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E-raamat: Air Travel and Health: A Systems Perspective

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(BAE Systems, UK), Series edited by (University of Liverpool, UK), Series edited by (MIT), (BAE Systems, UK), Series edited by (Parker Aerospace Group, USA)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jun-2011
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119957652
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Air Travel and Health: A Systems PerspectiveSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jun-2011
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119957652
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Seabridge, a retired chief flight systems engineer, and Morgan who is affiliated with Copycat Communications Ltd. investigate common complaints, the evidence, the biological and environmental dimensions that might be involved, and possible solutions to air travel's affect on health. The topics are some minor ailments, air quality, deep vein thrombosis, noise and vibration, exposure to radiation, back and neck pain, military issues, workstation use, the regulation and control of risks to health, and the design process. Annotation ©2011 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Providing a detailed examination of the issues that affect the long term health of aircrew, cabin crew and passengers, Air Travel and Health offers guidance to engineers designing aircraft in the difficult field of legislation and product liability. Examining the facts, anecdotes and myths associated with health and travel, Seabridge and Morgan draw balanced conclusions on which the aircraft operations and design communities can act to provide cost-effective solutions. The authors present a useful reference for aircrew, regulatory authorities, engineers and managers within the aerospace industry, and medical and human factor specialists, as well as an informative resource for undergraduate and graduate students.

Arvustused

"As a result, I was delighted to receive for review this book written by two well respected flight systems engineers recently retired from the UK aviation industry." (The Aeronautical Journal , 1 December 2011)

"This is an insightful book, one which should give its intended audience - and interested passengers - pause for thought." (RoSPA Occupational Safety & Health Journal, 1 May 2011)

"Seabridge, a retired chief flight systems engineer, and Morgan who is affiliated with Copycat Communications Ltd. investigate common complaints, the evidence, the biological and environmental dimensions that might be involved, and possible solutions to air travel's affect on health. The topics are some minor ailments, air quality, deep vein thrombosis, noise and vibration, exposure to radiation, back and neck pain, military issues, workstation use, the regulation and control of risks to health, and the design process." (Reference and Research Book News, February 2011)

"The authors present a useful reference for aircrew, regulatory authorities, engineers and managers within the aerospace industry, and medical and human factor specialists, as well as an informative resource for undergraduate and graduate students." (Asiaing.com, 10 November 2010)

 

About the Authors xv
Preface xvii
Series Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii
1 Introduction
1(16)
1.1 Factors Affecting Health
2(1)
1.2 The System of Interest
2(4)
1.2.1 The Operating Environment
2(1)
1.2.2 The Atmosphere
3(1)
1.2.3 The Aircraft Inhabitants
4(1)
1.2.4 Sources of Environmental Stimuli
5(1)
1.3 The Aircraft
6(4)
1.3.1 Military Aircraft
6(2)
1.3.2 Commercial Aircraft
8(2)
1.4 Design Considerations
10(4)
1.5 Summary
14(3)
References
16(1)
Further Reading
16(1)
Useful Web Sites
16(1)
2 Some `Minor' Ailments
17(10)
2.1 Introduction
17(3)
2.1.1 Health Information
17(1)
2.1.2 Considering the Whole Trip
18(1)
2.1.3 Some Symptoms Reported by Travellers
18(1)
2.1.4 Health Risks
19(1)
2.2 Some Common Conditions of Air Travel
20(7)
2.2.1 General Discomfort
20(1)
2.2.2 Jet Lag (Circadian Dysrhythmia)
21(2)
2.2.3 Fear of Flying (Aerophobia)
23(1)
2.2.4 Discomfort of the Ears
23(2)
References
25(1)
Further Reading
25(1)
Useful Web Sites
26(1)
3 Air Quality
27(32)
3.1 The Environment
28(3)
3.1.1 The Atmosphere
28(1)
3.1.2 Air Quality
28(1)
3.1.3 Cabin Air Supply
29(1)
3.1.4 Sources of Contamination
29(2)
3.2 Aircraft Environments
31(5)
3.2.1 Commercial Aircraft
31(2)
3.2.2 Military Aircraft
33(3)
3.3 Environmental Control Systems
36(4)
3.3.1 Air Cooling
36(1)
3.3.2 Air Distribution
36(4)
3.4 Health Issues
40(8)
3.4.1 Effects of Contamination
41(1)
3.4.2 Aerotoxic Syndrome
41(6)
3.4.3 At Risk on the Ground?
47(1)
3.4.4 Spreading Illness
47(1)
3.5 System Implications
48(7)
3.5.1 Contaminants
48(3)
3.5.2 Future Systems
51(4)
3.6 Request for Further Information
55(4)
References
56(1)
Further Reading
57(1)
Useful Web Sites
58(1)
4 Deep Vein Thrombosis
59(20)
4.1 Introduction
59(3)
4.1.1 How Common Is It?
61(1)
4.1.2 How Long is a Long Flight?
62(1)
4.2 The Environment
62(1)
4.3 Aircraft Environments
63(4)
4.3.1 Commercial Aircraft
63(1)
4.3.2 Large Military Aircraft
64(3)
4.3.3 Fast-Jet Military Aircraft
67(1)
4.4 The System
67(2)
4.4.1 Commercial Aircraft
67(1)
4.4.2 Military Aircraft
68(1)
4.5 Health Issues
69(4)
4.5.1 Cabin Altitude and Pressure
70(1)
4.5.2 So Who Is at Risk?
71(1)
4.5.3 Summary of Risks
72(1)
4.6 System Implications
73(6)
4.6.1 Litigation
73(1)
4.6.2 Preventative Measures
74(1)
4.6.3 Advice to Passengers
74(2)
4.6.4 Continuing Work
76(1)
References
77(1)
Further Reading
78(1)
Useful Web Sites
78(1)
5 Noise and Vibration
79(10)
5.1 The Environment
81(1)
5.2 Aircraft Environment
82(3)
5.2.1 Commercial Aircraft
82(1)
5.2.2 Military Aircraft
83(2)
5.3 Health Issues
85(1)
5.3.1 Hearing
85(1)
5.3.2 Vibration
85(1)
5.4 System Implications
86(3)
5.4.1 Limiting Flying Hours
86(1)
5.4.2 Active Noise Cancellation
87(1)
5.4.3 Microphone Disabling
87(1)
5.4.4 Personal Noise Management
87(1)
5.4.5 Risk Assessment
88(1)
References
88(1)
Further Reading
88(1)
Useful Web Sites
88(1)
6 Exposure to Radition
89(24)
6.1 The Environment
89(4)
6.1.1 Cosmic Radiation
90(2)
6.1.2 Radiation in Space
92(1)
6.1.3 Non-ionising Radiation
92(1)
6.2 The Aircraft Environment
93(7)
6.2.1 Ionising Radiation from Space
93(1)
6.2.2 Non-ionising RF Radiation
94(3)
6.2.3 Understanding the Risk in Commercial Aircraft
97(2)
6.2.4 Understanding the Risk in Military Aircraft
99(1)
6.3 Aircraft Systems
100(1)
6.4 Health Issues
101(3)
6.4.1 Risk of Cancer
101(2)
6.4.2 Risks to Female Crew Members
103(1)
6.4.3 Risks to Passengers
103(1)
6.4.4 Eye Damage
104(1)
6.4.5 Damage to Life Support Equipment
104(1)
6.5 System Implications
104(5)
6.5.1 Legislation
104(4)
6.5.2 Mitigating Action
108(1)
6.6 Future Developments
109(4)
References
110(2)
Further Reading
112(1)
Useful Web Sites
112(1)
7 Back and Neck Pain
113(16)
7.1 Back Pain
113(7)
7.1.1 Lower Back Pain
113(1)
7.1.2 Posture
114(1)
7.1.3 Back Pain and Military Aircraft
114(1)
7.1.4 Helicopter Pilots
115(2)
7.1.5 Posture and Pain
117(3)
7.2 Neck Strain
120(2)
7.3 Commercial Aircraft Issues
122(1)
7.3.1 Flight Attendants
122(1)
7.3.2 Passengers
123(1)
7.4 Lumbar Support
123(2)
7.5 Advice for Passengers
125(4)
References
126(1)
Further Reading
127(2)
8 Military Issues
129(10)
8.1 The Cockpit Environment
130(3)
8.2 Effects of Acceleration
133(3)
8.3 Pressure Oxygen Breathing and Hypoxia
136(3)
8.3.1 Hypoxia
136(1)
8.3.2 Decompression Sickness
137(1)
References
137(1)
Further Reading
138(1)
Useful Web Sites
138(1)
9 Workstation Use
139(12)
9.1 The Environment
140(1)
9.2 Aircraft Environments
141(2)
9.2.1 Commercial Aircraft
141(1)
9.2.2 Military Aircraft
142(1)
9.3 The System
143(3)
9.4 Health Issues
146(2)
9.4.1 Sight
146(1)
9.4.2 Posture
147(1)
9.4.3 Back and Neck Pain
147(1)
9.4.4 Vibration
148(1)
9.5 System Implications
148(3)
Reference
150(1)
Further Reading
150(1)
Useful Web Sites
150(1)
10 Regulation and Control of Risks to Health
151(10)
10.1 General
151(1)
10.2 Legislative Framework
152(5)
10.2.1 Health and Safety
153(1)
10.2.2 EU Legislation
154(2)
10.2.3 Environmental Legislation
156(1)
10.2.4 Air Navigation Order
157(1)
10.2.5 Duty of Care
157(1)
10.3 Summary of Legal Threats
157(1)
10.3.1 Criminal Prosecution
157(1)
10.3.2 Civil Lawsuits
158(1)
10.3.3 Customer/Public Relations
158(1)
10.4 Issues Arising
158(3)
11 The Design Process
161(18)
11.1 Control of Risk
161(1)
11.1.1 Governance
161(1)
11.1.2 Company Policy
162(1)
11.1.3 Company Procedures
162(1)
11.2 Design
162(12)
11.2.1 Standards
162(1)
11.2.2 Good Practice
163(1)
11.2.3 Design and Qualification Process
163(11)
11.3 Application
174(1)
11.3.1 Incorporation
175(1)
11.3.2 Operations
175(1)
11.4 Feedback
175(4)
11.4.1 Public Comment
176(1)
11.4.2 Complaints
176(1)
11.4.3 Litigation
176(1)
Reference
177(2)
12 Summary and Conclusions
179(28)
12.1 Integration Effects
180(2)
12.2 Predisposition
182(1)
12.2.1 The Travel Experience
183(1)
12.2.2 Genetic Factors
183(1)
12.2.3 Public Health
183(1)
12.3 Domestic Circumstances
183(2)
12.3.1 Carrying and Lifting
184(1)
12.3.2 Do-It-Yourself (DIY)
184(1)
12.3.3 Noisy Pursuits
184(1)
12.3.4 Lifestyle Factors
184(1)
12.3.5 Water Sports
185(1)
12.3.6 Obesity
185(1)
12.4 Comparison with General Public Health Conditions
185(6)
12.4.1 Sick Building Syndrome
185(1)
12.4.2 Myalgic Encephalomyletis (ME) or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
186(1)
12.4.3 WiFi Sensitivity
187(1)
12.4.4 Electrical Power Line Sensitivity
188(1)
12.4.5 New Car Syndrome
189(1)
12.4.6 Household and Industrial Cleaning Products
190(1)
12.4.7 Discussion
191(1)
12.5 Serious Conditions
191(1)
12.6 Advice to Industry
191(4)
12.6.1 Processes and Procedures
192(1)
12.6.2 Independent Medical Advice
193(1)
12.6.3 Research
193(1)
12.6.4 Seeing the `Big Picture'
193(2)
12.7 Advice to Operators
195(1)
12.7.1 Promote Awareness
195(1)
12.7.2 Independent Medical Advice
195(1)
12.7.3 Research
195(1)
12.8 Advice to Travellers
195(4)
12.8.1 Obtain Medical Advice
196(1)
12.8.2 Improve Awareness
196(3)
12.9 What Can Be Done?
199(5)
12.10 Finally
204(3)
References
204(1)
Further Reading
205(1)
Useful Web Sites
205(2)
Bibliography 207(10)
Index 217
Allan Seabridge, Seabridge Systems Ltd, UK Allan Seabridge is recently retired as Head of Flight Systems Engineering with BAE Systems. He has 36 years experience in aerospace systems engineering, business development and research & development, with major projects worked on including Canberra, Jaguar, Tornado, EAP, Typhoon & Nimrod. Since retiring he has developed an interest in engineering education leading to the design and delivery of systems and engineering courses at a number of UK universities at undergraduate and postgraduate level. He also provides technical consultancy to companies in the aerospace industry. Allan's interest in the impact of flying on health was initiated by a study he conducted before retiring to ensure that the company had a proven track record in understanding the issues involved. Later tracking of the subject in the press revealed that many travellers claim to suffer from ill health after flying, and this engendered an interest in collating all the records of such claims and looking at the potential impact on aircraft design and of product liability.

Shirley Morgan, UK Having spent 9 years at BAE Systems at Warton as internal communications manager, Shirley Morgan is a freelance journalist with a broad spread of regular clients for whom she writes and produces material from single articles to whole magazines. Her clients come from many sectors, from higher education to defence and pharmaceuticals, as well as not-for-profit organisations.
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