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E-raamat: Agricultural Chemicals and the Environment: Issues and Potential Solutions

Edited by R E Hester (University of York, UK), Edited by R M Harrison (University of Birmingham, UK)

Formaat: 223 pages
Sari: Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Volume 43
Ilmumisaeg: 05-Oct-2016
Kirjastus: Royal Society of Chemistry
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781782626916

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Formaat: 223 pages
Sari: Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Volume 43
Ilmumisaeg: 05-Oct-2016
Kirjastus: Royal Society of Chemistry
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781782626916

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Agricultural production is in a period of rapid transformation which has seen an increase in the use of biotechnology, synthetic chemistry, biological chemicals and biopesticides. These disciplines are integrated with improvements in application technology, digital farming and the use of big data. Whilst offering unique opportunities to reduce potential environmental impacts, these advances also raise new environmental concerns. This book provides an overview of the changes occurring in the agricultural industry, highlighting opportunities to address impacts and indicating potential barriers to adoption of the technology. This new edition has been updated to include the very latest in agricultural developments, including organic farming and genetically modified crops. It is of interest to students and academics, as well as farmers and landowners and those working in legislation.

Updated to include the latest in agricultural developments, including genetically modified crops, this book is ideal for students, academics, farmers, landowners and legislators.

Editors

xiii

List of Contributors

Integrating Technologies to Minimize Environmental Impacts

(19)

Laura L. McConnell

Iain D. Kelly

Russell L. Jones

1 Introduction

(2)

2 Developments and Emerging Trends in the Crop Protection Industry

(3)

3 Improving the Sustainability of Crop Production

(7)

3.1 Improved Properties of Synthetic Pesticides

(1)

3.2 Emerging Technologies

(3)

3.3 Enhanced Application Technologies

(2)

3.4 Better Land Management

(1)

4 Role of Regulation in Technology Development

(7)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(5)

The Environmental Impact of Fertiliser Nutrients on Freshwater

(25)

Richard W. McDowell

Paul J. A. Withers

Tony J. van der Weerden

1 Introduction

(1)

2 The Requirements and Utilisation of N and P by Different Crops

(5)

3 The Loss, Impact and Management of Fertiliser N and P from Land to Water

(9)

3.1 The Availability of Nutrient Sources to Loss

(3)

3.2 Pathways of Nutrient Loss

(1)

3.3 Attenuation

(2)

3.4 Processing of N and P in Freshwaters

(1)

3.5 Strategies to Mitigate N and P Losses

(2)

4 Future Directions and Research Gaps

(10)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(7)

Pesticides

(49)

Steven Bailey

John P. H. Reade

Alastair Burn

Susan Zappala

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Pesticides and Terrestrial Wildlife

(15)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Pesticide Use and Impacts on Terrestrial Biodiversity: Past and Present

(1)

2.3 Wildlife Protection Goals in Pesticide Regulation

(3)

2.4 Direct Effects

(4)

2.5 Indirect Effects

(2)

2.6 Pesticides and Protected Sites and Habitats

(2)

2.7 Conclusion

(2)

3 Pesticide Resistance

(6)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Herbicide Resistance

(2)

3.3 Fungicide Resistance

(2)

3.4 Insecticide Resistance

(1)

3.5 Managing Resistance

(1)

4 Pesticides in Water

(27)

4.1 What Is the Issue?

(3)

4.2 Pesticide Movement to Water

(6)

4.3 Regulatory Control

(2)

4.4 Mitigation

(5)

4.5 Looking Ahead: Do We Have All the Answers?

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(10)

Agroecology and Organic Farming as Approaches to Reducing the Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Chemicals

(20)

Nicolas H. Lampkin

Jo Smith

Laurence G. Smith

1 Introduction

(1)

2 What are Agroecology and Organic Farming?

(3)

2.1 Agroecology

(1)

2.2 Organic Farming

(2)

3 Typical Practices and Systems

(3)

3.1 What Role Does Chemistry Play in these Approaches?

(2)

3.2 Restricting Inputs or Redesigning Systems?

100

(1)

4 Performance of Agroecological Approaches Relative to Conventional Intensive Systems

101

(8)

4.1 Biodiversity

101

(1)

4.2 Resource Use and Emissions

102

(3)

4.3 Productivity

105

(2)

4.4 Financial Viability

107

(2)

5 Conclusions

109

(5)

Acknowledgements

109

(1)

References

109

(5)

Crop Biotechnology for Weed and Insect Control

114

(14)

Huw D. Jones

1 Global Trends of GM Crop Adoption

114

(4)

2 Herbicide Tolerance

118

(2)

2.1 A Driver for Changing Agronomic Practices

118

(1)

2.2 Conservation Tillage Agriculture

118

(1)

2.3 Managing Resistance

119

(1)

3 Pest/Disease Resistance

120

(4)

3.1 Bt Genes and Toxins

120

(1)

3.2 Reduction in Insecticide Use

121

(1)

3.3 Evolution of Insect Resistance to Cry Toxins

122

(2)

4 What Does the Future Hold?

124

(4)

4.1 Regulatory Hurdles and Asynchronous Approvals

124

(1)

4.2 What is the Future for Crop Biotechnology?

125

(1)

References

126

(2)

Aquaculture

128

(48)

Colin F. Moffat

1 Aquaculture -- A Modern Food Industry with a Long History

129

(8)

1.1 Our Seas and Oceans as a Source of Food

129

(2)

1.2 A Changing Landscape

131

(1)

1.3 A Long History

132

(4)

1.4 The Present Day

136

(1)

2 Challenges

137

(5)

3 The Use of Chemicals for Pest/Disease/Parasite Control

142

(15)

3.1 The Requirement to Use Pesticides

142

(7)

3.2 Sea Lice Treatments in Salmon Aquaculture

149

(3)

3.3 Non-salmonid Aquaculture

152

(1)

3.4 Anti-fouling Compounds

153

(4)

3.5 Disinfectants

157

(1)

4 Potential Impacts on the Environment and Non-target Species

157

(6)

5 Strategies to Reduce Chemical Usage

163

(6)

5.1 Testing the Products

163

(1)

5.2 Changes to Husbandry

163

(2)

5.3 Minimising Infection Pressure by Cooperation Between Farms within a Geographically Connected Area

165

(1)

5.4 Bioremediation

166

(1)

5.5 Using Natural Compounds which are Environmentally Benign

166

(1)

5.6 Improving the Host's Resistance to Disease

166

(1)

5.7 Natural Predators

167

(2)

6 Conclusions

169

(7)

Acknowledgements

169

(1)

References

169

(7)

Horticulture

176

(39)

Rosemary H. Collier

Jerry V. Cross

Xiangming Xu

1 Introduction

176

(2)

2 Overview

178

(8)

2.1 Fertilisers

178

(1)

2.2 Soil Health

179

(1)

2.3 Pests, Diseases and Weeds

180

(5)

2.4 Water Use and Water Quality

185

(1)

3 Case Studies

186

(23)

3.1 Case Study 1: Carrot Production in the UK

186

(6)

3.2 Case Study 2: Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) in Apple Orchards

192

(17)

4 Future Perspectives

209

(1)

5 Conclusion

210

(5)

Acknowledgements

210

(1)

References

210

(5)

Subject Index

215

Roy Harrison OBE is Queen Elizabeth II Birmingham Centenary Professor of Environmental Health at the University of Birmingham. In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science. Professor Harrisons research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy.

Ron Hester is an emeritus professor of chemistry at the University of York. In addition to his research work on a wide range of applications of vibrational spectroscopy, he has been actively involved in environmental chemistry and was a founder member of the Royal Society of Chemistrys Environment Group. His current activities are mainly as an editor and as an external examiner and assessor on courses, individual promotions, and departmental/subject area evaluations both in the UK and abroad.

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