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E-raamat: Air Quality

(University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA), (University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA)
  • Formaat: 423 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Feb-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000346107
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The sixth edition of a bestseller, Air Quality provides students with a comprehensive overview of air quality, the science that continues to provide a better understanding of atmospheric chemistry and its effects on public health and the environment, and the regulatory and technological management practices employed in achieving air quality goals. Maintaining the practical approach that has made previous editions popular, the chapters have been reorganized, new material has been added, less relevant material has been deleted, and new images have been added, particularly those from Earth satellites.

New in the Sixth Edition











New graphics, images, and an appended list of unit conversions





New problems and questions





Presents all-new information on the state of air quality monitoring





Provides the latest updates on air quality legislation in the United States





Updates the effects of air pollution and CO2 on climate change





Examines the effects of the latest changes in energy production and the related emissions and pollutants





Offers broadened coverage of air pollutant emissions and air quality in a global context

This new edition elucidates the challenges we face in our efforts to protect and enhance the quality of the nations air. It also highlights the growing global awareness of air quality issues, climate change, and public health concerns in the developing world. The breadth of coverage, review questions at the end of each chapter, extensive glossary, and list of readings place the tools for understanding into your students hands.

Arvustused

This is an excellent book, covering a broad range of air pollution topics, and providing in-depth, state-of-the-art, information in a simple, interesting, and logical manner. The book could be of great interest to both the classroom teaching to under/post graduate students as well as young researchers who are trying to find their feet in the area of air pollution and its control.

Prof. Prashant Kumar, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, United Kingdom

Multiple issues of public concern, such as the effects of pollution on various matters: air quality, health, public welfare, ozone depletion, and climate change, are examined in detail. The new edition has updated the most recent scientific findings of several pollution issues. It is an excellent book for students who will pursue careers in environmental science. It can be offered as the core textbook for both lecture and online classes.

Prof. Gong-Yuh Lin, Emeritus, California State University, Northridge, USA

Previous editions of "Air Quality" have sat comfortably on shelves globally for decades. These dog-eared tomes have fostered sound principles in generations of Environmental Scientists. This 6th edition, much improved, and more versatile for my classes, honors this legacy. As in previous iterations, the language is simple but precise; scientific terms are explained in a holistic sense. For the beginner, this book is pioneering instruction; for the veteran practitioner, it is an old friend in new clothing. If you are considering investing your time in this book, dont hesitate it is indeed a trustworthy companion.

Chris McCormack, Lecturer, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland.

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Authors xxi
Chapter 1 Atmosphere
1(18)
1.1 Chemical Composition
1(3)
1.1.1 General Composition
1(3)
1.1.2 Water
4(1)
1.2 Physical Phenomena
4(6)
1.2.1 Solar Radiation
5(1)
1.2.2 Terrestrial Thermal Radiation
6(1)
1.2.3 Energy Balance
6(1)
1.2.4 Surface Temperatures
7(1)
1.2.5 Vertical Temperature Gradients
7(2)
1.2.6 Gravity
9(1)
1.2.7 Atmospheric Density
9(1)
1.2.8 Atmospheric Pressure
9(1)
1.3 Atmospheric Motion
10(5)
1.3.1 Winds
11(1)
1.3.2 Pressure Gradient Force
11(1)
1.3.3 Coriolis Effect
11(1)
1.3.4 Friction
12(1)
1.3.5 Cyclones and Anticyclones
12(2)
1.3.6 General Circulation of the Atmosphere
14(1)
1.4 Evolution of the Atmosphere
15(4)
Readings
17(1)
Questions
17(2)
Chapter 2 Atmospheric Pollution and Pollutants
19(44)
2.1 Natural Air Pollution
19(1)
2.2 Anthropogenic Air Pollution
20(7)
2.2.1 Smog
22(1)
2.2.2 Haze
23(1)
2.2.3 Nontraditional Air Pollutants
23(1)
2.2.4 Gases and Particles
24(1)
2.2.4.1 Sources
24(1)
2.2.4.2 National Emission Estimates
24(2)
2.2.4.3 National Emissions Picture
26(1)
2.3 Gas-Phase Pollutants
27(24)
2.3.1 Carbon Oxides
28(1)
2.3.1.1 Carbon Dioxide
28(3)
2.3.1.2 Carbon Monoxide
31(3)
2.3.2 Sulfur Compounds
34(1)
2.3.2.1 Sulfur Oxides
34(1)
2.3.2.2 Reduced Sulfur Compounds
35(1)
2.3.3 Nitrogen Compounds
36(1)
2.3.3.1 Nitrous Oxide
36(1)
2.3.3.2 Nitric Oxide
37(1)
2.3.3.3 Nitrogen Dioxide
37(1)
2.3.3.4 Nitrogen Oxides
38(1)
2.3.3.5 Ammonia
39(1)
2.3.3.6 Hydrogen Cyanide
39(1)
2.3.3.7 Organic Nitrate Compounds
39(1)
2.3.4 Hydrocarbon Compounds
40(1)
2.3.4.1 Hydrocarbon Chemistry
40(1)
2.3.4.2 Oxyhydrocarbons
41(1)
2.3.4.3 Nonmethane Hydrocarbons
42(3)
2.3.4.4 Methane
45(1)
2.3.4.5 Halogenated Hydrocarbons
46(1)
2.3.5 Photochemical Oxidants
47(2)
2.3.5.1 Tropospheric Ozone Concentrations
49(1)
2.3.5.2 Ozone Sinks
50(1)
2.4 Atmospheric Particles
51(12)
2.4.1 Classes and Sources
51(1)
2.4.2 Size
51(3)
2.4.3 Particle Shape
54(1)
2.4.4 Chemical Composition
54(3)
2.4.5 Source Apportionment
57(1)
2.4.6 Behavior
57(1)
2.4.7 Concentrations
58(1)
2.4.8 Long-Range Transport from Sources outside the United States
59(1)
References
60(1)
Readings
60(1)
Questions
61(2)
Chapter 3 Atmospheric Dispersion, Transport, and Deposition
63(18)
3.1 Dispersion and Transport
63(13)
3.1.1 Wind
64(1)
3.1.2 Turbulence
65(1)
3.1.3 Atmospheric Stability
66(1)
3.1.4 Inversions
67(1)
3.1.4.1 Radiational Inversions
68(1)
3.1.4.2 Subsidence Inversions
69(1)
3.1.5 Mixing Height
70(1)
3.1.6 Topography
71(1)
3.1.7 Pollutant Dispersion from Point Sources
71(1)
3.1.7.1 Pollutants and Diffusion
72(1)
3.1.7.2 Plume Rise and Transport
72(1)
3.1.7.3 Plume Characteristics
73(1)
3.1.8 Large-Scale Transport and Dispersion
74(1)
3.1.8.1 Long-Range Transport
74(1)
3.1.8.2 Urban Plume
74(1)
3.1.8.3 Planetary Transport
74(1)
3.1.9 Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange
74(1)
3.1.10 Stratospheric Circulation
75(1)
3.2 Atmospheric Removal and Deposition Processes
76(1)
3.2.1 Atmospheric Lifetimes
76(1)
3.2.2 Deposition Processes
77(1)
3.3 Meteorological Applications: Air Pollution Control
77(4)
3.3.1 Episode Planning
78(1)
3.3.2 Air Quality Modeling
78(1)
Readings
78(1)
Questions
79(2)
Chapter 4 Atmospheric Effects
81(42)
4.1 Visibility
81(8)
4.1.1 Natural Visibility Reduction
81(1)
4.1.2 Visibility Concerns Associated with Human Activities
82(1)
4.1.2.1 Smog
82(1)
4.1.2.2 Regional Haze
82(1)
4.1.2.3 Pristine Air
82(1)
4.1.2.4 Arctic Haze
83(1)
4.1.2.5 South Asian Haze
83(1)
4.1.3 Factors Affecting Visibility Reduction
84(2)
4.1.4 Meteorological Effects
86(1)
4.1.5 Visibility Measurements
87(1)
4.1.6 Visibility Patterns and Trends
88(1)
4.2 Turbidity
89(1)
4.3 Thermal Air Pollution
89(2)
4.4 Effects on Precipitation and Precipitation Processes
91(1)
4.5 Atmospheric Deposition
91(7)
4.5.1 Acidic Deposition
92(1)
4.5.1.1 Characteristics of the Phenomenon
92(2)
4.5.1.2 Environmental Impacts
94(1)
4.5.1.3 Trends in Sulfate and Acidic Deposition
95(1)
4.5.2 Nitrogen Deposition
95(1)
4.5.3 Mercury Deposition
96(1)
4.5.4 Deposition of Pesticides, PCBs, Dioxins, and Furans
97(1)
4.6 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
98(10)
4.6.1 Ozone Depletion Concerns
98(1)
4.6.2 Ozone Layer Dynamics
99(1)
4.6.3 Role of Nitrogen Oxides
99(1)
4.6.4 Role of Chlorofluorocarbons and Other Halogenated Hydrocarbons
100(2)
4.6.5 Antarctic Ozone Hole
102(3)
4.6.6 Ozone Depletion in the Arctic
105(1)
4.6.7 Trends
105(1)
4.6.8 Changes in Surface UV Light Radiation
106(1)
4.6.9 Ozone Depletion Effects on Human Health
106(1)
4.6.10 Recovery of the Ozone Layer
107(1)
4.7 Global Warming
108(15)
4.7.1 Climate and Global Climate
108(1)
4.7.1.1 Orbital Changes and Climatic Variation
108(2)
4.7.1.2 Variations in Solar Radiation
110(1)
4.7.2 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
110(1)
4.7.3 Radiative Forcing
111(1)
4.7.4 Greenhouse Gases
111(2)
4.7.5 Evidence of Climate Change
113(3)
4.7.6 Linking Climate Change to Anthropogenic Influences
116(1)
4.7.7 Projections of the Earth's Future Climate
116(1)
4.7.8 Global Warming Uncertainties
117(1)
4.7.9 Environmental Impacts
118(1)
4.7.10 Stratospheric Gases and Atmospheric Temperature Changes
118(1)
Reference
118(1)
Readings
119(1)
Questions
120(3)
Chapter 5 Health Effects
123(34)
5.1 Air Pollution Episodes
123(1)
5.2 Pollutant Exposures and Cause-Effect Relationships
123(6)
5.2.1 Epidemiological Studies
124(1)
5.2.1.1 Confounding Factors
124(1)
5.2.1.2 Interaction Effects
125(1)
5.2.1.3 Exposure Assessment
126(1)
5.2.1.4 Population Susceptibility
126(1)
5.2.2 Toxicological Studies
127(1)
5.2.2.1 Human Studies
127(1)
5.2.2.2 Animal Studies
128(1)
5.2.3 Occupational Exposure Studies
128(1)
5.3 Effect of Pollutants on the Human Body
129(5)
5.3.1 Eye Irritation
129(1)
5.3.2 Effects on the Cardiovascular System
129(1)
5.3.3 Effects on the Respiratory System
130(1)
5.3.3.1 Un its of the Respiratory System
130(1)
5.3.3.2 Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System
131(1)
5.3.3.3 Air Pollution and Respiratory Disease
132(2)
5.4 Health Effects of Regulated Air Pollutants
134(16)
5.4.1 Carbon Monoxide
135(2)
5.4.2 Sulfur Oxides
137(1)
5.4.2.1 Sulfur Dioxide
137(1)
5.4.2.2 Acid Sulfate
138(1)
5.4.3 Particulate Matter
139(3)
5.4.4 Hydrocarbons
142(1)
5.4.5 Nitrogen Oxides
143(1)
5.4.6 Ozone
144(3)
5.4.7 Lead
147(3)
5.4.8 Hazardous Air Pollutants
150(1)
5.5 Personal Air Pollution
150(1)
5.6 Risk Assessment and Management
151(6)
Readings
154(1)
Questions
155(2)
Chapter 6 Wei fare Effect
157(26)
6.1 Effects on Agricultural Crops, Ornamental Plants, and Trees
157(9)
6.1.1 Plant Injury
158(1)
6.1.1.1 Sulfur Dioxide
159(1)
6.1.1.2 Ozone
159(1)
6.1.1.3 Peroxyacyl Nitrate
160(1)
6.1.1.4 Fluorides
161(1)
6.1.1.5 Ethylene
161(1)
6.1.1.6 Acidic Deposition
162(1)
6.1.1.7 Interaction Effects
162(1)
6.1.2 Economic Losses
163(1)
6.1.3 Forest Declines
164(1)
6.1.3.1 California Pines
164(1)
6.1.3.2 Eastern White Pine
164(1)
6.1.3.3 Red Spruce and Fraser Fir
164(1)
6.1.3.4 Pines in the Southeast
165(1)
6.1.3.5 Hardwoods in the Northeast
165(1)
6.1.3.6 Declines in Central Europe
165(1)
6.2 Effects on Domesticated Animals
166(1)
6.2.1 Fluoride
166(1)
6.2.2 Lead
167(1)
6.2.3 Other Toxic Exposures
167(1)
6.3 Ecological Effects
167(8)
6.3.1 Phytotoxic Pollutants
168(1)
6.3.2 Atmospheric Deposition
168(1)
6.3.2.1 Acidic Deposition
168(2)
6.3.2.2 Nitrogen
170(1)
6.3.2.3 Mercury and Other Trace Metals
171(1)
6.3.2.4 Organochlorine Compounds
172(1)
6.3.3 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
173(1)
6.3.4 Climate Change
173(1)
6.3.4.1 Polar Regions
173(1)
6.3.4.2 Coastal Zones
174(1)
6.3.4.3 Plant and Animal Communities
174(1)
6.4 Effects on Materials
175(4)
6.4.1 Metal Corrosion
175(1)
6.4.2 Building Materials
176(1)
6.4.3 Paints
177(1)
6.4.4 Textiles and Textile Dyes
178(1)
6.4.5 Paper and Leather
178(1)
6.4.6 Rubber
178(1)
6.4.7 Glass
179(1)
6.4.8 Economic Losses
179(1)
6.5 Odor Pollution
179(4)
6.5.1 Odor Measurement
179(2)
6.5.2 Odor Problems
181(1)
Reference
181(1)
Readings
181(1)
Questions
182(1)
Chapter 7 Air Quality and Emissions Assessment
183(34)
7.1 Air Quality Monitoring
183(18)
7.1.1 Monitoring Considerations
184(1)
7.1.1.1 Sampling
184(1)
7.1.1.2 Averaging Times
184(1)
7.1.1.3 Sampling Techniques
185(3)
7.1.2 Reporting Pollutant Concentrations
188(2)
7.1.2.1 Accuracy, Precision, and Bias
190(2)
7.1.2.2 Calibration
192(1)
7.1.3 Federal Monitoring Requirements
193(1)
7.1.3.1 Air Quality Monitoring Networks
193(1)
7.1.3.2 Federal Reference Methods
194(3)
7.1.3.3 Quality Assurance Programs
197(1)
7.1.3.4 Data Summarization and Characterization
197(3)
7.1.3.5 Air Quality Index
200(1)
7.2 Emissions Assessment
201(5)
7.2.1 Source Sampling and Monitoring
202(1)
7.2.2 Opacity
203(1)
7.2.3 Emission Factors
203(3)
7.3 Air Quality Modeling
206(11)
7.3.1 Gaussian Models
207(5)
7.3.2 Photochemical Models
212(1)
Readings
213(1)
Online Sources
214(1)
Questions
214(3)
Chapter 8 Regulation and Public Policy
217(42)
8.1 Nonregulatory Legal Remedies
217(1)
8.1.1 Nuisance
218(1)
8.1.2 Trespass
218(1)
8.2 Regulatory Strategies and Tactics
218(5)
8.2.1 Strategies
218(1)
8.2.1.1 Air Quality Management
218(1)
8.2.1.2 Emission Standards
219(1)
8.2.1.3 Economics-Based Approaches
220(3)
8.2.2 Tactics
223(1)
8.3 Federal Legislative History
223(2)
8.3.1 1955 Clean Air Legislation
223(1)
8.3.2 1963 Clean Air Act
223(1)
8.3.3 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act
224(1)
8.3.4 Air Quality Act of 1967
224(1)
8.3.5 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments
224(1)
8.3.6 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments
225(1)
8.3.7 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
225(1)
8.3.8 Federalization
225(1)
8.4 Air Pollution Control under the 1970, 1977, and 1990 CAA Amendments
225(22)
8.4.1 Air Quality Standards
225(1)
8.4.2 Air Quality Criteria
226(1)
8.4.3 Air Quality Control Regions
226(1)
8.4.4 State Implementation Plans
226(2)
8.4.4.1 Episode Plans
228(1)
8.4.4.2 Legal Authority
228(1)
8.4.4.3 State Implementation Plan Approval
228(1)
8.4.5 Nonattainment of Air Quality Standards
229(1)
8.4.6 New Source Performance Standards
229(3)
8.4.7 Prevention of Significant Deterioration
232(1)
8.4.8 Hazardous and Toxic Air Pollutants
233(2)
8.4.9 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
235(1)
8.4.10 Acidic Deposition
235(1)
8.4.11 Motor Vehicle Emission Control
236(1)
8.4.11.1 Vehicle Emissions
236(1)
8.4.11.2 Regulatory History
237(1)
8.4.11.3 Exhaust Gas Standards
238(3)
8.4.11.4 Fuel Additives and Cleaner Fuels
241(1)
8.4.11.5 Emission Test Cycles
242(1)
8.4.11.6 Inspection and Maintenance
243(1)
8.4.11.7 Tampering Prohibitions
243(1)
8.4.11.8 Evaporative Controls and Onboard Vapor Recovery Systems
243(1)
8.4.11.9 Clean-Fuel Vehicles
244(1)
8.4.11.10 Clean Fleets
244(1)
8.4.12 Enforcement
245(1)
8.4.13 Permit Requirements
245(1)
8.4.14 Citizen Suits
246(1)
8.4.15 Pollution Prevention
246(1)
8.5 State and Local Air Pollution Control Functions
247(1)
8.5.1 Boards and Agencies
247(1)
8.5.2 Effectiveness of State and Local Programs
248(1)
8.6 Public Policy Issues
248(11)
8.6.1 New Source Review
248(1)
8.6.2 Global Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement
249(2)
8.6.3 CAFE and Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards
251(3)
Readings
254(2)
Questions
256(3)
Chapter 9 Control of Motor Vehicle Emissions
259(18)
9.1 Motor Vehicle Engines
260(10)
9.1.1 Otto Cycle Spark Ignition Engines
260(1)
9.1.1.1 Engine Characteristics
260(2)
9.1.1.2 Emissions
262(1)
9.1.1.3 Formation of Combustion Pollutants
262(2)
9.1.1.4 Emission Control Techniques and Systems
264(5)
9.1.2 Compression Ignition Engines
269(1)
9.2 Automotive Fuels
270(3)
9.2.1 Gasolines
270(1)
9.2.1.1 Octane Rating
271(1)
9.2.1.2 Gasoline Composition and Emissions
271(1)
9.2.2 Alternative Fuels
272(1)
9.2.2.1 Alcohol Fuels
272(1)
9.2.2.2 Compressed and Liquefied Gases
272(1)
9.3 Low-Emission and Zero-Emission Vehicles
273(4)
9.3.1 Low-Emission Vehicles
273(1)
9.3.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles
273(2)
9.3.3 Electric Vehicles
275(1)
Readings
275(1)
Questions
276(1)
Chapter 10 Control of Emissions from Stationary Sources
277(30)
10.1 Control Practices
277(4)
10.1.1 Tall Stacks
277(1)
10.1.2 Fuel Use Policies
277(2)
10.1.3 Fugitive Emissions
279(1)
10.1.4 Pollution Prevention
279(1)
10.1.4.1 Substitution
279(1)
10.1.4.2 Process Equipment Changes
280(1)
10.1.4.3 Plant Operating Practices
280(1)
10.1.4.4 Maintenance
280(1)
10.1.4.5 Process Changes
280(1)
10.1.4.6 Energy Conservation
280(1)
10.2 Gas Cleaning Technology
281(2)
10.2.1 System Performance
281(1)
10.2.2 Particle Collection Efficiency
281(1)
10.2.3 Gas-Phase Contaminant Collection Efficiency
282(1)
10.3 Control of Particulate-Phase Pollutants
283(6)
10.3.1 Cyclonic Collectors
283(1)
10.3.2 Electrostatic Precipitation
284(2)
10.3.3 Filtration
286(1)
10.3.3.1 Fabric Filters
286(1)
10.3.3.2 Wet Scrubbers
287(2)
10.4 Control of Gas-Phase Pollutants
289(18)
10.4.1 Thermal Oxidation
289(1)
10.4.1.1 Flare
289(1)
10.4.1.2 Conventional Oxidizers
290(1)
10.4.1.3 Catalytic Oxidation
290(1)
10.4.1.4 Operating Considerations
291(1)
10.4.2 Adsorption
291(2)
10.4.3 Absorption
293(1)
10.4.4 Control of Sulfur Oxides
294(1)
10.4.4.1 Coal Beneficiation
295(1)
10.4.4.2 Solvent Refining
295(1)
10.4.4.3 Coal Gasification
295(1)
10.4.4.4 Flue Gas Desulfurization
296(2)
10.4.5 Fluidized Beds and FBC
298(1)
10.4.6 Biological Treatment
298(1)
10.4.7 Control of Nitrogen Oxides
299(2)
10.4.8 Control of Carbon Dioxide
301(1)
10.4.8.1 Carbon Capture and Storage
301(2)
10.4.8.2 Other Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
303(1)
Readings
304(1)
Questions
305(2)
Chapter 11 Indoor Air Quality
307(36)
11.1 Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Pollutant Relationships
307(2)
11.1.1 Personal Pollutant Exposures
307(1)
11.1.2 Indoor and Outdoor Pollutant Concentrations
308(1)
11.2 Indoor Air Quality Concerns
309(1)
11.3 Major Indoor Pollutants
309(21)
11.3.1 Asbestos
310(1)
11.3.2 Radon
311(1)
11.3.2.1 Concentrations and Sources
311(1)
11.3.2.2 Health Effects and Risks
312(2)
11.3.3 Combustion By-Products
314(1)
11.3.3.1 Unvented Combustion Systems
314(3)
11.3.3.2 Vented Combustion Systems
317(1)
11.3.3.3 Miscellaneous Sources
318(3)
11.3.4 Aldehydes
321(1)
11.3.4.1 Formaldehyde
322(1)
11.3.4.2 Acrolein
323(1)
11.3.4.3 Glutaraldehyde
323(1)
11.3.5 Volatile and Semivolatile Organic Compounds
323(1)
11.3.5.1 Volatile Organic Compounds
323(2)
11.3.5.2 Semivolatile Organic Compounds
325(2)
11.3.6 Biological Contaminants
327(1)
11.3.6.1 Illness Syndromes
327(2)
11.3.6.2 Other Health Concerns
329(1)
11.4 Problem Buildings
330(3)
11.4.1 Building-Related Illness
330(1)
11.4.2 Sick Building Syndrome
330(1)
11.4.3 Field Investigations and Systematic Building Studies
331(1)
11.4.4 Risk Factors
331(2)
11.5 Investigating Indoor Air Quality Problems
333(2)
11.6 Measurement of Indoor Contaminants
335(1)
11.7 Prevention and Control Measures
335(4)
11.7.1 Source Management
335(1)
11.7.1.1 Exclusion
335(1)
11.7.1.2 Source Removal
335(1)
11.7.1.3 Source Treatment
336(1)
11.7.2 Contaminant Control
336(1)
11.7.2.1 Ventilation
336(1)
11.7.2.2 Air Cleaning
337(2)
11.8 Indoor Air Quality and Public Policy
339(4)
Readings
339(1)
Reference
340(1)
Questions
340(3)
Chapter 12 Environmental Noise
343(20)
12.1 Sound and Its Measurement
343(5)
12.1.1 Sound Energy
343(3)
12.1.2 Sound Measurement
346(1)
12.1.2.1 Weighting Scales
346(2)
12.1.2.2 Meter Response and Instrument Accuracy
348(1)
12.1.2.3 Measurement of Impulse Sound
348(1)
12.1.2.4 Spectrum Analysis
348(1)
12.2 Sound Exposure Descriptors
348(3)
12.2.1 A-Weighted Sound Level
349(1)
12.2.2 A-Weighted Sound Exposure Level
349(1)
12.2.3 Equivalent Sound Level
349(1)
12.2.4 Day-Night Sound Level
350(1)
12.3 Loudness
351(1)
12.4 Effects of Environmental Noise Exposure
352(5)
12.4.1 Hearing Impairment
352(2)
12.4.2 Speech Communication
354(2)
12.4.3 Sleep Disturbance
356(1)
12.4.4 Psychophysiological Effects
356(1)
12.4.5 Performance
357(1)
12.4.6 Annoyance and Social Behavior
357(1)
12.5 Nonregulatory and Regulatory Control Approaches
357(2)
12.5.1 Community Exposure Guidelines
357(1)
12.5.2 Community Regulatory Efforts
358(1)
12.5.3 Federal Noise Control Programs
359(1)
12.6 Control Measures
359(4)
Readings
360(1)
Questions
360(3)
Glossary 363(18)
Index 381
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta
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