| Preface |
|
xvii | |
| Notes |
|
xx | |
| Glossary of art terms |
|
xxi | |
| Table of cases |
|
xxviii | |
| Table of legislation |
|
xxxi | |
| 1 The artist and the artwork |
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1 | (40) |
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1 | (19) |
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1.1.1 What types of artwork are protected by copyright? |
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3 | (5) |
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1.1.2 The requirement of originality |
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8 | (3) |
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1.1.3 Duration of protection |
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11 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Ownership of copyright |
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12 | (1) |
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1.1.5 Copyright infringement |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.1.7 Inexact copies and imitation |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (8) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (5) |
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1.2.3 Application of moral rights |
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26 | (2) |
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1.3 Artist's resale right |
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28 | (6) |
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28 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Artist's resale royalty in the United Kingdom |
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28 | (6) |
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1.4 Royalties and enforcement |
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34 | (4) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (3) |
| 2 Auction sales: introduction |
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41 | (24) |
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2.1 The popularity and psychology of the auction |
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41 | (5) |
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46 | (19) |
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2.2.1 The decision to sell |
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46 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Consignment of the property and the choice of auction house |
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47 | (2) |
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2.2.3 The seller's commission and costs |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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2.2.9 Catalogue and marketing |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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2.2.12 Saleroom announcements |
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58 | (1) |
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2.2.13 Buyer registration |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (1) |
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2.2.16 Charges to the buyer |
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63 | (1) |
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2.2.17 Payment and proceeds of sale |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
| 3 Auctions: the auction house |
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65 | (54) |
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3.1 The auction house and the seller |
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65 | (29) |
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66 | (5) |
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3.1.2 Duty to care for the principal's property |
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71 | (2) |
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3.1.3 Duty to act with skill and care |
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73 | (5) |
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3.1.4 Auctioneer's obligations to the seller imposed by consumer law |
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78 | (3) |
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3.1.5 Auctioneer's contractual rights and obligations in relation to the seller under the agency agreement |
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81 | (13) |
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3.2 The auction house and the buyer |
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94 | (25) |
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3.2.1 The auctioneer's liability to the buyer |
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95 | (6) |
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3.2.2 The rights and obligations of the buyer |
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101 | (11) |
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3.2.3 Exclusions and limits on liability |
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112 | (7) |
| 4 Auctions: financial arrangements |
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119 | (13) |
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4.1 Advances, loans and credit arrangements |
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119 | (5) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
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4.1.3 Consumer Credit Regulations |
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123 | (1) |
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4.2 Guarantees and risk sharing arrangements |
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124 | (8) |
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124 | (3) |
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4.2.2 Risk sharing arrangements |
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127 | (5) |
| 5 Ownership and authenticity |
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132 | (25) |
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132 | (10) |
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5.1.1 Title to stolen property |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (3) |
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5.1.3 Ownership of abandoned or lost property |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (2) |
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5.2 Authenticity and attribution |
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142 | (15) |
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5.2.1 Underattribution - the sleeper |
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145 | (7) |
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5.2.2 Overattribution - misattributions and forgeries |
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152 | (4) |
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156 | (1) |
| 6 Auctions: policing the saleroom |
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157 | (7) |
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157 | (2) |
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6.2 Bidding agreements and auction rings |
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159 | (2) |
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6.3 Estimates and consumer pricing information |
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161 | (3) |
| 7 Auctions: online auctions |
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164 | (8) |
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7.1 Forms of online auction |
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165 | (7) |
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7.1.1 Online bidding in physical auctions |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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7.1.3 The time limited online only auction |
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168 | (4) |
| 8 Auctions: negotiating agency agreements |
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172 | (6) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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8.3 Marketing of the sale |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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8.5 Catalogue description |
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174 | (1) |
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8.6 Loss and damage to the artwork |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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8.10 Cancellation of the sale |
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177 | (1) |
| 9 Private sales of art |
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178 | (29) |
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178 | (1) |
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9.2 Structure and negotiation of a private sale agreement between buyer and seller |
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179 | (4) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Disclaimers of warranty |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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9.2.7 Release of the artwork to the buyer |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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9.3 Structure and negotiation of private sale agreements using agents |
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183 | (6) |
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9.3.1 Purpose of the appointment |
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183 | (1) |
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9.3.2 The artworks to be sold |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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9.3.10 Physical possession |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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9.3.12 Transfer of ownership and risk |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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9.4 Implied terms in private sales |
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189 | (2) |
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9.4.1 Correspondence with description |
|
|
189 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Satisfactory quality |
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189 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Title, quiet possession and freedom from charges |
|
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190 | (1) |
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9.5 Exclusions and limits on liability in private sales agreements |
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191 | (4) |
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9.5.1 Exclusions and limitation of liability in the conditions of sale |
|
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191 | (4) |
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9.6 Agent's liability to the buyer and seller |
|
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195 | (2) |
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9.7 Transparency, secret commissions and the problems arising from subagency |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (7) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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9.8.4 Sales on behalf of the artist |
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203 | (1) |
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9.8.5 Agreements between dealers and artists |
|
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203 | (4) |
| 10 Ethics, public policy and art |
|
207 | (71) |
|
10.1 Holocaust restitution claims |
|
|
207 | (20) |
|
10.1.1 Holocaust confiscation and looting |
|
|
207 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Postwar restitution efforts |
|
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208 | (1) |
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10.1.3 The 1998 Washington Conference |
|
|
209 | (2) |
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10.1.4 Holocaust restitution claims in the United Kingdom |
|
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211 | (7) |
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10.1.5 The Spoliation Advisory Panel |
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218 | (6) |
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10.1.6 Holocaust (Return of Objects) Act 2009 |
|
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224 | (1) |
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10.1.7 Immunity from seizure in the United Kingdom |
|
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224 | (2) |
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10.1.8 Holocaust looted art databases |
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226 | (1) |
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10.2 Cultural property and heritage |
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227 | (31) |
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10.2.1 International conventions on cultural property protection |
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232 | (5) |
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10.2.2 United Kingdom cultural property protection legislation |
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237 | (6) |
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243 | (6) |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (4) |
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10.2.6 Guidance for the collector |
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256 | (2) |
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10.3 Listed building protection |
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258 | (4) |
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258 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Fixtures and fittings |
|
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259 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Objects and buildings within the curtilage of a listed building |
|
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (6) |
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10.4.1 The CITES Convention |
|
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262 | (1) |
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10.4.2 The protected species |
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|
263 | (1) |
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10.4.3 CITES licences required |
|
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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10.4.6 Ivory and rhino horn |
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267 | (1) |
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10.5 Freedom of expression |
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268 | (8) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (5) |
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10.5.3 Art, religion and race |
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274 | (2) |
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10.6 Furniture and Furnishings Fire Safety Regulations |
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276 | (2) |
| 11 Art and taxation |
|
278 | (21) |
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278 | (4) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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11.1.3 Estate duty and capital transfer tax |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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|
281 | (1) |
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11.2 Tax efficient arrangements |
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|
282 | (1) |
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11.2.1 Conditional exemption |
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282 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Sales to the nation |
|
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282 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Acceptance in lieu |
|
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283 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Cultural gifts scheme |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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11.3 Conditional exemption from inheritance tax |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (3) |
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11.6.1 Who may benefit from the scheme? |
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288 | (1) |
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11.6.2 The Acceptance in Lieu Panel |
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288 | (1) |
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11.6.3 Objects which may be considered |
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288 | (1) |
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11.6.4 Value and condition |
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289 | (1) |
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11.6.5 Acceptance in Lieu Panel decision |
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289 | (1) |
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11.6.6 Advantages for the owner |
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289 | (1) |
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11.7 Cultural gifts scheme |
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290 | (4) |
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11.7.1 Who may benefit from the scheme? |
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291 | (1) |
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11.7.2 The Acceptance in Lieu Panel |
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291 | (1) |
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11.7.3 Objects which may be considered |
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292 | (1) |
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11.7.4 Value and condition |
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|
292 | (1) |
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11.7.5 Acceptance in Lieu Panel decision |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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11.7.7 Limits on the scheme |
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293 | (1) |
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11.7.8 Rules for the institution to which the object is given |
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293 | (1) |
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11.8 Resident nondomiciliaries |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (2) |
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295 | (1) |
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11.9.2 Secondhand goods margin scheme |
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296 | (1) |
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11.9.3 Auctioneer's margin scheme |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
| 12 Shipping, export and insurance of art |
|
299 | (14) |
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12.1 Export of cultural property |
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299 | (8) |
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12.1.1 No export licence required |
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300 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Individual export licence required |
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301 | (1) |
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12.1.3 Referral to the Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art and Objects of Cultural Interest |
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|
301 | (4) |
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12.1.4 Temporary admission scheme |
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305 | (1) |
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|
305 | (1) |
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12.1.6 Bonded warehousing |
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306 | (1) |
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12.2 Import of cultural property into the European Union |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (5) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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12.3.4 War and confiscation |
|
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310 | (1) |
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12.3.5 Moth, vermin and woodworm damage |
|
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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12.3.7 Atmospheric change |
|
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311 | (1) |
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12.3.8 Insufficiency in packing |
|
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311 | (1) |
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|
311 | (2) |
| 13 Museums |
|
313 | (19) |
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|
|
313 | (1) |
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13.2 Museum accreditation and ethics |
|
|
313 | (4) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Disposal and deaccessioning |
|
|
315 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Conflicts of interest and commercial relationships |
|
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315 | (2) |
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13.3 Purchases and acquisitions by museums |
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|
317 | (2) |
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13.3.1 Outright purchase by the museum from museum funds |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Acquisition with assistance from the Art Fund, government and National Lottery Fund grants |
|
|
318 | (1) |
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13.3.4 Long- and short-term loans |
|
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319 | (1) |
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13.4 Loans to and by museums |
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319 | (8) |
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319 | (2) |
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13.4.2 Structure and negotiation of the loan agreement |
|
|
321 | (4) |
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13.4.3 Government indemnity scheme |
|
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325 | (2) |
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13.5 Deaccessioning and disposal of artworks by museums |
|
|
327 | (5) |
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13.5.1 Museums Association deaccessioning guidelines |
|
|
327 | (2) |
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13.5.2 Legislative provisions on deaccessioning |
|
|
329 | (3) |
| 14 Art funds |
|
332 | (5) |
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|
|
332 | (2) |
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14.2 Choosing an art fund |
|
|
334 | (1) |
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14.2.1 The art fund manager |
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|
334 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Asset acquisition due diligence |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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14.3 Investors and risk appetite |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
| 15 Art disputes |
|
337 | (32) |
|
15.1 Disputes and court proceedings |
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|
337 | (7) |
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|
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337 | (1) |
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|
337 | (1) |
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338 | (2) |
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15.1.4 Alternative dispute resolution |
|
|
340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (3) |
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344 | (4) |
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15.2.1 Commercial considerations for sellers |
|
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345 | (1) |
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15.2.2 Burden of proof of ownership |
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346 | (1) |
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15.2.3 Consequences of a claim where artwork is in agent's hands |
|
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346 | (1) |
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15.2.4 The commercial consequences of a claim |
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347 | (1) |
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15.2.5 Timing of the claim |
|
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347 | (1) |
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15.2.6 Slander of goods and title |
|
|
348 | (1) |
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15.2.7 Settlement options |
|
|
348 | (1) |
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15.3 Authenticity disputes |
|
|
348 | (7) |
|
15.3.1 Forgery and misattribution |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
15.3.2 Claims by buyers of inauthentic or misattributed artworks |
|
|
349 | (2) |
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15.3.3 Claims by sellers of underattributed artworks |
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351 | (4) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (3) |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (1) |
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|
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359 | (1) |
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15.5.4 Refusal to accept bids |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (6) |
|
15.6.1 Passing of title on payment in full |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
15.6.2 Retaining possession of the artwork |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
15.6.3 Securing a deposit or part payment |
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
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|
362 | (2) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
15.7 Alternative dispute resolution |
|
|
365 | (4) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
15.7.2 Early neutral evaluation (ENE) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
15.7.3 Expert determination |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (3) |
| 16 Anti-money laundering and sanctions compliance |
|
369 | (11) |
|
16.1 Anti-money laundering |
|
|
369 | (7) |
|
16.1.1 Money Laundering Regulations 2007 and the regulated industries |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
16.1.2 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
16.1.3 Typical 'know your client' and anti-money laundering procedures |
|
|
372 | (4) |
|
16.2 Sanctions compliance |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
16.2.2 Sanctions in place in the United Kingdom |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
16.2.4 Penalties for breaching sanctions |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
16.3 Facilitation of tax evasion |
|
|
378 | (2) |
| 17 The Bribery Act |
|
380 | (6) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
17.2 Active and passive bribery |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
17.3 Improper performance |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
17.4 Bribery of a foreign public official |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
17.5 Transparency and disclosure |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
17.6 Corporate failure to prevent bribery |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (2) |
| 18 Confidentiality and data protection |
|
386 | (9) |
|
|
|
386 | (3) |
|
|
|
389 | (6) |
|
18.2.1 European General Data Protection Regulation |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
18.2.2 The five GDPR principles for handling personal data |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
18.2.3 Lawful, fair and transparent collection and processing of data |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
18.2.4 Use of personal data |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
18.2.5 Accuracy of personal data |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
18.2.6 Protection of personal data |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
18.2.7 Data breach reporting obligations |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
18.2.8 Data subject right to information |
|
|
393 | (2) |
| Index |
|
395 | |