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E-raamat: Arabic in Israel: Language, Identity and Conflict

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"In Arabic in Israel, Muhammad Amara analyses the status of Arabic following the creation of the State of Israel and documents its impact on the individual and collective identity of Israel's Palestinian Arab citizens. The interplay of language and identity in conflict situations is also examined. This work represents the culmination of many years of research on Arabic linguistic repertoire and educational policy regarding the language of the Palestinian citizens of Israel. It draws all of these factors together while linking them to local, regional and global developments. Its perspective is interdisciplinary and, as such, examines the topic from a number of angles including linguistic, social, cultural and political." --

In Arabic in Israel, Muhammad Amara analyses the status of Arabic following the creation of the State of Israel and documents its impact on the individual and collective identity of Israel’s Palestinian Arab citizens. The interplay of language and identity in conflict situations is also examined. This work represents the culmination of many years of research on Arabic linguistic repertoire and educational policy regarding the language of the Palestinian citizens of Israel. It draws all of these factors together while linking them to local, regional and global developments. Its perspective is interdisciplinary and, as such, examines the topic from a number of angles including linguistic, social, cultural and political.

List of tables, figures, and maps
x
Preface xii
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Language, identity and conflict
1(23)
Introduction
1(1)
Identity and identities
1(5)
Conflicting identities: Palestinian-Jewish relationships inside Israel
4(2)
Language and social identity
6(7)
The Arabic language and social identity
8(2)
Language and identity in Israel
10(3)
The vitality of Arabic in Israel
13(1)
Language and conflict
14(3)
The role of language in the Arab-Israeli conflict
16(1)
Conclusion
17(7)
2 Internal and external challenges of the Arabic language
24(13)
Introduction
24(1)
Internal challenges
24(4)
Diglossia: old and new challenges
24(2)
Modernization and the Arabic language
26(2)
External challenges
28(3)
Colonialism, globalization and the Arabic language
28(3)
Policy towards Arabic in the Arab world: encountering challenges
31(1)
Conclusion
32(5)
3 Internal and regional contexts and the Arabic language in Israel
37(15)
Introduction
37(1)
Internal contexts
37(3)
Regional contexts
40(6)
Conclusion
46(6)
4 The status of the Arabic language in Israel
52(8)
The linguistic situation in Israel
52(1)
The status of Arabic in Israel
53(4)
Conclusion
57(3)
5 Features of the Arabic language in Israel
60(6)
Introduction
60(1)
Arabic in Israel
61(3)
Is there a unique variety of Arabic in Israel?
61(1)
Influences from other Arabic varieties
62(2)
Conclusion
64(2)
6 Arabic in the shadow of Hebraization
66(26)
Hebrew is the dominant language in Israel
66(4)
Building the new Jewish Israeli identity
67(1)
Putting Hebrew on the national agenda
67(1)
Teaching Hebrew
68(1)
Hebraization consequences
69(1)
Ideologized Hebrew and its teaching to Palestinian pupils in Israel
70(7)
Attitudes towards teaching Hebrew to Palestinian Arabs
71(1)
The policy of teaching Hebrew: goals and curricula
71(3)
A new curriculum
74(1)
Textbooks and contents
74(2)
Consequences of Hebraization for teaching
76(1)
The penetration of Hebrew into the `Heart of Arabic': borrowing
77(15)
Introduction
77(1)
Culture contact and its linguistic reflections
77(2)
The importance of the study of Hebrew
79(1)
The knowledge and use of Hebrew
80(1)
Borrowing lexical items from Hebrew: integration and diffusion
81(1)
The construction domain
82(1)
The food domain
83(1)
The domain of health services
83(1)
Borrowing and its linguistic characteristics
83(2)
The consequences of Hebraization on Borrowing
85(7)
7 English in the Palestinian linguistic repertoire in Israel
92(11)
Introduction
92(1)
English teaching in the Palestinian schools in Israel
92(2)
The current English curriculum
94(1)
Textbooks
95(1)
Achievements
95
Borrowing from English
91(7)
Globalization and English
98(1)
Writing with Latin and Hebrew letters
99(1)
Conclusion
100(3)
8 Hebraization of Arabic place names
103(11)
Introduction
103(4)
Hebraizing names: the translation of ideological orientation and political thinking
107(4)
Conclusion
111(3)
9 The current linguistic landscape in the Palestinian Arab localities in Israel
114(20)
Linguistic landscape: a brief background
114(2)
Studies on linguistic landscape in Israel
115(1)
The Palestinian Arab linguistic landscape in Israel
116(8)
Hebrew and Hebraization
119(3)
Palestinian Arab uniqueness
122(1)
Conclusion
123(1)
The linguistic landscape from a different perspective: Umm-el-Fahm as a case study
124(10)
Umm-el-Fahm: background
124(2)
The linguistic landscape in the city
126(1)
Mosques
126(1)
Street names
126(1)
Educational institutions
127(1)
Local newspapers and Arabic
127(7)
Location names
128(1)
Social institutions
129(1)
Language in the local politics
129(1)
Conclusion
130(4)
10 The Arabic language in the Palestinian Arab education system
134(11)
Introduction
134(1)
The effect of the Arabic curricula on the Palestinian Arab identity
135(1)
The hurdles blocking the achievement of high competence in Standard Arabic
136(4)
What is the role of the Arabic language in the Palestinian Arab education system?
140(1)
Conclusion
141(4)
11 Teaching Arabic in Jewish schools: language of the neighbour or the enemy?
145(12)
Introduction
145(1)
Teaching the Arabic language
146(2)
Jewish attitudes towards the Arabic language
148(3)
Goals of teaching Arabic
151(1)
Bilingual schools: the Hand in Hand schools
152(1)
Conclusion
153(4)
12 Language ideology and attitudes: Arabic language academies and future vision documents
157(29)
Language ideology and attitudes towards Arabic
157(8)
The Communist party and the Democratic Front
158(1)
Balad
159(1)
The Islamic Movement
160(2)
Friday ceremonies
162(1)
Transition rituals
162(1)
Political festivals
162(1)
Newspapers and websites
162(1)
Schools for memorizing the Qur'an
163(1)
The Center for Contemporary Studies
163(1)
College of Islamic law
163(1)
Civil organizations
164(1)
Survey
165(3)
Conclusion
168(1)
Arabic language academies in the Israeli context: between the research role and nationalist aspirations
168(10)
Arabic language academies
169(1)
A brief background
169(1)
The Cairo academy as an example
170(2)
The Cairo academy: goals, committees and achievements
172(1)
Arabic language academies in Israel
173(1)
The formation of the Arabic Language Academy in Israel
173(1)
The official Arabic Language Academy
174(1)
The Al-Qasemi Arabic Language Academy
175(1)
Conclusion
176(2)
The role of Arabic according to the future vision documents
178(8)
Introduction
178(1)
Arabic in the future vision documents
178(4)
Conclusion
182(4)
13 Epilogue: facing the challenges
186(16)
Challenges of the Arabic language
186(5)
Facing the challenges
191(6)
Arabic as a strategic choice for building an Arab knowledge society
191(3)
Meeting the challenges: building a framework
194(1)
The first avenue: linguistic practices
195(1)
The second avenue: linguistic ideology
195(1)
The third avenue: language policy
196(1)
Practical proposals
197(2)
The local level: reinvigorating Standard Arabic
197(1)
The national arena: advocating for Arabic in Israel
198(1)
Arabic education
198(1)
Conclusion
199(3)
Index 202
Muhammad Amara is the head of Graduate Studies at Beit Berl College, Israel,a lecturer at Al-Qasemi College, and president of the Israeli Society for the Study of Language and Society.