This volume navigates the course of US imperialism between two major wars – the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) and the Spanish-American War (1898) – both of which saw significant US territorial expansion.
This volume navigates the course of US imperialism between two major wars – the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) and the Spanish-American War (1898) – both of which saw significant US territorial expansion. However, these conflicts alone do not tell the whole story. Alongside the territorial acquisitions that followed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) this volume’s sections also explore the so-called “winning of the West,” the controversial Alaska Purchase of 1867, early US intrigue in the Caribbean, and the nation’s expansion into the Pacific in the years leading up to the formal annexation of the Hawaiian Islands in 1898. This volume shows clearly that US expansion and imperialism took on a wide variety of guises in the second half of the nineteenth century, making even formal territorial expansion very difficult to characterise. The varied first-hand perspectives provided here also make it clear that the nature and purpose of “American imperialism” was always very much in the eye of the beholder.
Volume 3: From the Mexican-American War to the Spanish-American
War,18461898
Edited by Adam Burns
General Introduction
Volume 3 Introduction
Part
1. Fixing the Southern Border
1. James K. Polk, excerpt from Inaugural Address [ in Polks hand] 4 March
1845
2. John C. Calhoun, excerpt from, Speech of Mr. Calhoun, of South Carolina,
on his Resolution in Reference to the War with Mexico, delivered in the
Senate, 4 January 1848 (Washington, DC: John T. Towers, 1848), pp.
35.
3. Abraham Lincoln, excerpts from Speech of Mr. Lincoln, of Illinois, on the
Reference of the Presidents Message in the House of Representatives, 12
January 1848 (Washington, DC: J. & G.S. Gideon, 1848), pp.
311.
4. The Gadsden Treaty Territory, Charleston Daily Courier, 14 March 1854,
p.
2.
5. Admission of California [ Speech by Mr Shields in Congress], Weekly
National Intelligencer [ Washington, DC], 13 April 1850, pp.
12.
6. Sheldon F. Gauthier and Elizabeth Roe, Elizabeth Roe. Texas,
1941.
7. Visit of Prof Painter to California, in C. C. Painter, The Condition of
Affairs in Indian Country and California. (Philadelphia, PA: Office of the
Indian Rights Association, 1888), pp.
5156.
8. The Chinese Exclusion Law, The Daily Examiner, San Francisco, Cal., 17
June 1882, p. 2
Part
2. Fixing the Northern Border
9. Bryan Mullanphy and Samuel Hawken, Petition of citizens of the United
States, praying that measures may be adopted by Congress to protect the
citizens of the United States in Oregon, &c., April 10,
1846. Senate Doc.
288, 29th Congress, 1st Session.
10. Letters between Russian Grand Duke Konstantin and Prince A.M. Gorchakov,
MarchDecember
1857.
11. The Cession of Russian American to the United States, New York Herald,
1 April 1867, p.4.
12. Extracts from Speech of the Honorable Charles Sumner of Massachusetts on
the Cession of Russian America to the United States (Washington:
Congressional Globe Office, 1867), pp.
1115.
13. Charles Cotesworth Beaman, Our New Northwest, Harpers New Monthly
Magazine, Vol. 35, No. 206, July 1867, pp.
170178.
14. Leonard Myers, Purchase of Alaska. Speech of Hon. Leonard Myers, in the
House of Representatives, 1 July 1868 (Washington: Congressional Globe
Office, 1868).
15. William H. Seward, Alaska: Speech of William H. Seward at Sitka
(Washington, DC: J. J. Chapman, 1879), pp.
1014.
16. Frederick Whymper, extract from A Visit to the Capital of Alaska, in
Travel and Adventure in the Territory of Alaska (London: John Murray, 1869),
pp.
93106.
17. Extract from Report of the Hon. Vincent Colyer, United States Special
Indian Commissioner, on the Indian Tribes and Their Surroundings in Alaska
Territory, From Personal Observation and Inspection in 1869 [ November]
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1869), pp.
533537.
Part
3. Winning the West
18. The Indian War in Oregon, Nevada Journal [ Nevada City, CA], 28 December
1855, p.2.
19. Congressional Testimony of Mr. John S. Smith, Washington, 14 March 1865,
Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Massacre of Cheyenne Indians, 38th
Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, DC: Congressional Globe Office, 1865), pp.
5659.
20. Treaty with the Sioux-Brule, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa,
Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, San Arcs, and Santee-and Arapaho [ Fort
Laramie Treaty], 29 April
1868.
21. Deadwood, Bismarck Weekly Tribune [ Bismarck, ND], 31 May 1876, p.1.
22. Sitting Bull to Chief Joseph, in The Works of Sitting Bull in the
Original French and Latin: With Translations Diligently Compared (Chicago,
IL: Knight & Leonard, 1878), pp.1013.
23. Excerpts from Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the
Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1878 (Washington: GPO, 1878), pp.
iiix.
24. Pat Garrett, The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid (Santa Fe, NM: New
Mexican Printing and Publishing Co., 1882), pp.
35.
25. Sitting Bull Talks, The Philadelphia Inquirer [ Philadelphia, PA], 3
July 1885, p.
2.
26. Indian Affairs: Commissioner Atkins Reports Satisfactory Progress in
Dealing with the Red Men, The Indianapolis Journal [ Indianapolis, IN], 1
November 1887, p.
2.
27. Martha Jane Cannary [ Calamity Jane], Life and Adventures of Calamity
Jane, by Herself (c. 1900).
28. James Mooney, The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890,
in Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1892-93 by J.W. Powell (Director),
54th Congress, 2nd Session, HR Doc. 230, Part 2 (Washington, GPO, 1896).
Part
4. Hawaii and the Pacific
29. Extract from American Guano Company, Report to the Stockholders of the
American Guano Company (Brooklyn, NY: Jacobs & Brockway, 1857), pp.
910.
30. The American Guano Islands, The National Era, [ DC] 16 June 1859, p.
2.
31. Hiram Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich Islands
(Canandaigua, NY: H.D. Goodwin, 1855), pp.
583585.
32. Letter from David L. Gregg to Abraham Lincoln, 24 January 1863, Abraham
Lincoln Papers, Series
1.
33. Helen Mather, extract from One Summer in Hawaii (New York: Cassell
Publishing, 1891), pp.
277282.
34. Anne M. Prescott, extract from Hawaii, 2nd ed. (San Francisco, CA: Chas.
A. Murdock & Co., 1893), pp.
2837.
35. Lorrin A. Thurston, extract from A Hand-Book on the Annexation of Hawaii
(St. Joseph, MI: A.B. Morse Co., 1897), pp.
317.
36. First Step Taken in Hawaiian Annexation Treaty, The South-Bend Daily
Tribune [ South Bend, IN], 17 June 1897, p.
2.
37. Late Annexation News, The Independent [ Honolulu, HI], 11 February 1898,
p.
2.
38. Hawaii Holds the Stage, The Hawaiian Star [ Honolulu, HI], 4 June 1898,
p.
2.
39. Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the
United States, 7 July 1898; and Transcript of the Letter of Protest that
Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii sent to the House of Representatives. US
National Archives.
Part
5. The Caribbean and War
40. Loco Foco Motto [ Cuba], Jeffersonian Republican [ Stroudsburg, PA], 15
June 1848, p.
2.
41. Ostend Manifesto, 15 October 1854, in A. B. Hart and E. Channing (eds),
American History Leaflets: Colonial and Constitutional, No. 2 (New York: A.
Lovell & Co., 1892), pp.
19.
42. Ulysses Grant, Message Regarding Dominican Republic Annexation, 31 May
1870.
43. Frederick Douglass, Dear Readers [ On Annexation of Santo Domingo], New
National Era, 6 April 1871, p.
2.
44. General [ Manuel] Quesada, Address of Cuba to the United States, 1873 (New
York, NY: Comes, Lawrence & Co., 1873), pp.
916.
45. [ Senator John T.] Morgan on Cuban Annexation, The Chicago Chronicle, 13
July 1897, p.
6.
46. Outrages against Cuban Women, The Scranton Tribune, 6 February 1897, p.
8.
47. Senator Hanna Says No War!, New York Journal [ Hearst], 23 February
1898, p.
1.
48. William McKinley, excerpts from Message Regarding the Cuban Civil War,
11 April
1898.
49. The Teller Amendment, 16 April 1898 (enacted 20 April), in The Bureau of
Insular Affairs, The Establishment of Free Government in Cuba (Washington:
GPO, 1904), p.
5.
Part
6. Women and Empire
50. Isabella L. Bird, The Hawaiian Archipelago: Six Months Among the Palm
Groves, Coral Reefs, and Volcanoes of the Sandwich Islands, 3rd ed. (London:
John Murray, 1880), pp.
170180.
51. Minnie Forsyth Grant, Scenes in Hawaii or Life in the Sandwich Islands
(Toronto, ON: Hart and Co., 1888), pp.
19.
52. Emma L. Burnett, For the Young People: Among the Missionary Islands,
Woman's Work for Woman: A Union Magazine, Vol 14, No. 1, Jan. 1884, pp.
1921.
53. Mary T. Hyde, Presidents Address: Womans Influence in the Uplifting of
a Race, in 23rd Annual Report of the Womans Board of Missions for the
Pacific Islands, June 5th
1894. (Honolulu: Robert Grieve, 1894), pp.
4754.
54. Queen Lili'uokalani, Hawaiian Autonomy, in Hawaiis Story (Boston: Lee
and Shepard Publishers, 1898), pp.
366374.
Part
7. Indigenous Perspectives
55. Chief Joseph, quoted in Joseph Young and William H. Hare, An Indians
Views of Indian Affairs, The North American Review, Vol. 128, No. 269
(April, 1879), pp.
415419.
56. Sitting Bull, quoted in James Creelman, On the Great Highway; The
Wanderings and Adventures of a Special Correspondent (Boston: Lothrop, 1901),
pp.
299302.
57. [ William T.] Selwyns Interview with Kuwapi, November 22, 1890 in The
Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890, in Fourteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1892-93, Part 1, (Washington: GPO, 1896),
pp. 79980 .
58. Kalakaua, excerpts from Constitution of the Hawaiian Islands Signed by
His Majesty Kalakaua [ The Bayonet Constitution], 6 July 1887 (Honolulu:
Hawaiian Gazette Publishing Co., 1887), pp.
39.
59. Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii, 1897 in Petitions and
Memorials, Resolutions of State Legislatures, and Related Documents, which
were referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations from the 55th Congress.
Part
8. Anti-Imperialist Voices
60. Grover Cleveland, Message to the Senate and House of Representatives, 18
December 1893, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894, Appendix II,
Affairs in Hawaii.
61. Miriam Michelson, Strangling Hands Upon a Nations Throat, The Call
[ San Francisco, CA], 30 September 1897, p.
1.
62. Congressman John F. Fitzgerald, Hawaii, Congressional Record House,
June 15, 1898 Vol. 31, Part 7 Bound Edition, pp.
59675969.
63. Opinion on Manila, The Morning Oregonian, 29 July 1898, p.
3.
64. Samuel Gompers, The Future Foreign Policy of the United States,
American Federationist, Vol. 5, No. 7, September 1898, pp.
136138.
Part
9. Through an Environmental Lens
65. US Congress, An Act Authorizing a Grant to the State of California of
the "Yo-Semite Valley" and of the Land Embracing the "Mariposa Big Tree
Grove", U.S. Statutes at Large, Volume 13 (1864-1865), 38th Congress.
66. Letter from Yosemite John Muir to Emily Pelton, May 15, 1870, Muir,
John, Manuscript letters, 1861-1914.
67. J. D. Whitney, extract from The Yosemite Guide-Book: A Description of the
Yosemite Valley and the Adjacent Region of the Sierra Nevada, and of the Big
Trees of California (Cambridge, MA: University Press, 1874), pp.
1618.
68. US Congress, An Act To Set Apart Certain Tracts of Land in the State of
California as Forest Reservations, U.S. Statutes at Large, Volume 26
(1890-1891), 51st Congress.
69. The Yosemite National Park, San Francisco Examiner, 3 October 1890, p.
6.
Index
Dr Adam Burns is Head of Politics at Brighton College. He completed his PhD at the University of Edinburgh and EdD at the University of Leicester. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and the Royal Society of Arts, and is a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. He has written widely on US imperialism and political history, including the books American Imperialism: The Territorial Expansion of the United States, 1783-2013 (Edinburgh University Press, 2017), The United States, 1865-1920: Reuniting a Nation (Routledge, 2020) and William Howard Taft and the Philippines: A Blueprint for Empire (University of Tennessee Press, 2020).
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