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E-raamat: Agrochemicals in Soil and Environment: Impacts and Remediation

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jun-2022
  • Kirjastus: Springer Verlag, Singapore
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789811693106
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Agrochemicals in Soil and Environment: Impacts and RemediationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jun-2022
  • Kirjastus: Springer Verlag, Singapore
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789811693106
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This volume ‘Agrochemicals in Soil and Environment: Impacts and Remediation’ is a comprehensive collection of important literature on agrochemical contamination. The main focus of this book is to point out undesirable changes in biological, physical and chemical characteristics of agricultural soils and its impacts on global agricultural crop productivity. Soil is one of the important resources of basic needs for our sustenance but due to various anthropogenic activities like urbanization and industrialization, the soil is losing its basic quality characteristics. Soil microorganisms, water holding capacity, minerals, salts and nutrients are under the direct threat due to agrochemicals therefore, agricultural sector is facing a serious challenge. Lack of proper knowledge and luxurious applications of agrochemicals resulting into degradation and deterioration of soil quality, loss of soil and crop productivity and threatening the food security. Therefore, it is imperative to develop indices, indicators and soil parameters for the monitoring and impact assessment of agricultural contaminants. Further, biotic and abiotic stresses and their tolerance mechanisms in plants in relation to the soil contaminants such as toxic pollutants, heavy metals, inorganic and organic matters, variety of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, agricultural runoffs and solid wastes, and chemical fertilizers are also highlighted in this volume. This book also discusses causes of reduced agriculture productivity and suggests sustainable measures such as plant-based technologies, bioremediation and nanotechnology, that can be used to overcome the crop losses. The book is interest to research students, teachers, agricultural scientists, agronomists, environmentalists as well as policy makers. 

Part I Overview of Agrochemicals in Soil & Environment
1 Agrochemicals in Soil and Environment: An Overview
3(22)
Ritu Gill
M. Naeem
A. A. Ansari
Anil Kumar
Ajit Kumar
Ashmita Chhikara
Juan Francisco Jimenez Bremont
Narendra Tuteja
Sarvajeet Singh Gill
1.1 Introduction
4(1)
1.2 Agrochemicals
5(5)
1.3 Insecticides
10(3)
1.3.1 Organophosphate Pesticides (OPPs)
10(1)
1.3.2 Carbamates
11(1)
1.3.3 Pyrethroids
11(1)
1.3.4 Organochlorines
12(1)
1.4 Herbicides
13(12)
1.4.1 Larvicides
15(1)
1.4.2 Fungicides
15(2)
1.4.3 Nematicides
17(1)
1.4.4 Rodenticides
18(1)
1.4.5 Algaecides
19(1)
1.4.6 Molluscicides
19(1)
1.4.7 Chemical Fertilizers
20(2)
1.4.8 Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)
22(1)
References
23(2)
2 Agrochemicals: Provenance, Environmental Fate, and Remediation Measures
25(36)
Poonam Bhanse
Anuja Maitreya
Ayurshi Patil
Prerna Yesankar
Lal Singh
Asifa Qureshi
2.1 Introduction
26(2)
2.2 Types of Agrochemicals
28(4)
2.2.1 Plant-Protection Chemicals/Pesticides
28(3)
2.2.2 Plant Growth Regulators
31(1)
2.2.3 Fertilizers
31(1)
2.2.4 Soil Conditioner and Chemicals Used in Animal Husbandry
32(1)
2.2.4.1 Soil Conditioner Used in Animal Husbandry
32(1)
2.2.4.2 Chemicals Used in Animal Husbandry (Antibiotics and Hormones)
32(1)
2.3 Impacts of Agrochemicals on Elements of Environment
32(4)
2.3.1 Water
32(1)
2.3.1.1 Case Study
33(1)
2.3.2 Air
34(1)
2.3.2.1 Case Study
34(1)
2.3.3 Soil
34(1)
2.3.3.1 Case Study
35(1)
2.3.4 Human Health Impact
35(1)
2.3.4.1 Case Study
36(1)
2.4 Environmental Fate of Agrochemicals
36(3)
2.4.1 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Agrochemicals
37(1)
2.4.1.1 Case Study
38(1)
2.5 Remediation Processes
39(4)
2.5.1 Plant-Microbe Assisted in Toxification of Agrochemicals
39(1)
2.5.1.1 Case Study (Table 2.2)
40(2)
2.5.2 Amendment of Biochar
42(1)
2.5.3 Utilization of Earthworms for Remediation of Agrochemicals
43(1)
2.5.3.1 Case Study
43(1)
2.6 Alternatives for Agrochemical in Agricultural Practices
43(7)
2.6.1 Microbial Metabolites for Development of Eco-Friendly Agro-Based Products
43(5)
2.6.2 Biofertilizers as Substitute to Commercial Agroproducts
48(1)
2.6.2.1 PGPRs Direct Mechanism
48(1)
2.6.2.2 Indirect Mechanism of PGPRs
49(1)
2.6.3 Nano-Agrochemicals: The Next Generation Agro-Based Products
50(1)
2.7 Conclusion
50(11)
References
51(10)
3 Impact of Agrochemicals on Soil Microbiota
61(16)
Shiv Kumar Giri
Neha Verma
Gulab Singh
Ritu Gill
Anil Kumar
3.1 Introduction
62(1)
3.2 Agrochemicals
62(4)
3.2.1 Persistence and Toxicity of Agrochemicals
64(1)
3.2.2 Agrochemical and Soil Health
65(1)
3.3 Microflora of Agricultural Soil
66(1)
3.4 Impact of Agrochemicals on Soil Microbiota
66(6)
3.4.1 Impact of Pesticides
66(1)
3.4.1.1 Herbicides
66(3)
3.4.1.2 Insecticides
69(1)
3.4.1.3 Fungicides
70(2)
3.4.2 Impact of Fertilizers
72(1)
3.5 Conclusion
72(5)
References
73(4)
4 Agriculture Pollution in Kerala, India, with Special Reference to Endosulphan
77(46)
K. Jesitha
M. Shiji
P. S. Harikumar
4.1 Introduction
78(6)
4.1.1 Nonpoint Sources of (Diffuse) Pollution
79(1)
4.1.2 Usage of Agrochemicals and Its Impact on Environment
80(1)
4.1.2.1 Health Issues
80(1)
4.1.2.2 Social and Economic Problems
80(1)
4.1.2.3 Contamination of Water, Air, and Soil
80(1)
4.1.3 Pesticides
81(1)
4.1.4 Agriculture Pollution in Kerala, India
81(2)
4.1.4.1 Pollution of Vembanad Backwater System Due to Agrochemicals
83(1)
4.1.4.2 Aggressive Waterweeds and Water Pollution
83(1)
4.2 Pesticide Residue Analysis of Samples Collected from Various Parts of Kerala with Special Reference to Endosulphan Issue of Kasaragod, Kerala, India
84(28)
4.2.1 Materials and Methods
84(1)
4.2.1.1 Sampling of Water, Soil, and Sediment from Selected Locations for Pesticide Residue Analysis
84(1)
4.2.1.2 Reagents and Standards
84(1)
4.2.1.3 Extraction of Pesticide Residues
85(1)
4.2.1.4 Analysis of Pesticide Residues
85(2)
4.2.2 Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Water Samples Collected from Different Parts of Kerala
87(2)
4.2.3 Study on the Persistence of Pesticide Residues in Kasaragod District, Kerala
89(2)
4.2.3.1 Materials and Methods
91(4)
4.2.3.2 Results and Discussion
95(15)
4.2.4 Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Muthalamada Panchayat of Palakkad District
110(2)
4.3 Management Measures
112(6)
4.3.1 Degradation of Pesticide Residues by Different Methods Based on the Study Conducted by CWRDM
112(5)
4.3.2 Sediment/Erosion Control
117(1)
4.3.3 Confined Animal Facility
117(1)
4.3.4 Management of Nutrients
117(1)
4.3.5 Management of Pesticides
117(1)
4.3.6 Livestock Grazing
118(1)
4.3.7 Effective Irrigation System
118(1)
4.3.8 Control of Phosphorus from Point and Diffuse Sources
118(1)
4.4 Summary
118(5)
References
119(4)
5 An Intergenerational Community-Based Approach to Safe Farming and Environmental Health
123(20)
Cynthia Cupit Swenson
Samuel Nkrumah Yeboah
Sarah Mason
Maxwell Akonde
Liz Ramirez
Carmen Ketron
5.1 Introduction
124(1)
5.2 Barriers to Implementation of Organic Farming
125(2)
5.3 Overcoming Implementation Barriers
127(1)
5.4 An Intergenerational Community-Based Approach to Implementation of Organic Farming
127(2)
5.5 Farmers
129(2)
5.6 Community
131(1)
5.7 Children
132(2)
5.8 Trainers and Monitors
134(1)
5.9 Greater Society
134(1)
5.10 Way Forward
135(2)
5.11 Conclusion
137(6)
References
138(5)
Part II Pesticides/Insecticides/Herbicides in the Soil Environment
6 Guidance on Pesticides Handling in Farming
143(14)
Tandra Mondal
Pranab Kumar Nag
6.1 Introduction
144(2)
6.2 Guidance on Safety and Health of Pesticide Handling
146(1)
6.3 Functions of the Inspecting Team
146(11)
References
154(3)
7 Impact of Pesticides on the Ecosystem
157(26)
Shivani Singh
Anamika Gupta
Hunny Waswani
Mrinalini Prasad
Rajiv Ranjan
7.1 Introduction
157(1)
7.2 Pesticides
158(1)
7.3 Insecticides
159(3)
7.3.1 Mode of Action of Insecticides
160(1)
7.3.1.1 Modern Insecticides (Mode of Action)
160(1)
7.3.1.2 Non-expert Insecticides 7.4 Herbicides
160(2)
7.4.1 Mode of Action of Herbicides
162(1)
7.5 Benefits of Pesticides Usage
162(11)
7.5.1 Risks That Are Associated with the Use of Pesticides
163(3)
7.5.2 Major Threats to Biodiversity
166(1)
7.5.3 Harmful Effects of Pesticides on Ecosystem Level
166(1)
7.5.4 Harmful Effects of Pesticides in Aquatic Ecosystem
167(2)
7.5.5 Effect of Pesticides on Terrestrial Ecosystem
169(1)
7.5.6 Effects of Herbicides on Birds and Mammals
170(1)
7.5.7 Harmful Effects of Pesticides on Humans
171(1)
7.5.8 Effects of Pesticides on Soil
172(1)
7.5.9 Effect of Pesticides on Water Quality
173(1)
7.6 Degradation Mechanisms of Pesticides
173(1)
7.7 Combating Toxicity of Chemical Pesticides by Using Natural Pesticides
174(1)
7.8 Natural Pesticides
174(1)
7.9 Nanopesticides
175(1)
7.10 Conclusion
176(7)
References
177(6)
8 Pesticides and Their Effects on Plants: A Case Study of Del tame thrin
183(12)
Zahid Hameed Siddiqui
Zahid Khorshid Abbas
Abid Ali Ansari
Mohammed Nasir Khan
Wahid Ali Ansari
8.1 Introduction
184(1)
8.2 Deltamethrin: Chemical Properties and Application
185(1)
8.3 Mechanism of Action
186(1)
8.4 Effects of Deltamethrin on Environment
187(1)
8.5 Effects of Deltamethrin on Plants
187(3)
8.6 Conclusion
190(5)
References
190(5)
9 The Use of Glyphosate in Regions of Argentina and Colombia and Its Socio-Environmental Impacts
195(18)
Gabriel Basflico
Mauricio Cogollo-Rueda
Valeria Ionno
Ana Faggi
Laura de Cabo
9.1 Introduction
196(1)
9.2 GLY Use in Argentina
197(4)
9.3 GLY Use in Colombia
201(2)
9.4 Health Issues
203(1)
9.5 Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Effects
203(2)
9.6 Remediation
205(1)
9.7 Conceptual Model
206(1)
9.8 Final Remarks
207(6)
References
209(4)
10 Impact of Insecticides on Soil and Environment and Their Management Strategies
213(18)
Sushila Arya
Ravendra Kumar
Om Prakash
Avneesh Rawat
A. K. Pant
10.1 Introduction
214(1)
10.2 Impact of Insecticides on Environment
215(2)
10.2.1 Impact on Air and Water
215(1)
10.2.1.1 Surface and Ground Water Contamination
215(1)
10.2.1.2 Insecticides and Biomagnifications
216(1)
10.2.1.3 Insecticides and Bioaccumulation
216(1)
10.2.2 Impact on Biodiversity
216(1)
10.2.2.1 Impact on Aquatic Biodiversity
216(1)
10.2.2.2 Impact on Terrestrial Biodiversity
217(1)
10.3 Impact of Insecticides on Human Health
217(1)
10.3.1 Acute Effects of Insecticides
217(1)
10.3.2 Chronic Effects of Insecticides
217(1)
10.4 Impact on Non-target Organisms
218(1)
10.5 Impact on Vegetation
219(1)
10.6 Impact on Animals
220(1)
10.7 Impact of Insecticide on Soil
220(3)
10.7.1 Impact of Insecticides on Soil Enzymes
220(1)
10.7.2 Impact of Insecticides on Soil Microorganisms
220(2)
10.7.2.1 Impact of Insecticides on N-Fixing and Other Growth-Promoting Microorganism
222(1)
10.7.3 Impact on Soil Properties
222(1)
10.8 Management Strategies
223(4)
10.8.1 Cultural Control
223(1)
10.8.2 Physical and Mechanical Control
223(1)
10.8.3 Host Plant Resistance
223(1)
10.8.4 Biological Control
224(1)
10.8.4.1 Bioinsecticides and Botanicals
224(1)
10.8.5 Chemical Control
225(1)
10.8.5.1 Timing of Insecticide Application
225(1)
10.8.5.2 Dosage and Persistence
225(1)
10.8.5.3 Selective Placement
225(1)
10.8.6 Agronomic Practices
226(1)
10.8.7 Insecticide Selection and Application
226(1)
10.8.8 Use IPM Strategies to Minimize the Impact of Insecticides
227(1)
10.9 Conclusion
227(4)
References
228(3)
11 Role of Insect Pest Management in Agriculture Conservation
231(22)
Hunny Waswani
Anamika Gupta
Mrinalini Prasad
Rajiv Ranjan
11.1 Introduction
232(1)
11.2 Insect Pest Management
233(1)
11.3 Conservation Agriculture
234(1)
11.4 Conservation Agriculture and Insects
234(1)
11.5 Biodiversity Along with Insect Pest Management
235(1)
11.5.1 What Is Biodiversity?
235(1)
11.5.2 What Is Insect Biodiversity?
236(1)
11.6 How to Control Insect Pests Through Different Mechanisms?
236(1)
11.7 Methods for Insect Pest Control
237(4)
11.7.1 Pest Control by Cultural Method
237(1)
11.7.2 Physical or Mechanical Control
238(1)
11.7.3 Biological Control
238(2)
11.7.4 Chemical Controls
240(1)
11.8 Control Methods Used for IPM
241(1)
11.8.1 Natural Enemies
241(1)
11.9 Procedures for IPM Execution
241(1)
11.10 Basics for IPM Execution
242(1)
11.11 Procedures for Successful Management of Pest
242(1)
11.12 Advantages in Management of Insect Pest
243(1)
11.13 Disadvantages of Management of Pests
243(1)
11.14 Futuristic Methods in Insect Pest Management
244(2)
11.14.1 Biotechnological Approaches for Management of Insect Pests
244(2)
11.15 Conclusion
246(7)
References
247(6)
Part III Sources of Agrochemicals/Contaminants and Their Impacts on Soil Health & Environment
12 Mobility of Trace Elements in Agricultural Soils
253(24)
Tamer A. Elbana
12.1 Introduction
254(1)
12.2 Solute Diffusion
255(2)
12.3 Solute Hydrodynamic Dispersion
257(1)
12.4 Trace Element Reactivity in Soils
258(5)
12.5 Advection-Dispersion Equation and Trace Element Transport
263(7)
12.6 Conclusion
270(7)
References
270(7)
13 The Effects of Nitrogen Enrichment on Low-Nutrient Environments: Insights from Studies of Serpentine Soil-Plant Relations
277(36)
Thomas J. Samojedny Jr.
Mary Devlin
Rebekah Shane
Nishanta Rajakaruna
13.1 Introduction
278(5)
13.2 Effects of N Deposition on Low-Nutrient Environments: Overview
283(6)
13.3 Introduction to Serpentine Environments
289(1)
13.4 Insights from N Deposition on Serpentine
290(6)
13.5 Mitigation Strategies
296(3)
13.6 Future Directions
299(1)
13.7 Conclusion
300(13)
References
301(12)
14 Soil Erosion and Sediments: A Source of Contamination and Impact on Agriculture Productivity
313(34)
I. Rashmi
K. S. Karthika
Trisha Roy
K. C. Shinoji
Anita Kumawat
S. Kala
Rama Pal
14.1 Introduction
314(2)
14.2 Soil Degradation by Soil Erosion
316(2)
14.3 Soil Erosion and Sediment Delivery as Source of Contamination
318(5)
14.3.1 Some Other Mechanisms of Soil Erosion
322(1)
14.4 Potential Risk of Contaminants Via Erosion to Soil Health
323(1)
14.5 Potential Risk of Contaminants Via Erosion to Water Quality
323(4)
14.6 Fate of Contaminants Lost by Soil Erosion
327(5)
14.6.1 Fate of Essential Nutrients Lost by Erosion
327(2)
14.6.2 Fate of Manures Lost Via Soil Erosion
329(1)
14.6.3 Fate of Pesticides Lost by Soil Erosion
330(1)
14.6.3.1 Various Factors for Pesticide Pollution in Water
330(2)
14.7 Impact of Soil Erosion on Agricultural Productivity
332(4)
14.7.1 Effect of Erosion on Soil Properties and Nutrient Loss
333(1)
14.7.2 Effect of Soil Erosion on Carbon Dynamics
333(1)
14.7.3 Effect of Soil Erosion on Soil Biodiversity
334(1)
14.7.4 Effect of Soil Erosion on Crop Yield
335(1)
14.8 Reduction Management Practices for Soil Erosion-Based Contamination
336(3)
14.8.1 Tillage Practices and Soil Amendments
337(1)
14.8.2 Nutrient Management
337(1)
14.8.3 Water-Saving Techniques for Reducing Losses and Contamination
338(1)
14.8.4 Wetland Ditches to Control Soil Erosion
338(1)
14.9 Conclusion
339(8)
References
340(7)
15 Plastics in the Soil Environment: An Overview
347(20)
Abid Ali Ansari
M. Naeem
Sarvajeet Singh Gill
Zahid Hameed Siddiqui
15.1 Introduction
348(2)
15.2 Plastics in Soil: A Global Issue
350(1)
15.3 Major Challenges
350(1)
15.4 Potential Sources of Plastics and Their Distribution
351(2)
15.5 Toxic Effects of Plastics
353(1)
15.6 Interactive Effects with Other Pollutants
353(1)
15.7 Plastics and Soil Quality Parameters
354(1)
15.8 Plastics and Soil Flora and Fauna
354(1)
15.9 Management Strategies
355(1)
15.9.1 Degradation of Plastics
355(1)
15.9.2 Regulations and Legislations
355(1)
15.10 Discussion
356(1)
15.11 Conclusions
357(1)
15.12 Recommendations
358(9)
References
358(9)
Part IV Heavy Metals in the Soil Environment
16 Cadmium Contamination in the Soil Environment: Impact on Plant Growth and Human Health
367(42)
Ashim Sikdar
Parimala Gnana Soundari Arockiam Jeyasundar
Biswojit Debnath
Md. Shakhawat Hossain
Md. Ashraful Islam
Golam Jalal Ahammed
16.1 Introduction
368(1)
16.2 Sources and Levels of Cd in the Environment
369(2)
16.3 Cd Contamination of Agricultural Soils
371(2)
16.4 Factors Affecting Cd Uptake by Plants
373(4)
16.5 Cd Uptake, Transport, and Accumulation in Plants
377(2)
16.6 Toxic Effects of Cd in Plants
379(8)
16.6.1 Effects on Seed Germination
380(1)
16.6.2 Effects on Plant Growth and Biomass
381(1)
16.6.3 Effects on Photosynthetic Pigments
382(1)
16.6.4 Effect of Cd on Mineral Nutrition
383(1)
16.6.5 Effect of Cd on Stress Proteins
384(1)
16.6.6 Generation of ROS, Responses of Antioxidant Molecules, and Oxidative Damage in Plants
385(2)
16.7 Potential Health Risk from Dietary Intake of Cd
387(3)
16.8 Conclusions
390(19)
References
392(17)
17 Heavy Metal Concentration in Farmlands in Crude Oil Exploration Area
409(10)
Felix Aibuedefe Aisien
Eki Tina Aisien
17.1 Introduction
410(1)
17.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in Farmlands
411(1)
17.3 Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants
411(1)
17.4 Effects of Heavy Metals on Soil Microorganisms
412(1)
17.5 Effect of Heavy Metals on Man
413(1)
17.6 Remediation of Heavy Metals in Crude Oil-Contaminated Soils
414(1)
17.7 Conclusion
415(4)
References
415(4)
18 Effect of Trace Elements in Soils and Its Management
419(16)
Kavita Khatana
Jitendra Kumar Nagar
18.1 Introduction
420(1)
18.2 Trace Element Resources
421(1)
18.2.1 Soil Trace Elements
421(1)
18.2.1.1 Total Contents Present in Soil
421(1)
18.2.1.2 Soluble Contents Present in the Soil
421(1)
18.3 Soil-Plant Trace Elements
422(1)
18.3.1 Clinical Significance on Human Beings
422(1)
18.4 Assessment Techniques for Determination of Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Soils
423(3)
18.4.1 Bioavailability/Bio-accessibility Related to Plants
423(1)
18.4.1.1 Leaching Tests
424(1)
18.4.1.2 Chemical Extraction Methods
424(1)
18.4.2 Bioavailability/Bio-accessibility Related to Humans
424(1)
18.4.3 Overview of Bioavailability Estimation by In Vitro Test
425(1)
18.5 Management of Trace Elements and Their Human Health Effects
426(3)
18.5.1 Phytomanagement: Impact on Environment
426(1)
18.5.1.1 Phytoextraction
426(1)
18.5.1.2 Phytomining
427(1)
18.5.2 BMortification and Their Relevance to Human Health
428(1)
18.5.3 Phytostabilisation
428(1)
18.5.4 Phytomanagement Techniques
429(1)
18.6 Conclusion
429(6)
References
429(6)
Part V Remedial Strategies, Utilization & Engineered Applications
19 Remediation of Agrochemicals in Soil and Environment
435(12)
Purushottam K. Ramteke
Mahesh R. Ghule
Yukti Verma
Sahadeo D. Ramteke
19.1 Introduction
436(1)
19.2 Harmful Effects of Agrochemicals
436(1)
19.3 Beneficial Effects of Agrochemicals
437(1)
19.4 Components Affecting Agrochemicals Breakdown
437(1)
19.4.1 Pesticide Structure
437(1)
19.4.2 Concentration
437(1)
19.4.3 Soil Types
437(1)
19.4.4 Temperature
438(1)
19.4.5 Degradation Processes
438(1)
19.5 Physical, Chemical, and Thermal Remediation
438(2)
19.5.1 Remediation by Physical Methods
439(1)
19.5.2 Remediation by Chemical Methods
439(1)
19.5.3 Remediation by Thermal Methods
439(1)
19.6 Bioremediation
440(1)
19.6.1 Bioremediation Types
440(1)
19.6.1.1 In Situ Bioremediation
440(1)
19.6.1.2 Biostimulation
440(1)
19.6.1.3 Bioventing
440(1)
19.6.1.4 Biosparging
440(1)
19.6.1.5 Bioaugmentation
440(1)
19.6.1.6 Natural Attenuation
441(1)
19.6.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation
441(1)
19.6.2.1 Bioreactors
441(1)
19.6.2.2 Landfarming
441(1)
19.6.2.3 Biopiles
441(1)
19.7 Bioremediation of Pesticides
441(2)
19.7.1 Bacterial Remediation
441(1)
19.7.2 Fungal Remediation
442(1)
19.7.3 Phytoremediation
442(1)
19.8 Conclusions
443(4)
References
443(4)
20 Alleviation in the Toxicity of Heavy Metals in Crop Production by Metal-Resistant Bacteria
447(14)
Bisma Shahzadi
Ayesha Sadiqa
Muhammad Faisal
20.1 Introduction
448(4)
20.1.1 What Are Agrochemicals?
448(1)
20.1.2 Types of Agrochemicals
448(1)
20.1.2.1 Soil Conditioners
449(1)
20.1.3 Effects of Agrochemicals
449(1)
20.1.3.1 Effect of Agrochemicals on Soil
449(1)
20.1.3.2 Effect of Agrochemicals on Water
450(1)
20.1.3.3 Effect of Agrochemicals on Air
450(1)
20.1.3.4 Effect of Agrochemicals on Human Health
450(1)
20.1.4 Heavy Metals
450(1)
20.1.5 Occurrence
451(1)
20.1.6 Heavy Metal Toxicity from Natural Sources
451(1)
20.1.7 Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity
451(1)
20.1.7.1 Microorganisms
451(1)
20.1.7.2 Animals
452(1)
20.1.7.3 Plants
452(1)
20.1.7.4 Human
452(1)
20.2 Agriculture
452(3)
20.2.1 Heavy Metal Interaction with Bacteria
453(1)
20.2.2 Plant Growth Hormones Alleviate Toxicity of Heavy Metals
454(1)
20.3 Relation Between Hormones and Toxic Heavy Metal Treatment
455(6)
20.3.1 Bioremediation Alleviate the Toxicity of Heavy Metal
455(1)
References
456(5)
21 Bioremediation Strategies to Mitigate the Impact of Atrazine on the Environment: Recent Advances and Prospects
461(42)
Noelia Urseler
Romina Bachetti
Carolina Morgante
Elizabeth Agostini
21.1 Introduction
462(1)
21.2 Atrazine: Main Characteristics, Behavior and Environmental Impacts
462(11)
21.2.1 Atrazine: Properties and Uses
462(2)
21.2.2 Behaviour and Impact of Atrazine on the Environment
464(2)
21.2.3 Soil Contamination and Effects in Terrestrial Ecosystems
466(2)
21.2.4 Water Contamination and Effects in Aquatic Ecosystems
468(3)
21.2.5 Effects on Higher Organisms
471(2)
21.3 Bioremediation of Atrazine-Contaminated Environments
473(10)
21.3.1 Bacterial Remediation
474(6)
21.3.2 Phytoremediation
480(1)
21.3.3 Plant Microbial Remediation
481(1)
21.3.4 Material-Microbial Remediation
482(1)
21.4 Strategies for Bioremediation of Atrazine Under Laboratory and Field Conditions
483(2)
21.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
485(18)
References
486(17)
22 Aspergillus-Mediated Bioremediation of Agrochemicals: Current Progress and Future Perspectives
503(32)
Priyakshi Kashyap
Bina Agarwal
Niraj Agarwala
22.1 Introduction
504(1)
22.2 Agrochemicals Used in Agriculture
505(1)
22.3 Impact of Agrochemicals on the Ecosystem
506(3)
22.3.1 Residues in the Environment
506(1)
22.3.1.1 Soil
506(1)
22.3.1.2 Water
506(1)
22.3.1.3 Air
507(1)
22.3.2 Effects on Non-target Organisms
508(1)
22.4 Bioremediation of Agrochemicals: Its Significance
509(1)
22.5 Aspergillus as Potent Degrader of Agrochemicals
510(13)
22.5.1 Atrazine
510(2)
22.5.2 Glyphosate
512(2)
22.5.3 Endosulfan
514(2)
22.5.4 Monocrotophos
516(1)
22.5.5 Bioremediation of Other Agrochemicals
517(2)
22.5.6 Strategies for Amplification of the Bioremediation Process
519(4)
22.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
523(12)
References
524(11)
23 Implications of Phytohormones as Agrochemicals in Dynamic Environmental Conditions
535(30)
Isha Madaan
Neha Dogra
Shruti Kaushik
Gurvarinder Kaur
Anmol Sidhu
Renu Bhardwaj
Geetika Sirhindi
23.1 Introduction: Phytohormones as Agrochemicals
536(1)
23.2 Auxins
536(3)
23.3 Gibberellic Acid
539(2)
23.4 Cytokinin
541(2)
23.5 Ethylene
543(2)
23.6 Abscisic Acid (ABA)
545(2)
23.7 Brassinosteroids
547(3)
23.8 Jasmonates
550(2)
23.9 Salicylic Acid
552(1)
23.10 Strigolactones (SLs)
552(3)
23.11 Conclusion
555(10)
References
555(10)
24 Genetically Modified Bacteria for Alleviating Agrochemical Impact on the Environment
565(20)
Gessesse Kebede
Solomon Abera
Simatsidik Haregu
Alazar Yeshitila
Hemalatha Palanivel
24.1 Introduction
566(1)
24.2 Impact of Agrochemicals on Waterbodies
567(3)
24.2.1 Accumulation of Chemical Pollutants
568(1)
24.2.2 Eutrophication
568(1)
24.2.3 Biomagnification of Agrochemicals
569(1)
24.2.4 Depletion of Dissolved Oxygen
569(1)
24.2.5 Effect on Biotic Interaction in Aquatic Environments
570(1)
24.2.6 Effect on Human and Animal Health
570(1)
24.3 Bacteria as Agrochemical Waste Treatment
570(4)
24.4 Genetically Modified Bacteria for Agrochemicals Waste Treatment
574(1)
24.5 Genetically Modified Bacteria for Biofertilizer
575(1)
24.6 Biopesticides Alternative to Chemical Pesticides
576(1)
24.7 Genetically Modified Bacteria in the Detoxification of Pesticides Residue
577(2)
24.8 Conclusion
579(6)
References
579(6)
25 Omics Perspective: Molecular Blueprint for Agrochemical Bioremediation Process in the Environment
585(24)
Ayurshi Patil
Prerna Yesankar
Poonam Bhanse
Anuja Maitreya
Atya Kapley
Asifa Qureshi
25.1 Introduction
586(1)
25.2 Omics Approaches in Microbial Bioremediation of Agrochemicals
587(8)
25.2.1 Genomics in Bioremediation of Agrochemicals
588(1)
25.2.2 Transcriptomics in Bioremediation of Agrochemicals
589(3)
25.2.3 Proteomics Approaches in Bioremediation of Agrochemicals
592(1)
25.2.4 Metabolomics Approaches in Agrochemicals Bioremediation
593(2)
25.3 Analytical Platforms Used in Omics Approach
595(2)
25.3.1 16S rRNA Approach
595(1)
25.3.2 DNA Microarrays
595(1)
25.3.3 Next-Generation Sequencing
596(1)
25.3.4 Two-Dimensional Polyaerylamide Gel Electrophoresis (2-DE)
596(1)
25.3.5 Mass Spectrometry (MS)
596(1)
25.3.6 NMR Spectroscopy
597(1)
25.4 Applications of Bioinformatics Tools in Omics
597(1)
25.5 Future Prospective
597(5)
25.6 Conclusion
602(7)
References
603(6)
26 Agrochemicals in Soil and Environment: Conclusions and Future Perspectives
609
Ritu Gill
M. Naeem
A. A. Ansari
Ashmita Chhikara
Juan Francisco Jimenez Bremont
Narendra Tuteja
Sarvajeet Singh Gill
References
612
Dr. M. Naeem is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany at Aligarh Muslim University, India. His research focuses on escalating the production of commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants and their active principles using a novel and safe technique involving depolymerized polysaccharides as well as the application of potent PGRs. His research also focuses on abiotic stress tolerance in medicinal plants. He has published around 100 research papers in reputable International journals. Also, he has authored ten books and co-authored several book chapters published by international publishers. Based on his research contributions, he has received multiple awards and recognitions.





Dr. Juan Francisco Jimenez Bremont is a Senior Researcher in the Department of Molecular Biology at the Institute for Scientific and Technological Research of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. His research interests focus on studies of molecular mechanisms of the plant abiotic stress response, and plant-fungal interactions. He has published more than 70 research papers in the journals of international repute. He has served as Editorial Board Member-Journal of Plant Science, Frontier in Plant Science and Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. Based on his research contributions, he has received national awards.





Dr. Abid A. Ansari is working as Associate Professor at the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia since December, 2010. His research areas include Plant Ecology and Environment; Eutrophication, Phytoremediation and Plant Biodiversity. He has 16 years of research and teaching experience. He has to his credit 56 research articles, 15 edited books, and 26 book chapters with the publishers of national and international repute. He has carried out 8 Research Projects funded by Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Tabuk as Principal and Co-Investigator. He has been awarded with Research Excellence-2013 and 2015 and Distinguished Faculty-2020.





Dr. Sarvajeet Singh Gill is presently working as Assistant Professor at Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University. He has approx. 50 book chapters, published over 100 peer reviewed publications in the journals of international repute & edited 30 books on the subject published by International publishers. He has carried out 04 R&D projects funded by prominent National funding agencies. He has 15864 google scholar citations, h-index 42 & i10 index 94, whereas, on Scopus, he has 9747 citations, h-index 32. He was awarded with NESA Junior Scientist of the Year Award-2008; DST-SERB Fast Track Young Scientist award in 2012; prestigious India Research Excellence & Citation Award-2017, appeared in 2% global scientists list (2020, 2021); Teaching and Committed Research award, 2021.
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