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E-raamat: Arduino IV: DIY Robots: 3D Printing, Instrumentation, and Control

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This book gives a step-by-step introduction to designing and building your own robots.  As with other books in the Arduino series, the book begins with a quick overview of the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) used to write sketches, and the hardware systems aboard the Arduino UNO R3 and the Mega 2560 Rev 3.  The level of the text makes it accessible for students, hobbyist and professionals' first introduction to both Arduino and Robotics.  

This book will be accessible by all levels of students, advanced hobbyists and engineering professionals, whether using as a self-reference or within a structure design laboratory. The text then examines the many concepts and characteristics common to all robots.  In addition, throughout the book , reasonably priced, easily accessible and available off-the-shelf robots are examined. Examples include wheeled robots, tracked robots and also a robotic arm.  

After a thorough and easy to follow  Arduino IDE and hardware introduction, the book launches into “do it yourself” or DIY concepts.  A unique feature of the book is to start with a hands-on introduction to low cost 3D printing.  These concepts will allow you to design and print your own custom robot parts and chassis.  We then explore concepts to sense a robot's environment, move the robot about and provide a portable power source.  We conclude with a several DIY robot projects.

1 Getting Started
1(50)
1.1 Overview
1(1)
1.2 The Big Picture
2(2)
1.3 Arduino Quickstart
4(10)
1.3.1 Quick Start Guide
4(1)
1.3.2 Arduino Development Environment Overview
5(1)
1.3.3 Sketchbook Concept
5(1)
1.3.4 Arduino Software, Libraries, and Language References
6(1)
1.3.5 Writing an Arduino Sketch
7(7)
1.4 Application: Robot IR Sensor
14(2)
1.5 Application: External Interrupts
16(3)
1.6 Arduino UNO R3 Processing Board
19(1)
1.7 Advanced: Arduino UNO R3 Host Processor-The ATmega328
20(7)
1.7.1 Arduino UNO R3/ATmega328 Hardware Features
20(1)
1.7.2 ATmega328 Memory
21(2)
1.7.3 ATmega328 Port System
23(1)
1.7.4 ATmega328 Internal Systems
23(4)
1.8 Arduino UNO R3 Open Source Schematic
27(1)
1.9 Arduino Mega 2560 R3 Processing Board
27(2)
1.10 Advanced: Arduino Mega 2560 Host Processor-The ATmega2560
29(8)
1.10.1 Arduino Mega 2560/ATmega2560 Hardware Features
29(2)
1.10.2 ATmega2560 Memory
31(2)
1.10.3 ATmega2560 Port System
33(1)
1.10.4 ATmega2560 Internal Systems
34(3)
1.11 Arduino Mega 2560 Open Source Schematic
37(1)
1.12 Extending the Hardware Features of the Arduino Platform
37(1)
1.13 Application: Dagu Rover 5 Robot
38(8)
1.13.1 Requirements
39(2)
1.13.2 Circuit Diagram-Arduino UNO
41(1)
1.13.3 Structure Chart
42(1)
1.13.4 UML Activity Diagrams
42(1)
1.13.5 Microcontroller Code-Arduino UNO
42(4)
1.14 Application: Tinkerkit Braccio
46(3)
1.15 Summary
49(1)
1.16 Problems
49(2)
References
50(1)
2 Introduction to Low-Cost 3D Printing
51(50)
2.1 3D Printing 101
52(9)
2.1.1 Overview
52(1)
2.1.2 What Is 3D Printing?
52(1)
2.1.3 Common Categories of 3D Printing
53(5)
2.1.4 Best Uses of 3D Printing
58(3)
2.2 FDM 3D Printing
61(8)
2.2.1 How FDM 3D Print Works
61(1)
2.2.2 Variations in FDM 3D Printer Designs
62(5)
2.2.3 Common Cartesian Printer Anatomy
67(2)
2.3 Affordable Desktop 3D Printers
69(6)
2.3.1 Popular Brands
69(1)
2.3.2 Getting Started with Prusa
70(5)
2.4 Materials
75(2)
2.4.1 PLA (Polylactic Acid)
75(1)
2.4.2 ABS (Acetonitrile Butadiene Styrene)
75(1)
2.4.3 PETG (Glycol Modified Polyethylene Terephthalate)
76(1)
2.4.4 TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane)
76(1)
2.4.5 Exotics/Specialty Filaments and Their Applications
76(1)
2.5 Slicers
77(11)
2.5.1 What Are Slicers?
77(1)
2.5.2 Where to Find 3D Models
78(1)
2.5.3 CAD Models
78(1)
2.5.4 Popular Slicers and How to Get Started
79(3)
2.5.5 Common Slicer Settings
82(6)
2.6 Preparing to Print
88(6)
2.6.1 General Overview
88(5)
2.6.2 Best Practices
93(1)
2.7 Application: 3D Printed Arduino Robot
94(4)
2.7.1 3D Printing the Otto robot.stl Files
94(2)
2.7.2 Assembling and Coding Otto
96(2)
2.8 Summary
98(1)
2.9 Problems
99(2)
Additional Resources
99(2)
3 Robotic Concepts and Sensors
101(60)
3.1 Overview
101(1)
3.2 GPS: Robot Localization on the Earth's Surface
102(3)
3.2.1 GPS Logger Shield
103(2)
3.3 Steering and Odometry
105(5)
3.3.1 Steering
106(4)
3.4 Motor Direction and Speed Control
110(1)
3.5 Odometry
110(13)
3.5.1 Single Channel Odometry
112(4)
3.5.2 Dual-Channel, Quadrature Odometry
116(7)
3.6 Vision and Obstacle Avoidance
123(6)
3.6.1 Infrared Sensor
123(1)
3.6.2 Ultrasound Sensor
124(2)
3.6.3 LIDAR
126(3)
3.7 Aside: TFT Display
129(9)
3.8 Robot Status
138(6)
3.8.1 Advanced: Quaternions
144(1)
3.9 Environmental Sensors
144(5)
3.10 Application: Dagu Rover 5--2, Two Motors, Two Encoders, with Wheels
149(8)
3.10.1 Microcontroller Code--Arduino UNO
149(8)
3.11 Summary
157(1)
3.12 Problems
157(4)
References
158(3)
4 Motor Control and Actuators
161(28)
4.1 Overview Concepts
161(2)
4.2 DC Motor
163(10)
4.2.1 DC Motor Ratings
163(1)
4.2.2 Unidirectional DC Motor Control
164(4)
4.2.3 DC Motor Speed Control--Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
168(1)
4.2.4 Bidirectional Motor Control with an H--bridge
168(5)
4.3 Servo Motor Control
173(2)
4.4 Stepper Motor Control
175(6)
4.5 Linear Motor/Actuator
181(2)
4.6 Application--4WD Platform with H--bridge
183(4)
4.7 Summary
187(1)
4.8 Problems
187(2)
References
187(2)
5 Power Sources
189(12)
5.1 Overview
189(1)
5.2 Project Requirements
!89
5.3 Battery Basics
190(3)
5.3.1 Ratings
190(2)
5.3.2 Types
192(1)
5.4 Voltage Regulators
193(2)
5.5 Power Supply System Design
195(3)
5.5.1 Arduino Power Requirements
195(1)
5.5.2 AC Operation via an Umbilical Cable
195(1)
5.5.3 Powering the Arduino from Batteries
196(1)
5.5.4 Robot Payload Power Sources
196(2)
5.6 Application
198(2)
5.7 Summary
200(1)
5.8 Problems
200(1)
References
200(1)
6 Applications
201(30)
6.1 Overview
201(1)
6.2 Mountain Maze Navigating Robot
201(28)
6.2.1 Description
202(1)
6.2.2 Requirements
202(1)
6.2.3 Circuit Diagram
202(1)
6.2.4 Structure Chart
202(2)
6.2.5 UML Activity Diagrams
204(1)
6.2.6 Robot Construction
204(17)
6.2.7 Robot Chassis-Earth Roamer
221(4)
6.2.8 Mountain Maze
225(3)
6.2.9 Project Extensions
228(1)
6.3 Summary
229(1)
6.4 Problems
229(2)
Index 231
Tyler Kerr, M.S. received a B.A. in Geoscience from Franklin & Marshall College in Pennsylvania in 2011, and an M.S. in Geology (Paleontology) from the University of Wyoming in 2017. His background in paleontology and interest in emergent technology led him to a career in 3D printing, 3D scanning, digital rendering and digitizing museum collections. Today, he manages the Innovation Wyrkshop makerspace, one of the largest academic makerspaces in the Mountain West. In addition to the Innovation Wyrkshop, he designed and currently oversees nine successfully operating makerspaces across Wyoming, making him a state-recognized authority on makerspace development and programming. For his work, he was a recipient of the 2018 Laramie Young Professionals 20 under 40 award, the University of Wyoming's 2020 Employee of the Quarter award, and the 2021 Employee of the Year award. His academic interests include 3D printing, digitization, and developing creative, gamified, out-of-the-box nerdy ways to engage communities and teach complex topics in meaningful ways. With over 11 years of experience as an outreach coordinator and academic educator in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Math (STEAM), he aims to prove that everyone and anyone-even paleontological fossils like him-can be a maker. Steven F. Barrett, Ph.D., P.E., received the B.S. Electronic Engineering Technology from the University of Nebraska at Omaha in 1979, the M.E.E.E. from the University of Idaho at Moscow in 1986 and the Ph.D. from The University of Texas at Austin in 1993.  He was formally an active duty faculty member at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado, and is now vice provost of Undergraduate Education at the University of Wyoming and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering.  He is a member of IEEE (senior) and Tau Beta Pi (chief faculty advisor).  His research interests include image processing, computer-assisted laser surgery andembedded controller systems. He is a registered Professional Engineer in Wyoming and Colorado.  In 2004, he was named ``Wyoming Professor of the Year'' by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and in 2008 was the recipient of the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) Professional Engineers in Higher Education, Engineering Education Excellence Award.