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E-raamat: Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical, and Avionics Subsystems Integration

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Series edited by (Parker Aerospace Group, USA), (BAE Systems, UK), (Smiths Industries, UK)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Apr-2008
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470770948
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Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical, and Avionics Subsystems IntegrationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Apr-2008
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470770948
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This third edition of Aircraft Systems represents a timely update of the Aerospace Series’ successful and widely acclaimed flagship title. Moir and Seabridge present an in-depth study of the general systems of an aircraft – electronics, hydraulics, pneumatics, emergency systems and flight control to name but a few - that transform an aircraft shell into a living, functioning and communicating flying machine. Advances in systems technology continue to alloy systems and avionics, with aircraft support and flight systems increasingly controlled and monitored by electronics; the authors handle the complexities of these overlaps and interactions in a straightforward and accessible manner that also enhances synergy with the book’s two sister volumes, Civil Avionics Systems and Military Avionics Systems.

Aircraft Systems, 3rd Edition is thoroughly revised and expanded from the last edition in 2001, reflecting the significant technological and procedural changes that have occurred in the interim – new aircraft types, increased electronic implementation, developing   markets, increased environmental pressures and the emergence of UAVs. Every chapter is updated, and the latest technologies depicted. It offers an essential reference tool for aerospace industry researchers and practitioners such as aircraft designers, fuel specialists, engine specialists, and ground crew maintenance providers, as well as a textbook for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students in systems engineering, aerospace and engineering avionics.

Arvustused

"The book provides excellent coverage of the complete range of aircraft systems and is thus aimed at the professional aerospace design engineer who may have in-depth knowledge of a specialised area but who would really benefit from a broader appreciation of the workings and constraints applicable to all other aircraft systems." (Aerospace Professional, January 2009)

Foreword xvii
Series Preface xix
About the Authors xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of Abbreviations
xxv
Introduction
xxxv
Systems Integration xxxvi
Systems Interaction xxxix
Flight Control Systems
1(50)
Introduction
1(2)
Principles of Flight Control
3(1)
Flight Control Surfaces
4(1)
Primary Flight Control
5(1)
Secondary Flight Control
5(2)
Commercial Aircraft
7(2)
Primary Flight Control
7(1)
Secondary Flight Control
7(2)
Flight Control Linkage Systems
9(4)
Push-Pull Control Rod System
10(1)
Cable and Pulley System
11(2)
High Lift Control Systems
13(2)
Trim and Feel
15(3)
Trim
15(2)
Feel
17(1)
Flight Control Actuation
18(16)
Simple Mechanical/Hydraulic Actuation
19(2)
Mechanical Actuation with Electrical Signalling
21(1)
Multiple Redundancy Actuation
22(4)
Mechanical Screwjack Actuator
26(1)
Integrated Actuator Package (IAP)
27(3)
Advanced Actuation Implementations
30(4)
Civil System Implementations
34(6)
Top-Level Comparison
35(1)
Airbus Implementation
36(4)
Fly-By-Wire Control Laws
40(1)
A380 Flight Control Actuation
41(3)
Boeing 777 Implementation
44(4)
Interrelationship of Flight Control, Guidance and Flight Management
48(3)
Engine Control Systems
51(36)
Introduction
51(2)
Engine/Airframe Interfaces
52(1)
Engine Technology and Principles of Operation
53(2)
The Control Problem
55(7)
Fuel Flow Control
56(2)
Air Flow Control
58(1)
Control Systems
59(1)
Control System Parameters
60(1)
Input Signals
60(2)
Output Signals
62(1)
Example Systems
62(9)
Design Criteria
71(2)
Engine Starting
73(5)
Fuel Control
73(1)
Ignition Control
74(1)
Engine Rotation
75(2)
Throttle Levers
77(1)
Starting Sequence
78(1)
Engine Indications
78(3)
Engine Oil Systems
81(1)
Engine Off takes
81(2)
Reverse Thrust
83(1)
Engine Control on Modern Civil Aircraft
84(3)
Fuel Systems
87(50)
Introduction
87(2)
Characteristics of Fuel Systems
89(1)
Description of Fuel System Components
90(4)
Fuel Transfer Pumps
90(1)
Fuel Booster Pumps
91(1)
Fuel Transfer Valves
92(1)
Non-Return Valves (NRVs)
93(1)
Fuel Quantity Measurement
94(11)
Level Sensors
94(2)
Fuel Gauging Probes
96(1)
Fuel Quantity Measurement Basics
96(1)
Tank Shapes
97(1)
Fuel Properties
98(3)
Fuel Quantity Measurement Systems
101(1)
Fokker F50/F100 System
101(2)
Airbus A320 System
103(1)
`Smart' Probes
104(1)
Ultrasonic Probes
105(1)
Fuel System Operating Modes
105(11)
Pressurisation
106(1)
Engine Feed
106(2)
Fuel Transfer
108(1)
Refuel/Defuel
109(2)
Vent Systems
111(1)
Use of Fuel as a Heat Sink
112(1)
External Fuel Tanks
112(1)
Fuel Jettison
113(1)
In-Flight Refuelling
114(2)
Integrated Civil Aircraft Systems
116(12)
Bombardier Global Express
117(2)
Boeing 777
119(1)
A340-500/600 Fuel System
120(8)
Fuel Tank Safety
128(5)
Principles of Fuel Inerting
129(1)
Air Separation Technology
130(1)
Typical Fuel Inerting System
131(2)
Polar Operations---Cold Fuel Management
133(4)
Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
133(1)
Cold Fuel Characteristics
134(1)
Fuel Temperature Indication
135(2)
Hydraulic Systems
137(44)
Introduction
137(1)
Hydraulic Circuit Design
138(4)
Hydraulic Actuation
142(2)
Hydraulic Fluid
144(1)
Fluid Pressure
145(1)
Fluid Temperature
145(1)
Fluid Flow Rate
146(1)
Hydraulic Piping
146(1)
Hydraulic Pumps
147(4)
Fluid Conditioning
151(1)
Hydraulic Reservoir
152(1)
Warnings and Status
152(1)
Emergency Power Sources
153(1)
Proof of Design
154(1)
Aircraft System Applications
155(8)
The Avro RJ Hydraulic System
156(5)
The BAE Systems Hawk 200 Hydraulic System
161(1)
Tornado Hydraulic System
161(2)
Civil Transport Comparison
163(4)
Airbus A320
164(1)
Boeing 767
165(2)
Landing Gear Systems
167(14)
Nose Gear
167(1)
Main Gear
168(1)
Braking Anti-Skid and Steering
169(3)
Electronic Control
172(1)
Automatic Braking
173(2)
Multi-Wheel Systems
175(3)
Brake Parachute
178(3)
Electrical Systems
181(58)
Introduction
181(3)
Electrical Power Evolution
181(3)
Aircraft Electrical System
184(1)
Power Generation
185(14)
DC Power Generation
185(1)
AC Power Generation
186(2)
Power Generation Control
188(11)
Primary Power Distribution
199(2)
Power Conversion and Energy Storage
201(2)
Inverters
201(1)
Transformer Rectifier Units (TRUs)
201(1)
Auto-Transformers
202(1)
Battery Chargers
202(1)
Batteries
203(1)
Secondary Power Distribution
203(4)
Power Switching
203(1)
Load Protection
204(3)
Typical Aircraft DC System
207(1)
Typical Civil Transport Electrical System
208(2)
Electrical Loads
210(4)
Motors and Actuation
210(1)
DC Motors
211(1)
AC Motors
212(1)
Lighting
212(1)
Heating
213(1)
Subsystem Controllers and Avionics Systems
213(1)
Ground Power
214(1)
Emergency Power Generation
214(4)
Ram Air Turbine
215(1)
Backup Power Converters
215(1)
Permanent Magnet Generators (PMGs)
216(2)
Recent Systems Developments
218(10)
Electrical Load Management System (ELMS)
218(2)
Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF)
220(7)
270 VDC Systems
227(1)
More-Electric Aircraft (MEA)
227(1)
Recent Electrical System Developments
228(9)
Airbus A380 Electrical System Overview
229(5)
A400M
234(1)
B787 Electrical Overview
234(3)
Electrical Systems Displays
237(2)
Pneumatic Systems
239(20)
Introduction
239(1)
Use of Bleed Air
240(4)
Engine Bleed Air Control
244(3)
Bleed Air System Indications
247(1)
Bleed Air System Users
247(5)
Wing and Engine Anti-Ice
248(2)
Engine Start
250(1)
Thrust Reversers
251(1)
Hydraulic Systems
251(1)
Pitot Static Systems
252(7)
Innovative Methods of Pitot-Static Measurement
256(3)
Environmental Control Systems
259(38)
Introduction
259(1)
The Need for a Controlled Environment
260(3)
Kinetic Heating
260(1)
Solar Heating
261(1)
Avionics Heat Loads
262(1)
Airframe System Heat Loads
262(1)
The Need for Cabin Conditioning
262(1)
The Need for Avionics Conditioning
263(1)
The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
263(3)
Envionmental Control System Design
266(5)
Ram Air Cooling
266(1)
Fuel Cooling
267(1)
Engine Bleed
267(2)
Bleed Flow and Temperature Control
269(2)
Cooling Systems
271(7)
Air Cycle Refrigeration Systems
271(1)
Turbofan System
272(1)
Bootstrap System
272(2)
Reversed Bootstrap
274(1)
Ram Powered Reverse Bootstrap
274(1)
Vapour Cycle Systems
275(1)
Liquid Cooled Systems
276(1)
Expendable Heat Sinks
277(1)
Humidity Control
278(1)
The Inefficiency of Present Systems
279(1)
Air Distribution Systems
279(5)
Avionics Cooling
279(1)
Unconditioned Bays
280(1)
Conditioned Bays
280(1)
Conditioned Bay Equipment Racking
281(1)
Ground Cooling
282(1)
Cabin Distribution Systems
283(1)
Cabin Noise
284(1)
Cabin Pressurisation
284(3)
Hypoxia
287(1)
Molecular Sieve Oxygen Concentrators
288(3)
g Tolerance
291(1)
Rain Dispersal
292(1)
Anti-Misting and De-Misting
293(1)
Aircraft Icing
293(4)
Emergency Systems
297(22)
Introduction
297(1)
Warning Systems
298(3)
Fire Detection and Suppression
301(4)
Emergency Power Sources
305(2)
Explosion Suppression
307(1)
Emergency Oxygen
308(1)
Passenger Evacuation
308(2)
Crew Escape
310(2)
Computer-Controlled Seats
312(1)
Ejection System Timing
313(1)
High Speed Escape
314(1)
Crash Recorder
314(1)
Crash Switch
315(1)
Emergency Landing
315(2)
Emergency System Testing
317(2)
Rotary Wing Systems
319(52)
Introduction
319(1)
Special Requirements of Helicopters
320(1)
Principles of Helicopter Flight
321(3)
Helicopter Flight Control
324(1)
Primary Flight Control Actuation
325(8)
Manual Control
326(2)
Auto-Stabilisation
328(2)
Autopilot Modes
330(3)
Key Helicopter Systems
333(10)
Engine and Transmission System
335(3)
Hydraulic Systems
338(2)
Electrical System
340(1)
Health Monitoring System
341(1)
Specialised Helicopter Systems
342(1)
Helicopter Auto-Flight Control
343(6)
EH 101 Flight Control System
343(3)
NOTAR Method of Yaw Control
346(3)
Active Control Technology
349(1)
Advanced Battlefield Helicopter
350(7)
Target Acquisition and Designator System (TADS)/Pilots Night Vision System (PNVS)
350(3)
AH-64 C/D Longbow Apache
353(4)
Tilt Rotor Systems
357(14)
Tilt Rotor Concept and Development
357(1)
V-22 OSPREY
358(8)
Civil Tilt Rotor
366(5)
Advanced Systems
371(36)
Introduction
371(3)
STOL Manoeuvre Technology Demonstrator (SMTD)
371(1)
Vehicle Management Systems (VMS)
372(1)
More-Electric Aircraft
372(1)
More-Electric Engine
373(1)
Stealth
374(1)
Joint Strike Fighter (JSF)
374(1)
Integrated Flight and Propulsion Control (IFPC)
375(2)
Vehicle Management System
377(4)
More-Electric Aircraft
381(7)
Engine Power Offtakes
381(1)
Boeing 787 (More-Electric) Electrical System
382(2)
More-Electric Hydraulic System
384(2)
More-Electric Environmental Control System
386(2)
More-Electric Actuation
388(1)
Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA)
388(1)
Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMA)
388(1)
Electric Braking
388(1)
More-Electric Engine
389(4)
Conventional Engine Characteristics
390(1)
More-Electric Engine Characteristics
390(3)
Impact of Stealth Design
393(9)
Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk
394(2)
Northrop B-2 Spirit
396(5)
Joint Strike Fighter---F-35 Lightning II
401(1)
Technology Developments/Demonstrators
402(5)
Fault Tolerant 270VDC Electrical Power Generation System
402(1)
Thermal and Energy Management Module
402(1)
AFTI F-16 Flight Demonstration
403(4)
System Design and Development
407(34)
Introduction
407(1)
Systems Design
408(1)
Development Processes
408(1)
System Design
408(3)
Key Agencies and Documentation
408(1)
Design Guidelines and Certification Techniques
409(1)
Key Elements of the Development Process
410(1)
Major Safety Processes
411(4)
Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA)
412(1)
Preliminary System Safety Analysis (PSSA)
413(1)
System Safety Analysis (SSA)
414(1)
Common Cause Analysis (CCA)
414(1)
Requirements Capture
415(3)
Top-Down Approach
415(1)
Botton-Up Approach
416(1)
Requirements Capture Example
416(2)
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
418(2)
Dependency Diagram
420(2)
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
422(1)
Component Reliability
423(1)
Analytical Methods
423(1)
In-Service Data
424(1)
Dispatch Reliability
424(1)
Markov Analysis
425(2)
Development Processes
427(11)
The Product Life Cycle
427(1)
Concept Phase
428(2)
Definition Phase
430(1)
Design Phase
431(1)
Build Phase
432(1)
Test Phase (Qualification Phase)
433(1)
Operate Phase
433(1)
Disposal or Refurbish
434(1)
Development Programme
435(2)
`V' Diagram
437(1)
Extended Operations (ETOPS)
438(3)
Avionics Technology
441(36)
Introduction
441(2)
The Nature of Microelectronic Devices
443(17)
Processors
446(1)
Memory Devices
446(1)
Digital Data Buses
447(2)
A 429 Data Bus
449(2)
MIL-STD-1553B
451(2)
ARINC 629 Data Bus
453(3)
COTS Data Buses
456(4)
Data Bus Integration of Aircraft Systems
460(9)
Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP)
460(1)
Airbus A330/340
461(1)
Boeing 777
462(1)
Regional Aircraft/Business Jets
463(1)
A380 Avionics Architecture
464(3)
Boeing 787 Avionics Architecture
467(1)
COTS Data Buses---IEEE 1394
468(1)
Fibre Optic Buses
469(1)
Avionics Packaging Standards
470(1)
Air Transport Radio (ATR)
470(1)
Modular Concept Unit (MCU)
470(1)
Typical LRU Architecture
471(2)
Integrated Modular Avionics
473(4)
Environmental Conditions
477(22)
Introduction
477(2)
Environmental Factors
479(14)
Altitude
479(1)
Temperature
480(2)
Contamination by Fluids
482(1)
Solar Radiation
483(1)
Rain, Humidity, Moisture
484(1)
Fungus
485(1)
Salt Fog/Salt Mist
485(1)
Sand and Dust
486(1)
Explosive Atmosphere
486(1)
Acceleration
487(1)
Immersion
487(1)
Vibration
488(1)
Acoustic Noise
488(1)
Shock
489(1)
Pyroshock
490(1)
Acidic Atmosphere
490(1)
Temperature, Humidity, Vibration, Altitude
490(1)
Icing/Freezing Rain
491(1)
Vibro-Acoustic, Temperature
491(1)
RF Radiation
491(1)
Lightning
492(1)
Nuclear, Biological and Chemical
493(1)
Testing and Validation Process
493(6)
Index 499
Lan Moir After 20 years in the royal Air Force as an engineering officer, Ian went on to Smiths Industries in the UK where he was involved in a number of advanced projects. Since retiring from Smiths he is now in demand as a highly respected consultant. Ian has a brad and detailed experience working in aircraft avionics systems in both military and civil aircraft. From the RAF Tornado and Apache helicopter to the Boeing 777, Ian's work has kept him at the forefront of new system developments and integrated systems in the areas of more-electric technology and systems implementations. He has a special interest in fostering training and education in aerospace engineering. Allan Seabridge was until recently the Chief Flight Systems Engineer at BAE Systems at Warton in Lancashire in the UK. In over 30 years in the aerospace industry his work has latterly included the avionics systems on the Nimrod MRA 4 and Lockheed Martin Lightning II (Joint Strike Fighter) as well as a the development of a range of flight and avionics systems on a wide range of fast jets, training aircraft and ground and maritime surveillance projects. Spending much of his time between Europe and the US, Allan is fully aware of systems developments worldwide. he is also keen to encourage a further understanding of integrated engineering systems. An interest in engineering education continues with the design and delivery of systems and engineering courses at a number of UK universities at undergraduate and postgraduate level.
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