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E-raamat: Applied Missing Data Analysis

(Arizona State University, United States)
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"The most user-friendly and authoritative resource on missing data has been completely revised to make room for the latest developments that make handling missing data more effective. The second edition includes new methods based on factored regressions,newer model-based imputation strategies, and innovations in Bayesian analysis. State-of-the-art technical literature on missing data is translated into accessible guidelines for applied researchers and graduate students. The second edition takes an even,three-pronged approach to maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), Bayesian estimation as an alternative to MLE, and multiple imputation. Consistently organized chapters explain the rationale and procedural details for each technique and illustrate the analyses with engaging worked-through examples on such topics as young adult smoking, employee turnover, and chronic pain. The companion website includes datasets and analysis examples from the book, up-to-date software information, and other resources. Subject areas/Key words: advanced quantitative methods, management, survey, longitudinal, structural equation modeling, handling, how to handle, incomplete, multivariate, social research, behavioral sciences, statistical techniques, textbooks, seminars, doctoral courses, multiple imputation, models, MCAR, MNAR, Bayesian Audience: Researchers and graduate students in psychology, education, management, family studies, public health, sociology, and political science"--

Because the field of missing data analysis has changed so much since he wrote the first edition, Enders has completely rewritten the material from the ground up. He includes new methods based on factored regression, newer model-based imputation strategies, and innovations in Bayesian analysis. His topics include maximum likelihood estimation, Bayesian estimation, Bayesian estimation with missing data, multilevel missing data, missing not at random processes, and special topics and applications. Annotation ©2022 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

The most user-friendly and authoritative resource on missing data has been completely revised to make room for the latest developments that make handling missing data more effective. The second edition includes new methods based on factored regressions, newer model-based imputation strategies, and innovations in Bayesian analysis. State-of-the-art technical literature on missing data is translated into accessible guidelines for applied researchers and graduate students. The second edition takes an even, three-pronged approach to maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), Bayesian estimation as an alternative to MLE, and multiple imputation. Consistently organized chapters explain the rationale and procedural details for each technique and illustrate the analyses with engaging worked-through examples on such topics as young adult smoking, employee turnover, and chronic pain. The companion website (www.appliedmissingdata.com) includes data sets and analysis examples from the book, up-to-date software information, and other resources.
 
New to This Edition
*Expanded coverage of Bayesian estimation, including a new chapter on incomplete categorical variables.
*New chapters on factored regressions, model-based imputation strategies, multilevel missing data-handling methods, missing not at random analyses, and other timely topics.
*Presents cutting-edge methods developed since the 2010 first edition; includes dozens of new data analysis examples.
*Most of the book is entirely new.

Arvustused

"The second edition of Applied Missing Data Analysis is a bold, top-to-bottom revision that makes a phenomenal book even better. Enders offers a completely updated treatment, including such important topics as models with continuous and categorical variables, Bayesian missing data approaches, methods for missing not at random processes, and even a guide to how researchers should report their missing data analyses. Beyond the central focus on missing data, I can already hear myself saying, 'Go read Enders's book!' to students and colleagues with questions about how maximum likelihood estimation works, the logic of Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, and so much more. This book is exemplary teaching that you can hold in your hands. I will recommend it with the greatest enthusiasm to students, faculty, and applied researchers alike for many years to come."--Gregory R. Hancock, PhD, Professor and Distinguished Scholar-Teacher, Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park

"Approaches for dealing with missing data have progressed greatly in the statistical and methodological literatures, and the second edition of this exemplary book thoroughly presents and synthesizes these developments. The book makes sophisticated statistics amazingly accessible and offers a great deal to a wide audience, including statisticians, data analysts, substantive researchers, and quantitative students. I learn something new (or better understand something I thought I knew) every time I pick up this book! The presentation of how to report results from a missing data analysis, which gives explicit examples of such reporting for a wide variety of scenarios, is particularly useful. With an abundance of examples, figures, and illustrations to enhance the crystal-clear exposition, this is the 'go-to' book for dealing with missing data in statistical modeling."--Donald Hedeker, PhD, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago

"Thorough, cutting-edge, and far and away the clearest text available on missing data analysis. Written by a world-renowned expert who is a gifted instructor, this book is accessible enough for applied researchers with introductory statistics and regression knowledge, is an outstanding text for a missing data course, or can be used to fill gaps in methodologists understanding of the notoriously opaque missing data literature. For researchers who learned 'modern' missing data-handling methods years ago--much has changed. For instance, the second edition will bring you up to speed on how to accommodate missingness in conjunction with non-normal and discrete outcomes, nonlinear and interactive relationships, and multilevel structures; choose among non-model-based versus model-based multiple imputation methods; and conceptualize and implement sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of alternative missing data assumptions. Reading this book feels like being guided by the author through a comprehensive one-on-one workshop. A gift to the field!"--Sonya K. Sterba, PhD, Professor of Psychology and Director, Quantitative Methods Program, Vanderbilt University

Simply stated, this is the best textbook available on missing data analysis. The book provides comprehensive coverage, is highly accessible, and is written by one of the experts in the field. The concepts involved in missing data analysis are complex, and it is obvious that Enders takes the 'teaching mission' seriously. The writing is clear, the figures and tables are very helpful in promoting understanding, and the simulations developed for the text are helpful in conveying the strengths and weaknesses of various missing data treatments. The excellent companion website provides important, updated resources for teaching and learning. The software scripts available on the website are very useful for researchers wishing to apply the missing data methods to real data."--Keenan A. Pituch, PhD, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University-The book is well written.The author successfully achieved the goal of helping the reader to become familiar with basic concepts in missing data analysis procedures, and to feel comfortable using these procedures in a variety of practical and social science applications. It contains very useful examples and illustrations in the applied social sciences. (on the first edition)--American Statistician, 8/1/2011 "The second edition of Applied Missing Data Analysis is a bold, top-to-bottom revision that makes a phenomenal book even better. Enders offers a completely updated treatment, including such important topics as models with continuous and categorical variables, Bayesian missing data approaches, methods for missing not at random processes, and even a guide to how researchers should report their missing data analyses. Beyond the central focus on missing data, I can already hear myself saying, 'Go read Enders's book!' to students and colleagues with questions about how maximum likelihood estimation works, the logic of Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, and so much more. This book is exemplary teaching that you can hold in your hands. I will recommend it with the greatest enthusiasm to students, faculty, and applied researchers alike for many years to come."--Gregory R. Hancock, PhD, Professor and Distinguished Scholar-Teacher, Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park

"Approaches for dealing with missing data have progressed greatly in the statistical and methodological literatures, and the second edition of this exemplary book thoroughly presents and synthesizes these developments. The book makes sophisticated statistics amazingly accessible and offers a great deal to a wide audience, including statisticians, data analysts, substantive researchers, and quantitative students. I learn something new (or better understand something I thought I knew) every time I pick up this book! The presentation of how to report results from a missing data analysis, which gives explicit examples of such reporting for a wide variety of scenarios, is particularly useful. With an abundance of examples, figures, and illustrations to enhance the crystal-clear exposition, this is the 'go-to' book for dealing with missing data in statistical modeling."--Donald Hedeker, PhD, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago

"Thorough, cutting-edge, and far and away the clearest text available on missing data analysis. Written by a world-renowned expert who is a gifted instructor, this book is accessible enough for applied researchers with introductory statistics and regression knowledge, is an outstanding text for a missing data course, or can be used to fill gaps in methodologists understanding of the notoriously opaque missing data literature. For researchers who learned 'modern' missing data-handling methods years ago--much has changed. For instance, the second edition will bring you up to speed on how to accommodate missingness in conjunction with non-normal and discrete outcomes, nonlinear and interactive relationships, and multilevel structures; choose among non-model-based versus model-based multiple imputation methods; and conceptualize and implement sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of alternative missing data assumptions. Reading this book feels like being guided by the author through a comprehensive one-on-one workshop. A gift to the field!"--Sonya K. Sterba, PhD, Professor of Psychology and Director, Quantitative Methods Program, Vanderbilt University

Simply stated, this is the best textbook available on missing data analysis. The book provides comprehensive coverage, is highly accessible, and is written by one of the experts in the field. The concepts involved in missing data analysis are complex, and it is obvious that Enders takes the 'teaching mission' seriously. The writing is clear, the figures and tables are very helpful in promoting understanding, and the simulations developed for the text are helpful in conveying the strengths and weaknesses of various missing data treatments. The excellent companion website provides important, updated resources for teaching and learning. The software scripts available on the website are very useful for researchers wishing to apply the missing data methods to real data."--Keenan A. Pituch, PhD, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University-The book is well writtenâ¦.The author successfully achieved the goal of helping the reader to become familiar with basic concepts in missing data analysis procedures, and to feel comfortable using these procedures in a variety of practical and social science applications. It contains very useful examples and illustrations in the applied social sciences. (on the first edition)--American Statistician, 8/1/2011

1 Introduction to Missing Data
1(46)
1.1
Chapter Overview
1(1)
1.2 Missing Data Patterns
2(1)
1.3 Missing Data Mechanisms
3(11)
1.4 Diagnosing Missing Data Mechanisms
14(3)
1.5 Auxiliary Variables
17(3)
1.6 Analysis Example: Preparing for Missing Data Handling
20(3)
1.7 Older Missing Data Methods
23(8)
1.8 Comparing Missing Data Methods via Simulation
31(6)
1.9 Planned Missing Data
37(6)
1.10 Power Analyses for Planned Missingness Designs
43(2)
1.11 Summary and Recommended Readings
45(2)
2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
47(51)
2.1
Chapter Overview
47(1)
2.2 Probability Distributions versus Likelihood Functions
47(3)
2.3 The Univariate Normal Distribution
50(5)
2.4 Estimating Unknown Parameters
55(3)
2.5 Getting an Analytic Solution
58(2)
2.6 Estimating Standard Errors
60(4)
2.7 Information Matrix and Parameter Covariance Matrix
64(3)
2.8 Alternative Approaches to Estimating Standard Errors
67(3)
2.9 Iterative Optimization Algorithms
70(5)
2.10 Linear Regression
75(4)
2.11 Significance Tests
79(5)
2.12 Multivariate Normal Data
84(6)
2.13 Categorical Outcomes: Logistic and Probit Regression
90(6)
2.14 Summary and Recommended Readings
96(2)
3 Maximum Likelihood Estimation with Missing Data
98(49)
3.1
Chapter Overview
98(1)
3.2 The Multivariate Normal Distribution Revisited
99(4)
3.3 How Do Incomplete Data Records Help?
103(4)
3.4 Standard Errors with Incomplete Data
107(5)
3.5 The Expectation Maximization Algorithm
112(3)
3.6 Linear Regression
115(9)
3.7 Significance Testing
124(1)
3.8 Interaction Effects
125(5)
3.9 Curvilinear Effects
130(2)
3.10 Auxiliary Variables
132(11)
3.11 Categorical Outcomes
143(2)
3.12 Summary and Recommended Readings
145(2)
4 Bayesian Estimation
147(41)
4.1
Chapter Overview
147(1)
4.2 What Makes Bayesian Statistics Different?
148(1)
4.3 Conceptual Overview of Bayesian Estimation
149(5)
4.4 Bayes' Theorem
154(1)
4.5 The Univariate Normal Distribution
155(4)
4.6 MCMC Estimation with the Gibbs Sampler
159(1)
4.7 Estimating the Mean and Variance with MCMC
160(6)
4.8 Linear Regression
166(5)
4.9 Assessing Convergence of the Gibbs Sampler
171(9)
4.10 Multivariate Normal Data
180(5)
4.11 Summary and Recommended Readings
185(3)
5 Bayesian Estimation with Missing Data
188(34)
5.1
Chapter Overview
188(1)
5.2 Imputing an Incomplete Outcome Variable
189(3)
5.3 Linear Regression
192(7)
5.4 Interaction Effects
199(5)
5.5 Inspecting Imputations
204(2)
5.6 The Metropolis--Hastings Algorithm
206(5)
5.7 Curvilinear Effects
211(3)
5.8 Auxiliary Variables
214(3)
5.9 Multivariate Normal Data
217(4)
5.10 Summary and Recommended Readings
221(1)
6 Bayesian Estimation for Categorical Variables
222(39)
6.1
Chapter Overview
222(1)
6.2 Latent Response Formulation for Categorical Variables
223(3)
6.3 Regression with a Binary Outcome
226(6)
6.4 Regression with an Ordinal Outcome
232(7)
6.5 Binary and Ordinal Predictor Variables
239(5)
6.6 Latent Response Formulation for Nominal Variables
244(4)
6.7 Regression with a Nominal Outcome
248(4)
6.8 Nominal Predictor Variables
252(4)
6.9 Logistic Regression
256(4)
6.10 Summary and Recommended Readings
260(1)
7 Multiple Imputation
261(40)
7.1
Chapter Overview
261(1)
7.2 Agnostic versus Model-Based Multiple Imputation
262(1)
7.3 Joint Model Imputation
263(9)
7.4 Fully Conditional Specification
272(7)
7.5 Analyzing Multiply Imputed Data Sets
279(3)
7.6 Pooling Parameter Estimates
282(1)
7.7 Pooling Standard Errors
282(3)
7.8 Test Statistic and Confidence Intervals
285(2)
7.9 When Might Multiple Imputation Give Different Answers?
287(1)
7.10 Interaction and Curvilinear Effects Revisited
288(2)
7.11 Model-Based Imputation
290(3)
7.12 Multivariate Significance Tests
293(6)
7.13 Summary and Recommended Readings
299(2)
8 Multilevel Missing Data
301(47)
8.1
Chapter Overview
301(1)
8.2 Random Intercept Regression Models
302(11)
8.3 Random Coefficient Models
313(7)
8.4 Multilevel Interaction Effects
320(4)
8.5 Three-Level Models
324(7)
8.6 Multiple Imputation
331(1)
8.7 Joint Model Imputation
332(6)
8.8 Fully Conditional Specification Imputation
338(5)
8.9 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
343(3)
8.10 Summary and Recommended Readings
346(2)
9 Missing Not at Random Processes
348(53)
9.1
Chapter Overview
348(1)
9.2 Missing Not at Random Processes Revisited
349(1)
9.3 Major Modeling Frameworks
349(3)
9.4 Selection Models for Multiple Regression
352(6)
9.5 Model Comparisons and Individual Influence Diagnostics
358(3)
9.6 Selection Model Analysis Examples
361(6)
9.7 Pattern Mixture Models for Multiple Regression
367(7)
9.8 Pattern Mixture Model Analysis Examples
374(5)
9.9 Longitudinal Data Analyses
379(3)
9.10 Diggle--Kenward Selection Model
382(2)
9.11 Shared Parameter (Random Coefficient) Selection Model
384(1)
9.12 Random Coefficient Pattern Mixture Models
385(3)
9.13 Longitudinal Data Analysis Examples
388(11)
9.14 Summary and Recommended Readings
399(2)
10 Special Topics and Applications
401(69)
10.1
Chapter Overview
401(1)
10.2 Descriptive Summaries, Correlations, and Subgroups
401(6)
10.3 Non-Normal Predictor Variables
407(10)
10.4 Non-Normal Outcome Variables
417(5)
10.5 Mediation and Indirect Effects
422(6)
10.6 Structural Equation Models
428(11)
10.7 Scale Scores and Missing Questionnaire Items
439(10)
10.8 Interactions with Scales
449(8)
10.9 Longitudinal Data Analyses
457(5)
10.10 Regression with a Count Outcome
462(3)
10.11 Power Analyses for Growth Models with Missing Data
465(4)
10.12 Summary and Recommended Readings
469(1)
11 Wrap-Up
470(15)
11.1
Chapter Overview
470(1)
11.2 Choosing a Missing Data-Handling Procedure
470(3)
11.3 Software Landscape
473(1)
11.4 Reporting Results from a Missing Data Analysis
474(9)
11.5 Final Thoughts and Recommended Readings
483(2)
Appendix: Data Set Descriptions 485(8)
References 493(26)
Author Index 519(10)
Subject Index 529(17)
About the Author 546
Craig K. Enders, PhD, is Professor and Area Chair in Quantitative Psychology in the Department of Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles. His primary research focus is on analytic issues related to missing data analyses, and he leads the research team responsible for developing the Blimp software application for missing data analyses. Dr. Enders also conducts research in the areas of multilevel modeling and structural equation modeling, and is an active member of the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology, the American Psychological Association, and the American Educational Research Association.