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E-raamat: Applied Water Science, Volume 2: Remediation Technologies

Edited by , Edited by , Edited by (Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India), Edited by (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing))
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APPLIED WATER SCIENCE VOLUME 2 The second volume in a new two-volume set on applied water science, this book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in an aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols. The high rate of industrialization around the world has led to an increase in the rate of anthropogenic activities which involve the release of different types of contaminants into the aquatic environment. This generates high environmental risks, which could affect health and socio-economic activities if not treated properly. There is no doubt that the rapid progress in improving water quality and management has been motivated by the latest developments in green chemistry. Over the past decade, sources of water pollutants and the conventional methods used for the treatment of industrial wastewater treatment have flourished.

Water quality and its adequate availability have been a matter of concern worldwide particularly in developing countries. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than 80% of diseases are due to the consumption of contaminated water. Heavy metals are highly toxic and are a potential threat to water, soil, and air. Their consumption in higher concentrations gives hazardous outcomes. Water quality is usually measured in terms of chemical, physical, biological, and radiological standards. The discharge of effluent by industries contains heavy metals, hazardous chemicals, and a high amount of organic and inorganic impurities that can contaminate the water environment, and hence, human health. Therefore, it is our primary responsibility to maintain the water quality in our respective countries.

This book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in an aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols. It focuses on water remediation properties and processes including industry-scale water remediation technologies. This book covers recent literature on remediation technologies in preventing water contamination and its treatment. Chapters in this book discuss remediation of emerging pollutants using nanomaterials, polymers, advanced oxidation processes, membranes, and microalgae bioremediation, etc. It also includes photochemical, electrochemical, piezoacoustic, and ultrasound techniques. It is a unique reference guide for graduate students, faculties, researchers and industrialists working in the area of water science, environmental science, analytical chemistry, and chemical engineering.

This outstanding new volume:





Provides an in-depth overview of remediation technologies in water science Is written by leading experts in the field Contains excellent, well-drafted chapters for beginners, graduate students, veteran engineers, and other experts alike Discusses current challenges and future perspectives in the field

Audience: This book is an invaluable guide to engineers, students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial specialists working in the fields of environmental science, geoscience, water science, physics and chemistry.
Preface xvii
1 Insights of the Removal of Antibiotics From Water and Wastewater: A Review on Physical, Chemical, and Biological Techniques 1(48)
Ali Khadir
Amin M. Ramezanali
Shabnam Taghipour
Khadijeh Jafari
1.1 Introduction
2(2)
1.2 Antibiotic Removal Methods
4(28)
1.2.1 Aerobic Biological Treatment
4(4)
1.2.2 Anaerobic Biological Treatment
8(4)
1.2.3 Adsorption Processes
12(6)
1.2.3.1 Activated Carbon and its Composites
12(3)
1.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanomaterials/Adsorbents
15(3)
1.2.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes
18(12)
1.2.4.1 Fenton Type Processes
19(5)
1.2.4.2 Peroxone
24(3)
1.2.4.3 Photocatalytic Degradation
27(3)
1.2.5 Electrocoagulation
30(2)
1.3 Conclusion
32(1)
References
33(16)
2 Adsorption on Alternative Low-Cost Materials-Derived Adsorbents in Water Treatment 49(58)
Wojciech Stawitiski
Katarzyna Wal
2.1 Introduction
50(1)
2.2 Water Treatment
50(1)
2.3 Adsorption
51(1)
2.4 Application of Low-Cost Waste-Based Adsorbents in Water Treatment
51(33)
2.4.1 Bark
52(3)
2.4.1.1 Eucalyptus
52(1)
2.4.1.2 Pine
52(3)
2.4.1.3 Other
55(1)
2.4.2 Coffee
55(3)
2.4.3 Feather
58(2)
2.4.4 Husks or Hulls
60(3)
2.4.4.1 Peanut
62(1)
2.4.4.2 Rice
62(1)
2.4.4.3 Other
63(1)
2.4.5 Leaves
63(2)
2.4.6 Peels
65(6)
2.4.6.1 Banana
65(2)
2.4.6.2 Citruses
67(2)
2.4.6.3 Garlic
69(1)
2.4.6.4 Litchi
70(1)
2.4.6.5 Other
71(1)
2.4.7 Rinds
71(4)
2.4.8 Seeds
75(3)
2.4.9 Stones or Pits
78(4)
2.4.9.1 Date
78(3)
2.4.9.2 Olive
81(1)
2.4.9.3 Other
81(1)
2.4.10 Tea
82(2)
2.5 Disadvantages
84(2)
2.6 Conclusions
86(1)
References
86(21)
3 Mathematical Modeling of Reactor for Water Remediation 107(64)
Hamidreza Bagheri
Ali Mohebbi
Maryam Mirzaie
Vahab Ghalandari
3.1 Introduction
108(1)
3.2 Water Remediation
109(3)
3.2.1 Water Remediation Techniques
110(2)
3.3 Reactor Modeling
112(42)
3.3.1 Modeling of Multi-Phase Flows
118(6)
3.3.2 Governing Equations for Multiphase Models
124(50)
3.3.2.1 Photocatalytic Reactors
128(4)
3.3.2.2 Bubble Column
132(5)
3.3.2.3 Fluidized Bed Reactors
137(5)
3.3.2.4 Adsorption Column
142(1)
3.3.2.5 Air Sparging Technology
143(3)
3.3.2.6 Electrochemical Reactors
146(8)
3.4 Conclusions
154(2)
References
156(15)
4 Environmental Remediation Using Integrated Microbial Electrochemical Wetlands: iMETLands 171(20)
A. Biswas
S. Chakraborty
4.1 Introduction
172(2)
4.2 Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell (CW-MFC) System
174(3)
4.2.1 Role of Redox Gradient
175(1)
4.2.2 Role of Microorganisms
176(1)
4.2.3 Role of WW Strength
176(1)
4.2.4 Role of Wetland Vegetation
176(1)
4.3 iMETLand State of the Art
177(7)
4.3.1 iMETLand as a Potential Treatment Unit for Industrial Wastewater
184(1)
4.4 Conclusion, Challenges and Future Directions
184(1)
References
185(6)
5 Forward Osmosis Membrane Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment 191(24)
Shahryar Jafarinejad
Nader Vandat
5.1 Introduction
191(1)
5.2 Forward Osmosis Membrane Process
192(2)
5.2.1 Main Factors in FO Technology
193(1)
5.3 FO Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment
194(12)
5.3.1 Literature Review of FO Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment
194(11)
5.3.2 Recent Advances in FO Membranes
205(1)
5.4 Challenges Ahead and Future Perspectives
206(1)
5.5 Conclusions
207(1)
References
208(7)
6 UV/Periodate Advanced Oxidation Process: Fundamentals and Applications 215(34)
Slimane Merouani
Oualid Hamdaoui
6.1 Introduction
216(1)
6.2 Periodate Speciation in Aqueous Solution
217(1)
6.3 Generation of Reactive Species Upon UV-Photolysis of Periodate
218(5)
6.4 Application of UV/IO-4 for Organics Degradation
223(11)
6.5 Scavenging of the Reactive Species Under Laboratory Conditions
234(2)
6.6 Factors Influencing the Degradation Process
236(4)
6.6.1 Initial Periodate Concentration
236(1)
6.6.2 Irradiation Intensity
237(1)
6.6.3 Initial Pollutant Concentration
237(1)
6.6.4 pH
238(2)
6.6.5 Temperature
240(1)
6.7 Advantages of UV/Periodate Process
240(1)
6.8 Conclusion
241(1)
Acknowledgements
242(1)
References
242(7)
7 Trends in Landfill Leachate Treatment Through Biological Biotechnology 249(40)
Ali Khadir
Arman N. Ardestani
Mika Sillanpaa
Shreya Mahajan
7.1 Introduction
250(2)
7.2 Landfill Leachate Characteristics
252(3)
7.3 Wastewater Treatment Techniques
255(3)
7.4 Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes
258(2)
7.5 Different Biological Systems for Landfill Leachate Treatment
260(16)
7.5.1 Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor
260(3)
7.5.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors
263(3)
7.5.3 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor
266(1)
7.5.4 Sequencing Batch Reactor
267(4)
7.5.5 Aerobic/Anaerobic/Facultative Lagoons
271(2)
7.5.6 Trickling Filter
273(1)
7.5.7 Rotating Biological Contactor
274(2)
7.6 Conclusion
276(1)
References
277(12)
8 Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticle Technology for Water Remediation: Road to a Sustainable Ecosystem 289(32)
Rashmirekha Tripathy
Tejaswini Sahoo
Jagannath Panda
Madhuri Hembram
Saraswati Soren
C.K. Rath
Sunil Kumar Sahoo
Rojalin Sahu
8.1 Introduction to MOF Nanoparticles
290(1)
8.2 MOFs for Decontamination of Water
291(4)
8.2.1 Inorganic Contaminant
292(1)
8.2.2 Nuclear Contaminants
293(1)
8.2.3 Organic Contaminants
293(1)
8.2.4 Sources of Heavy Metals in Water
294(1)
8.3 Impact of MOFs for Remediation of Water
295(8)
8.3.1 Applications of MOF Nanoparticles for Water Remediation
296(2)
8.3.2 Adsorption By MOF Nanoparticles
298(1)
8.3.3 Conventional Nanoparticles Used in Water Remediation
299(4)
8.4 Removal of Organic Contaminant
303(4)
8.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions
303(3)
8.4.2 MOF Powder-Based Membrane for Organic Contaminants Removal
306(1)
8.4.3 Photocatalytic Remediation of Water Using MOF Nanoparticles
307(1)
8.5 MOF Nanoparticle Magnetic Iron-Based Technology for Water Remediation
307(4)
8.5.1 Iron as a Remediation Tool
308(2)
8.5.2 Research Needs and Limitations
310(1)
8.6 Conclusions
311(1)
References
311(10)
9 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Heavy Metal Removal 321(36)
Anam Asghar
Mustapha Mohammed Bello
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
9.1 Introduction
322(1)
9.2 Heavy Metals in Environment
323(2)
9.3 Heavy Metals Removal Technologies
325(5)
9.3.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals
326(1)
9.3.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks as Adsorbent for Heavy Metals Removal
327(3)
9.4 Applications of Metal-Organic Framework in Heavy Metals Removal
330(14)
9.4.1 Mercury
330(6)
9.4.2 Copper
336(2)
9.4.3 Chromium
338(2)
9.4.4 Lead
340(1)
9.4.5 Arsenic
341(3)
9.4.6 Cadmium
344(1)
9.5 Conclusion
344(1)
References
345(12)
10 Microalgae-Based Bioremediation 357(24)
Rosangela R. Dias
Mariany C. Depra
Leila Q. Zepka
Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
10.1 Introduction to Microalgae-Based Bioremediation
357(1)
10.2 Microalgae Bioremediation Mechanisms
358(2)
10.3 Inorganic Pollutants Bioremediation
360(3)
10.3.1 Heavy Metals
360(2)
10.3.2 Greenhouse Gases
362(1)
10.4 Organic Pollutants Bioremediation
363(5)
10.4.1 Agrochemicals
363(1)
10.4.2 Phthalate Esters (PAEs)
364(1)
10.4.3 Tributyltin
365(1)
10.4.4 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
366(1)
10.4.5 Trinitrotoluene
367(1)
10.5 Emerging Pollutants Removal
368(2)
10.5.1 Pharmaceutics
368(2)
10.5.2 Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds (PFAS)
370(1)
10.6 Bioremediation Associated with the Bioproducts Production
370(2)
10.7 Integrated Technology for Microalgae-Based Bioremediation
372(1)
10.8 Conclusion
372(1)
References
373(8)
11 Photocatalytic Water Disinfection 381(24)
Prachi Upadhyay
Sankar Chakma
11.1 Introduction
381(2)
11.2 Techniques for Water Disinfection
383(15)
11.2.1 Ozone and Ozone-Based Water Disinfection
384(2)
11.2.2 H2O2/UV-Based Water Disinfection
386(1)
11.2.3 Fenton-Based Water Disinfection
387(1)
11.2.4 Sonolysis-Based Water Disinfection
388(2)
11.2.5 Photocatalysis-Based Water Disinfection
390(4)
11.2.6 Ultrasound/Ozone-Based Water Disinfection
394(1)
11.2.7 Ultrasound/H2O2/UV-Based Water Disinfection
395(1)
11.2.8 Ultrasound/Fenton/H2O2-Based Water Disinfection
395(1)
11.2.9 Ultrasound/Photocatalysis-Based Water Disinfection
396(2)
11.3 Conclusion
398(1)
References
398(7)
12 Phytoremediation and the Way Forward: Challenges and Opportunities 405(32)
Shinomol George K.
Bhanu Revathi K.
12.1 Introduction
405(5)
12.1.1 Bioremediation and Biosorption
406(2)
12.1.2 Recent Developments in Bioremediation
408(2)
12.2 Biosorbant for Phytoremediation
410(13)
12.2.1 Algae and Weeds as Biosorbants
410(4)
12.2.1.1 Removal of Chromium
411(1)
12.2.1.2 Removal of Cadmium
412(1)
12.2.1.3 Removal of Zinc
412(1)
12.2.1.4 Removal of Copper
413(1)
12.2.1.5 Removal of Strontium, Uranium and Lead
413(1)
12.2.2 Agricultural Biomass as Biosorbents
414(8)
12.2.2.1 Removal of Nickel and Chromium
415(1)
12.2.2.2 Removal of Cadmium and Lead
416(2)
12.2.2.3 Removal of Copper and Zinc
418(1)
12.2.2.4 Removal of Other Metals: Fe (II), Mn(II), Va and Mo
419(1)
12.2.2.5 Removal of Nickel and Cobalt
419(1)
12.2.2.6 Removal of Uranium
420(1)
12.2.2.7 Other Biomaterials
421(1)
12.2.3 Biochar as Biosorbent
422(1)
12.3 Soil Amendments for Enhancement of Bioremediation
423(1)
12.4 Challenges & Future Prespectives
424(1)
12.4.1 Future Perspectives
424(1)
12.5 Conclusion
425(1)
References
426(11)
13 Sonochemistry for Water Remediation: Toward an Up-Scaled Continuous Technology 437(32)
Kaouther Kerboua
Oualid Hamdaoui
13.1 Introduction
438(1)
13.2 Water Remediation Technologies: The Place of Ultrasound and Sonochemistry
439(17)
13.3 Continuous-Flow Sonochemistry: State-of-the-Art
456(4)
13.4 Perspectives for an Up-Scaled Continuous Sonochemical Technology for Water Remediation
460(1)
References
461(8)
14 Advanced Oxidation Technologies for the Treatment of Wastewater 469(16)
Pallavi Jain
Sapna Raghav
Dinesh Kumar
14.1 Introduction
469(2)
14.2 Principle Involved
471(1)
14.3 Advanced Oxidation Process
472(6)
14.3.1 Fenton's Reagent
472(2)
14.3.2 Peroxonation
474(1)
14.3.3 Sonolysis
475(1)
14.3.4 Ozonation
476(1)
14.3.5 Ultraviolet Radiation-Based AOP
476(1)
14.3.6 Photo-Fenton Process
477(1)
14.3.7 Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
478(1)
14.4 Perspectives and Recommendations
478(1)
14.5 Conclusions
479(1)
Acknowledgment
480(1)
References
480(5)
15 Application of Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes 485(42)
D. Mohammady Maklavany
Z. Rouzitalab
S. Jafarinejad
Y. Mohammadpourderakhshi
A. Rashidi
15.1 Introduction
485(2)
15.2 An Overview of Catalytic AOPs
487(5)
15.2.1 Fenton-Based Processes
487(1)
15.2.2 Catalytic Ozonation
487(2)
15.2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
489(1)
15.2.4 Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO)
490(1)
15.2.5 Catalytic Supercritical Water Oxidation (CSCWO)
491(1)
15.2.6 Persulfate Advanced Oxidation Processes (PS-AOPs)
491(1)
15.3 Recent Advances in Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts
492(7)
15.3.1 Morphologically Transformed Copper Oxide
493(1)
15.3.2 Supported Copper Oxide (CuOx/Support)
494(2)
15.3.3 Coupled Copper Oxide
496(1)
15.3.4 Doped Copper Oxide (X-Doped CuOx)
497(2)
15.4 Literature Review of Application of Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts for AOPs
499(15)
15.4.1 Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater
499(8)
15.4.2 Degradation of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater
507(3)
15.4.3 Degradation of Phenols in Wastewater
510(4)
15.4.4 Degradation of Other Toxic Organic Compounds in Wastewater
514(1)
15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
514(2)
Acknowledgements
516(1)
References
516(11)
16 Biochar-Based Sorbents for Sequestration of Pharmaceutical Compounds: Considering the Main Parameters in the Adsorption Process 527(38)
Ali Khadir
16.1 Introduction
527(2)
16.2 Adsorption Fundamentals
529(1)
16.3 Effect of Various Parameters on Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals
530(12)
16.3.1 Contact Time
530(3)
16.3.2 Effect of Initial pH
533(4)
16.3.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
537(1)
16.3.4 Effect of Temperature and Thermodynamic Parameters
537(5)
16.4 Isotherm Models
542(6)
16.5 Adsorption Kinetics
548(5)
16.6 Conclusion
553(1)
References
554(11)
17 Bioremediation of Agricultural Wastewater 565(16)
Shivani Garg
Nelson Pynadathu Rumjit
Paul Thomas
Chin Wei Lai
Abbreviations
565(1)
17.1 Introduction
566(1)
17.2 Sources of Agricultural Wastewater
566(1)
17.3 Bioremediation Processes for Agricultural Wastewater Treatment
567(8)
17.3.1 Biological Treatment Processes
568(5)
17.3.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Treatment
568(2)
17.3.1.2 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment
570(3)
17.3.2 Bioremediation of Pesticides
573(1)
17.3.3 Constructed Wetlands
574(1)
17.3.4 Riparian Buffer
575(1)
17.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook
575(1)
Acknowledgements
576(1)
References
576(5)
18 Remediation of Toxic Contaminants in Water Using Agricultural Waste 581(42)
Arti Jain
Ritu Payal
18.1 Introduction
582(1)
18.2 Components in Wastewater and Their Negative Impact
583(1)
18.3 Techniques for Remediation of Wastewater
583(1)
18.4 Agricultural Waste Materials
584(24)
18.4.1 Orange Peel
585(20)
18.4.2 Pomelo Peel
605(1)
18.4.3 Grapefruit Peel (GFP)
605(1)
18.4.4 Lemon Peels
605(1)
18.4.5 Banana Peel
606(1)
18.4.6 Jackfruit Peel
606(1)
18.4.7 Cassava Peel
606(1)
18.4.8 Pomegranate Peel
607(1)
18.4.9 Garlic Peel
607(1)
18.4.10 Palm Kernel Shell
607(1)
18.4.11 Coconut Shell
607(1)
18.4.12 Mangosteen
608(1)
18.4.13 Rice Husk
608(1)
18.4.14 Corncob
608(1)
18.5 Agricultural Waste-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Wastewater Remediation Through Nanoparticles
608(1)
18.6 Adsorption Models for Adsorbents
609(2)
18.6.1 Langmuir Isotherm
609(1)
18.6.2 Freundlich Isotherm
610(1)
18.7 Conclusions
611(1)
References
611(12)
19 Remediation of Emerging Pollutants by Using Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatments 623(22)
S. Ghosh
S. Chakraborty
19.1 Introduction
624(2)
19.2 Pharmaceutical Wastewater
626(2)
19.2.1 Occurrence and Potential Threats
626(1)
19.2.2 Advanced Biological Remediation
626(2)
19.3 Pesticide Contaminated Wastewater
628(4)
19.3.1 Source of Pollution With Environmental and Health Impacts
628(1)
19.3.2 Advanced Biological Treatments
628(4)
19.4 Surfactant Pollution
632(2)
19.4.1 Source and Impacts of Pollution
632(1)
19.4.2 Biological Remediation
632(2)
19.5 Microplastic Pollution
634(2)
19.5.1 Occurrence and Environmental Threats
634(1)
19.5.2 Proposed Remediation Strategies
635(1)
19.5.2.1 Microplastic Generation Source Control
635(1)
19.5.2.2 Mitigation Policies
636(1)
19.6 Endocrine Disrupters in Environment
636(1)
19.7 Remedies for Endocrine Disrupters
637(1)
19.8 Conclusion
637(1)
Acknowledgement
638(1)
References
638(7)
Index 645
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 120 edited books with multiple well-known publishers.

Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, is a research associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in various international scientific journals and has co-edited multiple books. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment, and analysis, bending actuator and electrospinning.

Rajender Boddula, PhD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences Presidents International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He also serves as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored over 20 book chapters.

Tauseef Ahmad Rangreez, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India. He completed his PhD in applied chemistry from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, and worked as a project fellow under the University Grant Commission, India. He has published several research articles and co-edited books. His research interests include ion-exchange chromatography, development of nanocomposite sensors for heavy metals and biosensors.