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E-raamat: Arabic Verb: Form and meaning in the vowel-lengthening patterns

(University of St Andrews)
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Arabic Verb: Form and meaning in the vowel-lengthening patternsSuurem pilt
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The Arabic verbal system is, for most grammarians, the keystone of the language. Notable for the regularity of its patterns, it presents the linguist with an unparalleled opportunity to explore the Saussurean notion of the indivisible sign: form and meaning. Whilst Arabic forms are well-documented, the elucidation of the corresponding meanings has proved more challenging. Beginning with an examination of the verbal morphology of Modern Standard Arabic, including an evaluation of the significance of the consonantal root, this volume then concentrates on establishing the function of the vowel-lengthening verbal patterns (III and VI). It explores issues of mutuality and reciprocity, valency and transitivity, ultimately focusing on atelic lexical aspect as the unified meaning of these patterns. This study is rich in data and relies extensively upon contemporary examples (with transliteration and translation) to illustrate its arguments, adopting an empirical structuralist approach which is aimed both at general linguists and at specialist Arabists.
Preface xi
Notes on symbols, abbreviations and other conventions followed in examples xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(14)
1.1 Saussurean structuralism
2(2)
1.1.1 The linguistic sign
2(1)
1.1.2 Language as a system
3(1)
1.2 Beedham's method of lexical exceptions
4(7)
1.2.1 Principles
4(1)
1.2.1.1 Unexplained exceptions are indicative of incorrect analysis
4(1)
1.2.1.2 From form to meaning
5(1)
1.2.1.3 Synchronic basis
5(3)
1.2.1.4 The Hegelian triad and scientific method
8(1)
1.2.2 An attempt to apply the method
8(1)
1.2.2.1 Phase 1: Choose a formal construction
9(1)
1.2.2.2 Phase 2: Identify the problems, anomalies, contradictions, etc.
9(1)
1.2.2.3 Phase 3: Identify the unexplained lexical exceptions
10(1)
1.2.2.4 Phase 4: Identify the properties of the exceptions
10(1)
1.2.2.5 Phase 5: What might lead to the exceptions?
11(1)
1.2.2.6 Phase 6: The semantic phase
11(1)
1.3 A fresh approach to the problem
11(2)
1.4 Further methodological considerations
13(2)
Chapter 2 Verbal morphology and the lexicon
15(24)
2.1 Arabic verbal morphology
16(7)
2.1.1 Inflectional morphology
16(1)
2.1.2 Derivational morphology
17(1)
2.1.2.1 `Biliteral' verbs
17(1)
2.1.2.2 Pattern I triliteral stems
18(1)
2.1.2.3 Derived or augmented triliteral stems
18(3)
2.1.2.4 Quadriliteral stems
21(1)
2.1.2.5 Morphological connections
21(2)
2.2 Distribution of verbal patterns in the lexicon
23(14)
2.2.1 Data collection
24(1)
2.2.1.1 Method
24(1)
2.2.1.2 Lexical issues
24(3)
2.2.2 Comparison of data with existing sources
27(2)
2.2.3 Quantitative analysis of the data
29(1)
2.2.3.1 Productivity by root
29(1)
2.2.3.2 Productivity by pattern
30(1)
2.2.3.3 Co-occurrence of patterns
31(6)
2.3 Summary
37(2)
Chapter 3 Alternative morphologies
39(24)
3.1 Alternatives to the Arabic root as the primary basis of derivation
39(16)
3.1.1 Word- and stem-based approaches
40(1)
3.1.1.1 Is the concept of root necessarily excluded?
41(1)
3.1.1.2 Specific arguments for a fully vocalised base
42(4)
3.1.1.3 External evidence
46(4)
3.1.1.4 Conclusion
50(1)
3.1.2 Matrices, etymons and radicals
51(1)
3.1.2.1 Bohas's hypothesis
51(3)
3.1.2.2 Assessment of the matrix/etymon model
54(1)
3.1.2.3 Conclusion
55(1)
3.2 Prosodic templatic morphology
55(7)
3.2.1 Three morphemic tiers
56(1)
3.2.2 Prosodic analysis
56(1)
3.2.2.1 Syllable types in Arabic
56(2)
3.2.2.2 Minimal stems
58(1)
3.2.2.3 Further noun stems
59(1)
3.2.2.4 Verbal stems
60(2)
3.3 Summary
62(1)
Chapter 4 Understanding Arabic verbal semantics: Form and meaning
63(20)
4.1 The grammarians dilemma
63(2)
4.2 Specific approaches from the grammars
65(8)
4.2.1 The `reductionist' approach
66(5)
4.2.2 The explicit specification approach
71(2)
4.2.3 The approaches compared
73(1)
4.3 The linguist's contribution
73(7)
4.3.1 Semitic comparative linguistics
73(5)
4.3.2 The synchronic linguist's perspective
78(2)
4.4 Summary
80(3)
Chapter 5 Evaluating the pattern III-pattern VI semantic relationship
83(20)
5.1 Selection of patterns III and VI
83(1)
5.2 Mutuality and reciprocity
84(17)
5.2.1 Data collection
84(3)
5.2.2 Data interpreted
87(1)
5.2.2.1 Pattern III mutuality
87(3)
5.2.2.2 Pattern VI reciprocity
90(2)
5.2.2.3 Pattern III-pattern VI correlations
92(1)
5.2.2.4 Correlations with pattern I
93(8)
5.3 Pattern III conativity
101(1)
5.4 Summary
102(1)
Chapter 6 Transitivity and valency
103(28)
6.1 Defining transitivity in Arabic
103(5)
6.1.1 Transitive verbs
103(1)
6.1.2 Intransitive verbs
104(1)
6.1.3 Ambitransitivity
105(1)
6.1.4 Transitivity through a preposition
105(1)
6.1.5 Multi-transitive verbs
106(2)
6.2 Valency
108(2)
6.3 Data collection
110(2)
6.4 Data analysis
112(17)
6.4.1 Valency and the ta- prefix
112(1)
6.4.1.1 A hierarchical approach to valency structures
113(1)
6.4.1.2 Hierarchical exceptions
114(7)
6.4.1.3 Summary
121(1)
6.4.2 Valency and relationships with pattern I
122(1)
6.4.2.1 Pattern I and pattern III valency
122(5)
6.4.2.2 Pattern I and pattern VI valency
127(2)
6.5 Summary
129(2)
Chapter 7 The pattern III template: From form to meaning
131(26)
7.1 Formal characterisation of pattern III
132(1)
7.2 Vowel lengthening and plurality
133(10)
7.2.1 An introduction to verbal plurality
134(3)
7.2.2 Mutuality and reciprocity as verbal plurality
137(1)
7.2.2.1 Formal comparison of vowel lengthening in pattern III and broken nominal plurals
137(3)
7.2.2.2 Is plurality a valid interpretation of mutual action?
140(2)
7.2.3 Summary - Plurality
142(1)
7.3 The long a in Arabic morphology
143(14)
7.3.1 Nominal templates with long a
145(1)
7.3.1.1 Participles
145(4)
7.3.1.2 Verbal nouns
149(2)
7.3.1.3 Nouns of instrument
151(1)
7.3.1.4 Nouns of occupation and intensity
152(1)
7.3.2 Commonalities of meaning
153(1)
7.3.2.1 Agency and patiency
154(1)
7.3.2.2 Process and result
155(1)
7.3.2.3 Temporal complexity
156(1)
7.3.3 Summary - Hypothesis of long a as an aspectual marker
156(1)
Chapter 8 An aspectual model for Modern Standard Arabic
157(32)
8.1 Defining aspect
157(2)
8.2 The Arabic s-stem and p-stem verb forms: Tense or grammatical aspect?
159(3)
8.3 Vendler's aspectual categories
162(3)
8.4 Olsen's scheme
165(22)
8.4.1 Overview
165(4)
8.4.2 Application to MSA
169(1)
8.4.2.1 States
169(3)
8.4.2.2 Activities
172(3)
8.4.2.3 Accomplishments
175(4)
8.4.2.4 Achievements
179(4)
8.4.2.5 Semelfactives
183(2)
8.4.2.6 Stage-level states
185(2)
8.5 Summary
187(2)
Chapter 9 Aspectual categorisation of patterns III and VI
189(24)
9.1 Data
189(22)
9.1.1 Verbs of ACTIVITY and STATE
190(1)
9.1.1.1 Corpus data counts - Methodology
191(2)
9.1.1.2 Results
193(1)
9.1.2 Other categories represented
194(1)
9.1.2.1 Verbs of surprise
194(4)
9.1.2.2 Verbs of giving
198(3)
9.1.2.3 Verbs of inception
201(1)
9.1.2.4 Other verbs
202(9)
9.2 Summary
211(2)
Chapter 10 Inceptive aspect
213(24)
10.1 The case for a lexical aspect category of INCEPTIVE
213(7)
10.2 Extension of Olsen's scheme for INCEPTIVES
220(8)
10.2.1 Feature marking of the onset phase
224(1)
10.2.2 Other feature marking combinations
225(3)
10.2.3 Extended scheme for lexical aspect categories
228(1)
10.3 Inceptive verbs in patterns III and VI
228(7)
10.4 Summary
235(2)
Chapter 11 The passive in patterns III and VI
237
11.1 Passive formation by vowel melody change
237(4)
11.1.1 Corpus data evidence
238(2)
11.1.2 Native speaker evidence
240(1)
11.1.3 Conclusion
241(1)
11.2 Passive participle formation
241(5)
11.2.1 Dictionary evidence
241(2)
11.2.2 Native speaker evidence
243(2)
11.2.3 Corpus data evidence
245(1)
11.2.4 Conclusion
245(1)
11.3 Verbal noun forms
246(1)
11.4 Summary
246
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