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E-raamat: Applicative Constructions

(, Assistant Professor of Linguistics and Cognitive Science at Dartmouth College)
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Applicative ConstructionsSuurem pilt
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This book presents the first systematic typological analysis of applicatives across African, American Indian, and East Asian languages. It is also the first to address their functions in discourse, the derivation of their semantic and syntactic properties, and how and why they have changed over time.

Applicative constructions are typically described as transitivizing because they allow an intransitive base verb to have a direct object. The term originates from the seventeenth-century missionary grammars of Uto-Aztecan languages. Constructions designated as prepositional, benefactive, and instrumental may refer to the same or similar phenomena. Applicative constructions have been deployed in the development of a range of syntactic theories which have then often been used to explain their functions, usually within the context of Bantu languages. Dr Peterson provides a wealth of cross-linguistic information on discourse-functional, diachronic, and typological aspects of applicative constructions. He documents their unexpected synchronic variety and the diversity of diachronic sources about them. He argues that many standard assumptions about applicatives are unfounded, and provides a clear guide for future language-specific and cross-linguistic research and analysis.

Arvustused

a valuable contribution to the study of applicative constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective...the book is undoubtedly one of a kind...well writtian and informative...insightful and very educational. * Mikko Kupla Nordic Journal of Linguistics * This book is an important contribution to the study of applicatives and is bound to become a standard reference work for those working on the topic. * Kees Hengeveld, Functions of Language *

Preface ix
Abbreviations xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The applicative construction
1
1.2 About this study
2
2 Two Case Studies of Applicative Morphosyntax 5
2.1 Introduction
5
2.2 Bukusu
6
2.2.1 Object properties in benefactive applicative constructions
6
2.2.2 Object properties in instrumental applicative constructions
10
2.2.3 Object properties in locative applicative constructions
12
2.2.4 Summary
14
2.3 Hakha Lai
15
2.3.1 Hakha Lai applicative constructions: Semantics and form
16
2.3.2 The morphosyntax of objects in Hakha Lai applicative constructions
22
2.4 Terminology
39
3 Morphosyntactic and Semantic Variation in Applicative Constructions 40
3.1 Introduction
40
3.2 Semantic role of the applicative object
40
3.2.1 Morphologically distinct applicative construction markers
40
3.2.2 Morphologically non-distinct applicative construction markers
43
3.3 Optionality/obligatoriness of the construction
45
3.3.1 Optional applicative constructions
45
3.3.2 Obligatory applicative constructions
46
3.3.3 Non-obligatory beneficiary/recipient applicative constructions
46
3.3.4 The role of animacy
48
3.3.5 Semantic effects of the applicative marker
49
3.3.6 Should obligatory constructions be considered applicatives?
50
3.4 Treatment of the base and applicative objects
51
3.4.1 Object properties acquired by the applicative object
51
3.4.2 Object properties not acquired by the applicative object
53
3.4.3 Retention of object properties by base objects
56
3.4.4 Variation according to applicative object type
58
3.5 Base verbal semantics
60
3.5.1 Minimum transitivity
61
3.5.2 Maximum transitivity
63
3.6 Applicative/causative isomorphism
64
3.7 Applicative constructions in synchronic theory: a historical overview
66
3.7.1 Relational Grammar approaches
68
3.7.2 Government and Binding/Principles and Parameters approaches
71
3.7.3 Lexical-Functional Grammar approaches
74
3.7.4 Recent developments
79
4 The Discourse Function of Applicative Constructions 83
4.1 Introduction
83
4.2 Approaches to the assessment of relative topicality
86
4.2.1 The topic continuity approach
86
4.2.2 The topicworthiness approach
88
4.3 The approach taken in this study
89
4.3.1 Overall procedure
89
4.3.2 General complications in application of the methodologies
90
4.3.3 Hakha Lai
94
4.3.4 Wolof
107
4.3.5 Summary
120
5 The Evolution of Applicative Constructions 123
5.1 Introduction
123
5.2 Source morphology
124
5.2.1 Adpositional sources
125
5.2.2 Verbal sources
130
5.2.3 Noun sources
140
5.3 Direct development of continuity-motivated applicatives
141
5.4 From transitivizing to continuity-motivated applicative
142
5.4.1 Bantu
145
5.4.2 Sahaptian
151
5.5 Developments beyond the continuity-motivated applicative
151
5.5.1 Bantu
152
5.5.2 Nadeb
154
5.5.3 Kalkatungu
155
5.5.4 Mayan
155
5.5.5 Proto-Austronesian morphosyntax
160
5.6 Lexicalization
169
5.7 Summary
170
6 Structural Correlates of Applicative Constructions 172
6.1 Introduction
172
6.2 Sampling issues
173
6.2.1 History of the sample
173
6.2.2 Genetic and areal diversity
174
6.2.3 Determining that a language does not have applicative constructions
175
6.2.4 The sample
182
6.3 Features surveyed
185
6.3.1 Characteristics of the applicative construction
186
6.3.2 Head and dependent marking status
187
6.3.3 Morphological complexity
190
6.3.4 Word order
190
6.3.5 Alignment
191
6.3.6 Relative clause structure
193
6.3.7 Means for encoding spatial relations
199
6.3.8 Other valence-affecting constructions
200
6.3.9 Serialization, directionals, instrumental noun incorporation
201
6.4 Results of the survey
202
6.4.1 General observations concerning applicative systems
202
6.4.2 Head and dependent marking status
208
6.4.3 Morphological complexity
211
6.4.4 Word order
212
6.4.5 Alignment
214
6.4.6 Relative clause structure
220
6.4.7 Means for encoding spatial relations
222
6.4.8 Other valence-affecting constructions
224
6.4.9 Serialization, directionals, and instrumental noun incorporation
227
6.5 Summary
228
7 Conclusion 231
Appendices 236
A. Procedure for evaluation of participant discourse status
236
B. Languages used in typological sample
245
C. Questionnaire on aspects of applicative construction characteristics
257
References 260
Index of Authors 277
Index of Languages 280
Index of Subjects 284


David A. Peterson is Assistant Professor of Linguistics and Cognitive Science at Dartmouth College and works on Tibeto-Burman languages. He joined this institution after a Ph.D. in Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley (1999), followed by a postdoctoral research at the Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, where he conducted research on Kuki-Chin languages (Bangladesh).
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