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E-raamat: Anthocyanins and Human Health: Biomolecular and therapeutic aspects

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Anthocyanins and Human Health: Biomolecular and therapeutic aspectsSuurem pilt
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This Brief presents comprehensive coverage of anthocyanins. The text covers the scientific literature and clinical significance of this Flavonoid sub-group, with a special focus on their therapeutic aspects. In focusing on secondary metabolites in plants, this work aims to cover the resulting therapeutic potential for humans by referencing the numerous herbal-derived substances which have been evaluated and the rapidly growing data on the interactions of anthocyanins with the microbiome.Anthocyanins and Human Health: Biomolecular and therapeutic aspects covers all angles of biomolecular, in vitro and in vivo anthocyanins from their general chemical structure to their use as a coloring agent. The intake, metabolism and secretion of anthocyanins in the human body are covered in-depth, as are the biosynthetic pathways through which these compounds are synthesized in the natural system. Factors affecting stability and extraction are listed, and health related uses and biological acti

vities are covered in great detail. Present and future trends in anthocyanins research are also presented.

Herbal-derived medicine.- Introduction to Anthocyanins.- Chemical structure of Anthocyanins.- Anthocyanins as coloring agents.- Anthocyanin absorption and metabolism.- Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins.- Factors affecting the stability of Anthocyanins.- Health related uses and biological activities.- PyranoAnthocyanins, proanthocydins and anthocyadins.- Extraction of Anthocyanins.- Presents and future trends of anthocyanins.
1 Diet and Herbal-Derived Medicines
1(20)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Current Status of Food and Herbal-Based Medicine
3(1)
1.3 Medicinal Plants from Tradition to Evidence-Based Application
4(7)
1.3.1 Nigella sativa
5(1)
1.3.2 Olea europaea
5(1)
1.3.3 Punica granatum
6(1)
1.3.4 Trigonella foenumgraecum
6(1)
1.3.5 Salvia officinalis
6(1)
1.3.6 Ammi visnaga
7(1)
1.3.7 Silybum marianum
7(1)
1.3.8 Inula viscose
7(1)
1.3.9 Portulaca oleracea
7(1)
1.3.10 Eruca sativa
8(1)
1.3.11 Cichorium intybus
8(1)
1.3.12 Allium sativum, Garlic, and Onion (Allium cepa L.)
8(1)
1.3.13 Urtica dioica
9(1)
1.3.14 Melissa officinalis
9(1)
1.3.15 Pimpinella anisum
9(1)
1.3.16 Chamomilla recutita
10(1)
1.3.17 Zingiber officinale
10(1)
1.3.18 Rosmarinus officinalis
10(1)
1.4 Administering Herbal-Based Treatment
11(1)
1.5 Herbal Active Compounds
11(2)
1.6 Synergistic Actions of Foods and Phytomedicines
13(1)
1.7 Therapeutic Properties of Herbal-Based Active Compounds
14(1)
1.8 Examples of Herbal Compounds and Pharmacological Properties
15(1)
1.9 Conclusions
16(5)
References
17(4)
2 Introduction to Anthocyanins
21(14)
2.1 Introduction
21(2)
2.2 Chemical Structure
23(5)
2.2.1 Glycone Moiety and Acylating Acids
24(4)
2.3 Pyranoanthocyanins
28(1)
2.4 Conclusions
28(7)
References
31(4)
3 Occurrence of Anthocyanins in Plants
35(12)
3.1 Introduction
35(2)
3.2 Concentration of Anthocyanins in Fruits, Vegetable and Nuts
37(3)
3.2.1 Variation in Anthocyanins Content
38(2)
3.3 Typical New Anthocyanins Found in the Past Years
40(2)
3.4 Conclusions
42(5)
References
42(5)
4 Anthocyanins as Natural Colors
47(10)
4.1 Introduction
47(4)
4.2 Use of Anthocyanin-Based Colorants
51(1)
4.3 Acylated Anthocyanins as Colorants for the Food Industry
52(2)
4.4 Conclusions
54(3)
References
54(3)
5 Anthocyanins Absorption and Metabolism
57(14)
5.1 Introduction
57(1)
5.2 Daily Intake
58(1)
5.3 Anthocyanins Absorption
59(5)
5.3.1 Gastric Absorption
60(1)
5.3.2 Absorption in the Small Intestine
60(2)
5.3.3 Pharmacokinetics
62(2)
5.4 Carbohydrates Moieties Deconjugation
64(1)
5.5 The Influence of Colonic Microflora
64(1)
5.6 Metabolism in Intestinal Mucosa and Tissues
65(1)
5.7 Tissue Distribution
65(1)
5.8 Excretion
66(1)
5.9 Conclusions
67(4)
References
67(4)
6 Biosynthesis and Stability of Anthocyanins
71(16)
6.1 Introduction
71(2)
6.2 Stability of Anthocyanins
73(1)
6.3 Relationships Between Structure and Stability
74(1)
6.4 Factor Affecting Stability of Anthocyanins
75(5)
6.4.1 pH
75(1)
6.4.2 Co-pigmentation Effect
75(2)
6.4.3 Solvent Effects
77(1)
6.4.4 Temperature
78(1)
6.4.5 Concentration Effects
78(1)
6.4.6 Oxygen
78(1)
6.4.7 Light
78(1)
6.4.8 Enzymes
79(1)
6.4.9 Ascorbic Acid
79(1)
6.4.10 Sugars
79(1)
6.4.11 Sulfites
80(1)
6.5 Stability of Anthocyanins in Food Products
80(1)
6.6 Anthocyanins Degradation in Plants
80(1)
6.7 Drawback and Derivatives of Anthocyanins
81(1)
6.8 Anthocyanins Stabilization Mechanisms
81(2)
6.9 Conclusions
83(4)
References
83(4)
7 The Role of Anthocyanins in Health as Antioxidant, in Bone Health and as Heart Protecting Agents
87(22)
7.1 Introduction
87(1)
7.2 Presumed Health-Promoting Effects of Anthocyanins
88(3)
7.3 Toxicity of Anthocyanins
91(1)
7.4 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
92(1)
7.5 Anthocyanins Biological and Pharmacological Activities
92(1)
7.6 Antioxidant Activity
93(2)
7.7 Protection Against Cardiovascular Diseases
95(3)
7.8 Anthocyanins and Bone Health
98(2)
7.9 Conclusions
100(9)
References
101(8)
8 The Role of Anthocyanins in Obesity and Diabetes
109(16)
8.1 Introduction
109(1)
8.2 Anthocyanins and Obesity
110(1)
8.3 Anthocyanins and Diabetes
111(6)
8.3.1 Oxidative Stress
112(1)
8.3.2 β Cells
113(1)
8.3.3 Insulin Secretion
114(1)
8.3.4 Insulin Resistance
115(1)
8.3.5 α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Action
115(1)
8.3.6 Obesity and Diabetes
116(1)
8.4 Improvement of Eye Vision
117(2)
8.5 Conclusions
119(6)
References
119(6)
9 Anthocyanins Effects on Carcinogenesis, Immune System and the Central Nervous System
125
9.1 Introduction
125(1)
9.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
125(1)
9.3 Anthocyanins and Cancer
126(5)
9.4 Anthocyanins, Alzheimer Diseases and Brain Function
131(1)
9.5 Miscellaneous Activities
131(2)
9.6 Pharmaceutical Products
133(1)
9.7 Conclusions
133
References
134
Dr. Muhammad Riaz is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmacy at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University in Sheringal, Pakistan. Professor Bashar Saad, PhD is President of AlQasemi at Academic College in Baga Algharbiya, Israel.

Dr. Muhammad Zia Ul Haq is a Senior Manager in the Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization at Lahore College for Women in Lahore, Pakistan.
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