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E-raamat: Applied Computer Science for GGOS Observatories: Communication, Coordination and Automation of Future Geodetic Infrastructures

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This book combines elementary theory from computer science with real-world challenges in global geodetic observation, based on examples from the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell, Germany. It starts with a step-by-step introduction to developing stable and safe scientific software to run successful software projects. The use of software toolboxes is another essential aspect that leads to the application of generative programming. An example is a generative network middleware that simplifies communication. 





One of the books main focuses is on explaining a potential strategy involving autonomous production cells for space geodetic techniques. The complete software design of a satellite laser ranging system is taken as an example. 





Such automated systems are then combined for global interaction using secure communication tunnels for remote access. The network of radio telescopes is used as a reference. 





Combined observatories form coordinated multi-agent systems and offer solutions for operational aspects of the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) with regard to Industry 4.0.
1 Introduction
1(12)
1.1 Initial Situation
2(4)
1.2 Motivation and Purpose of This Work
6(2)
1.3 Structure of This Work
8(3)
1.4 Who Should Read This Book
11(1)
1.5 Used Conventions
11(1)
1.6 Software Requirements
12(1)
1.7 Web Pages and Contact
12(1)
2 Writing Code for Scientific Software
13(118)
2.1 Scientific Software as It Is in Most Cases
14(5)
2.2 A Suitable Programming Language
19(5)
2.3 A Coding Style Guide
24(15)
2.3.1 An Impression of Coding Layout
27(3)
2.3.2 An Impression of Coding Policies
30(9)
2.4 Including Legacy Code
39(8)
2.5 Documentation
47(15)
2.5.1 Documentation for the Development Team
48(8)
2.5.2 Documentation for the Users
56(4)
2.5.3 Documentation for Administration and Other Scientists
60(1)
2.5.4 Documentation Landscape
60(2)
2.6 Code Testing and Code Inspections
62(35)
2.6.1 Code Quality Metrics
64(4)
2.6.2 Dynamic Code Testing
68(16)
2.6.3 Static Code Inspections
84(2)
2.6.4 Dynamic Code Analysis
86(10)
2.6.5 Testing Landscape
96(1)
2.7 Version Control
97(12)
2.7.1 A Suitable Project Directory Tree
98(2)
2.7.2 A Suitable Version Control System
100(9)
2.8 Continuous Integration
109(8)
2.9 Agile Software Development
117(11)
2.10 Summary
128(1)
2.10.1 What Did We Learn?
128(1)
2.10.2 How Did We Use the Contents Learned?
129(1)
2.11 Questions
129(2)
3 Using a Code Toolbox
131(116)
3.1 The Idea Behind a Code Toolbox
132(12)
3.2 Well-Tested Modules and Components
144(4)
3.3 Generative Programming
148(88)
3.3.1 Classic Solutions for Interprocess Communication (IPC)
149(19)
3.3.2 Remote Procedure Calls
168(13)
3.3.3 Extending Generative Programming for Interprocess Communication
181(55)
3.4 A Rudimentary Middleware for Controlling of Distributed Systems
236(7)
3.5 Summary
243(1)
3.5.1 What Did We Learn?
243(1)
3.5.2 How Did We Use the Contents Learned?
244(1)
3.6 Questions
244(3)
4 Controlling a Laser Ranging System
247(148)
4.1 Principles of Laser Ranging Systems
248(5)
4.2 The Laser Ranging System as an Autonomous Production Cell
253(30)
4.2.1 Distributed Hardware Control
254(23)
4.2.2 The Construction of the Autonomous Production Cell
277(6)
4.3 User Interfacing
283(17)
4.4 Autonomous Coordination Cell
300(32)
4.5 Autonomous Hardware Control Cells
332(6)
4.6 Autonomous Data Management Cell
338(31)
4.7 Autonomous System Monitoring and Safety Cell
369(21)
4.8 Summary
390(1)
4.8.1 What Did We Learn?
390(1)
4.8.2 How Did We Use the Contents Learned?
391(1)
4.9 Questions
391(4)
5 Controlling a VLBI System Remotely
395(88)
5.1 Autonomous Production Cells as Parts of Multi-agent Systems
396(4)
5.2 Principles of Very Long Baseline Interferometry
400(9)
5.3 The Used Control System for VLBI: The NASA Field System
409(6)
5.4 Extend Existing Control Systems with Multi-agent Abilities
415(16)
5.5 Security for the Controlled Systems
431(50)
5.5.1 Security for Internal Local Access to a Computer
433(5)
5.5.2 Security for External Accesses to a Computer
438(19)
5.5.3 Security for a Complete Distributed System
457(9)
5.5.4 Security for a Complete Observatory
466(3)
5.5.5 On-the-Fly Management of Temporary SSH Tunnels
469(12)
5.6 Summary
481(1)
5.6.1 What Did We Learn?
481(1)
5.6.2 How Did We Use the Contents Learned?
482(1)
5.7 Questions
482(1)
6 Coordination, Communication, and Automation for the GGOS
483(26)
6.1 The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) at a Glance
484(4)
6.2 Operational Deficits of GGOS
488(3)
6.3 Coordination, Control, and Operation of the Terrestrial GGOS Infrastructure
491(3)
6.4 Communication on GGOS Networks
494(10)
6.5 Automation as Key to Deal with 24/7
504(3)
6.6 Summary
507(1)
6.6.1 What Did We Learn?
507(1)
6.6.2 How Did We Use the Contents Learned?
507(1)
6.7 Questions
508(1)
7 Outlook
509(5)
7.1 GGOS Operations as a Revolution
510(4)
Service Part
Appendix: A Style Guide for Geodetic Software in C and C++
514(10)
References 524(7)
Index 531
Alexander Neidhardt was born on May the 23rd, 1975, in Bad Kötzting, Germany, as the son of a banker and a seamstress. He grew up in the countryside of the Bavarian forest, a wooded low-mountain region close to the Czech border. His parents supported his interest in technology and his grandfather was the defining person for him, showing the value of applying knowledge as craftsman for woodwork. After his visit of the secondary school and a following education at the specialized secondary school (Fachoberschule) in Cham, Germany, with a focus on technical subjects, he finished as one of the best graduates of the year 1993.





After his military service, he studied technical computer science (1994-1998) and got his first diploma degree in applied computer science at the Regensburg technical university of applied sciences in the year 1998. During his studies, he had first contact to geodesy as laser ranging operator and during several internships as programmer at the Wettzell fundamental station. To consolidate his theoretical background, he continued his education in computer science at the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, with specializations in communication systems, operating systems, image processing and pattern matching, and physics (1998-2001). He graduated with a further diploma degree writing a diploma thesis at the Fraunhofer Institute of Integrated Circuits at Erlangen, Germany, in the field of automatic code generation in combination with hardware and software co-design in the year 2001. To apply for a PhD, he worked as research scientist and software engineer of the Research Facility Satellite Geodesy (Forschungseinrichtung Satellitengeodäsie, FESG) of the Technical University of Munich, Germany, at the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell (2001-2005). In 2005, the work resulted in a doctoral thesis about the improvement of the data management of inhomogeneous computer networks of geodetic infrastructures on the basis of middleware and file systems on the example of the Wettzell fundamental station. It was published in the publication series of the Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy Frankfurt am Main, Germany, as number 37. He received his Doctorate in Natural Sciences (Dr. rer. nat.) of the Technical University of Munich with the certificate magna cum laude and joined the development group of the control system for Wettzells new, semi-automatic satellite laser ranging system as employee of the research facility satellite geodesy at the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell. Since 2008, he is the head of the radio telescope group at the Wettzell observatory, which is now the group for microwave techniques (VLBI GNSS DORIS). He specialized in the development of modern, remotely controllable and autonomous control systems for the instruments of the geodetic space techniques and teaches courses in the field of applied computer science for the international master programs Earth Oriented Space Science and Technology (ESPACE) and Transportation Systems at the Technical University of Munich. In 2016, he finished his thesis to become a private lecturer (associate professor) for applied computer science in geodesy at the Technical University of Munich.





During his work at the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell, he joined business trips to the permanent GNSS site Lhasa, Tibet in China, to develop and maintain equipment in 2003 and 2006. He installed hardware at the Transportable Integrated Geodetic Observatory (TIGO) at Concepcion, Chile and was a member of the Antarctic VLBI campaign 01/2008 at the German Antarctic Receiving Station (GARS) O'Higgins, Antarctica, but never reached the station due to technical and logistic problems with the flights to the site. In November 2014, he worked as university associate in the School of Land and Food, School of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Tasmania, Hobart. He regularly teaches at the Technical Operations Workshop at the MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford MA, USA, and in the VLBI Training School of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS), recently at the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory, South Africa, in March 2016.





Alexander Neidhardt chairs the IVS Task Force on Seamless Auxiliary Data Archives since March 2014, is Vice-Chair of the IVS Working Group on the Observation of satellites using VLBI since October 2014, and chairs the internal Working Group for Coordination, Communication and Automation in the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) Bureau for Networks and Observations (formerly GGOS Bureau for Network and Communications) since 2012. He was divisional head for "New Technologies" in the Consortium for Geodetic Earth system science (CGE) in Munich (2011-2015) and participated as board member to the EU-funded project Novel EXplorations Pushing Robust e-VLBI Services (NEXPReS) of the 7th framework program. Because of the strong practicalorientation of the Wettzell activities, he is also trained as safety representative, fire safety assistant and in other safety relevant skills. Since 2015, he is married with Anita. Despite the international work and their strong European sense, both remain true to their home and live in the small village Lohberg in the Bavarian forest.