C.2 Example of Application of Fracture Mechanics to Life Extension
186(5)
Index 191
Gerhard Ersdal has had an interest in existing structures and especially the safety of older structures for most of his engineering career. He received his MSc in structural engineering in 1991 and then worked for eight years in a major engineering company in Norway, (Multiconsult) designing primarily offshore structures and bridges and also working on the restoration of many historic buildings in Norway. In 1999, he joined the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate and conducted research on the safety of older offshore structures in a PhD programme at the University of Stavanger. He received his PhD on life extension of ageing offshore structures in 2005. He is the project manager for the Norwegian Petroleum Safety Authority's Ageing and Life Extension research programme, with responsibility for several workshops, conferences and papers on the topic. In 2013, he was awarded a professorship at the University in Stavanger on ageing and life extension of structures.

Prof. John V. Sharp has over 35 years' experience in offshore & marine engineering, with particular interests in offshore technology, safety, life extension, structural integrity, risk management and renewable energy. He was responsible for the UK Health & Safety Executive's £6M offshore health & safety research programme between 1993 and 1996, with particular interests in structural integrity and risk management. He has been a Visiting Professor at Cranfield University since 1996, which includes lecturing and teaching on Master's Courses on offshore engineering and renewables (offshore wind, wave and tidal). Sharp is also a Commissioner for Alderney Commission for Renewable Energy (since 2010), with specific interests in tidal energy. He has also undertaken consultancy work for a number of organisations, which has included assessment and management of ageing offshore installations, life extension, performance indicator measures for organisational capability for both structural integrity and asset maintenance.

Dr. Alexander Stacey is a Structural Integrity Specialist Inspector in the Energy Division of the Hazardous Installations Directorate of the UK Health & Safety Executive. He graduated from the University of London's Imperial College with a degree in Mechanical Engineering and a Ph.D. on research in fatigue and fracture mechanics. He was subsequently employed as a Fracture Mechanics Specialist in the Offshore Division of Lloyd's Register. In his current role as a Structural Integrity Specialist in the Energy Division of the Health and Safety Executive, his primary interest is the structural integrity management of offshore installations throughout the lifecycle. Principal activities include the inspection of duty holders' structural integrity management systems, the assessment of safety cases, the development of guidance, codes and standards and supporting R&D. A key area of interest is the management of ageing and life extension of the UK's offshore infrastructure.
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