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E-raamat: Applied Survey Methods: A Statistical Perspective

(Statistics Netherlands)
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A complete, hands-on guide to the use of statistical methods for obtaining reliable and practical survey research

Applied Survey Methods provides a comprehensive outline of the complete survey process, from design to publication. Filling a gap in the current literature, this one-of-a-kind book describes both the theory and practical applications of survey research with an emphasis on the statistical aspects of survey methods.

The book begins with a brief historic overview of survey research methods followed by a discussion that details the needed first steps for carrying out a survey, including the definition of a target population, the selection of a sampling frame, and the outline of a questionnaire with several examples that include common errors to avoid in the wording of questions. Throughout the book, the author provides an accessible discussion on the methodological problems that are associated with the survey process, outlining real data and examples while also providing insight on the future of survey research. Chapter coverage explores the various aspects of the survey process and the accompanying numerical techniques, including:

  • Simple and composite sampling designs
  • Estimators
  • Data collection and editing
  • The quality of results
  • The non-response problem
  • Weighting adjustments and methods
  • Disclosure control

The final chapter addresses the growing popularity of Web surveys, and the associated methodological problems are discussed, including solutions to common pitfalls. Exercises are provided throughout with selected answers included at the end of the book, while a related Web site features additional solutions to exercises and a downloadable demo version of the Blaise system of computer-assisted interviewing. Access to the freely available SimSam software is also available on the related Web site and provides readers with the tools needed to simulate samples from finite populations as well as visualize the effects of sample size, non-response, and the use of different estimation procedures.

Applied Survey Methods is an excellent book for courses on survey research and non-response in surveys at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also a useful reference for practicing statisticians and survey methodologists who work in both government and private research sectors.

Preface ix
1. The Survey Process
1
1.1. About Surveys,
1
1.2. A Survey, Step-by-Step,
2
1.3. Some History of Survey Research,
4
1.4. This Book,
10
1.5. Samplonia,
11
Exercises,
13
2. Basic Concepts
15
2.1. The Survey Objectives,
15
2.2. The Target Population,
16
2.3. The Sampling Frame,
20
2.4. Sampling,
22
2.5. Estimation,
33
Exercises,
41
3. Questionnaire Design
43
3.1. The Questionnaire,
43
3.2. Factual and Nonfactual Questions,
44
3.3. The Question Text,
45
3.4. Answer Types,
50
3.5. Question Order,
55
3.6. Questionnaire Testing,
58
Exercises,
63
4. Single Sampling Designs
65
4.1. Simple Random Sampling,
65
4.2. Systematic Sampling,
75
4.3. Unequal Probability Sampling,
82
4.4. Systematic Sampling with Unequal Probabilities,
89
Exercises,
96
5. Composite Sampling Designs
100
5.1. Stratified Sampling,
100
5.2. Cluster Sampling,
108
5.3. Two-Stage Sampling,
113
5.4. Two-Dimensional Sampling,
122
Exercises,
130
6. Estimators
134
6.1. Use of Auxiliary Information,
134
6.2. A Descriptive Model,
134
6.3. The Direct Estimator,
137
6.4. The Ratio Estimator,
139
6.5. The Regression Estimator,
143
6.6. The Poststratification Estimator,
146
Exercises,
149
7. Data Collection
153
7.1. Traditional Data Collection,
153
7.2. Computer-Assisted Interviewing,
155
7.3. Mixed-Mode Data Collection,
160
7.4. Electronic Questionnaires,
163
7.5. Data Collection with Blaise,
167
Exercises,
176
8. The Quality of the Results
178
8.1. Errors in Surveys,
178
8.2. Detection and Correction of Errors,
181
8.3. Imputation Techniques,
185
8.4. Data Editing Strategies,
195
Exercises,
206
9. The Nonresponse Problem
209
9.1. Nonresponse,
209
9.2. Response Rates,
212
9.3. Models for Nonresponse,
218
9.4. Analysis of Nonresponse,
225
9.5. Nonresponse Correction Techniques,
236
Exercises,
245
10. Weighting Adjustment 249
10.1. Introduction,
249
10.2. Poststratification,
250
10.3. Linear Weighting,
253
10.4. Multiplicative Weighting,
260
10.5. Calibration Estimation,
263
10.6. Other Weighting Issues,
264
10.7. Use of Propensity Scores,
266
10.8. A Practical Example,
268
Exercises,
272
11. Online Surveys 276
11.1. The Popularity of Online Research,
276
11.2. Errors in Online Surveys,
277
11.3. The Theoretical Framework,
283
11.4. Correction by Adjustment Weighting,
288
11.5. Correction Using a Reference Survey,
293
11.6. Sampling the Non-Internet Population,
296
11.7. Propensity Weighting,
297
11.8. Simulating the Effects of Undercoverage,
299
11.9. Simulating the Effects of Self-Selection,
301
11.10. About the Use of Online Surveys,
305
Exercises,
307
12. Analysis and Publication 310
12.1. About Data Analysis,
310
12.2. The Analysis of Dirty Data,
312
12.3. Preparing a Survey Report,
317
12.4. Use of Graphs,
322
Exercises,
339
13. Statistical Disclosure Control 342
13.1. Introduction,
342
13.2. The Basic Disclosure Problem,
343
13.3. The Concept of Uniqueness,
344
13.4. Disclosure Scenarios,
347
13.5. Models for the Disclosure Risk,
349
13.6. Practical Disclosure Protection,
353
Exercises,
356
References 359
Index 369
Jelke Bethlehem, PhD, is Senior Advisor in the Department of Statistical Methods at Statistics Netherlands and Professor of Statistical Information Processing at the University of Amsterdam. Dr. Bethlehem's current research interests include Web surveys, computer-assisted survey information collection, graphical techniques in statistics, and user-friendly software for statistical analysis. He is coeditor of Computer Assisted Survey Information Collection, also published by Wiley.