| Preface |
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xiii | |
| Editors |
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xv | |
| Contributors |
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xvii | |
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SECTION I Overview and Pathophysiology |
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Chapter 1 An Overview on Rheumatologic Disorders |
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3 | (20) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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Disease Burden and Economic Cost |
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8 | (1) |
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Juvenile Inflammatory Arthritis |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Health Burden and Economic Cost |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Health Outcome of Osteoporotic Fracture |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (7) |
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Chapter 2 Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis |
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23 | (16) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Structural Pathology in OA |
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26 | (7) |
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26 | (1) |
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Inflammation and Molecular Mechanisms of Cartilage Destruction |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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Obesity and Cartilage Loss |
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29 | (1) |
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Mechanical Stress and Cartilage Loss |
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29 | (1) |
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Genetics and Cartilage Loss |
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29 | (1) |
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Gender and Cartilage Loss |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Role of Remodeling and Modeling of Bone in Pathogenesis of OA |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Muscles, Ligaments, and Nerves |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (5) |
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Chapter 3 Biomarkers in Osteoarthritis |
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39 | (16) |
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39 | (3) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Clinical Manifestations of OA |
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40 | (1) |
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Problems to be Overcome for the Management of OA |
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40 | (1) |
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Candidates: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biomarkers |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (8) |
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Validity of Biomarkers: Lessons from the Management of Osteoporosis |
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42 | (1) |
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A Classification of OA Biomarkers: BIPED |
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42 | (1) |
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Candidates for Biomarkers in OA |
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42 | (2) |
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Markers of Cartilage Metabolism |
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44 | (1) |
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Markers of Bone Metabolism |
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45 | (1) |
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Markers of Synovial Metabolism |
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46 | (1) |
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Potential Usage of Biomarkers for the Management of OA |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Burden of Disease Markers |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Combination of Biomarkers |
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49 | (1) |
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The Confronting Limitations and Their Solutions for the Development of Biomarkers for OA |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (4) |
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Chapter 4 Rheumatoid Arthritis: Disease Pathophysiology |
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55 | (20) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (4) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (2) |
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Proinflammatory Cytokines |
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62 | (2) |
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Anti-inflammatory Cytokines |
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64 | (1) |
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Chemokines (Chemotactic Cytokines) |
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64 | (1) |
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Innate Immunity and Toll-Like Receptors |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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Cartilage/Bone Destruction |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (8) |
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Chapter 5 Osteoclasts and Interleukin-17-Producing Helper T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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75 | (16) |
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75 | (1) |
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Osteoclasts and Bone Destruction |
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76 | (3) |
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The Role of Rankl/Rank in Osteoclastogenesis |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells Cytoplasmic 1: The Master Transcription Factor for Osteoclastogenesis |
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77 | (1) |
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Calcium Signaling and Immunoreceptors in Osteoclastogenesis |
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78 | (1) |
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Crosstalk between RANKL and Other Cytokine Signaling |
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79 | (1) |
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Mechanism of Bone Destruction in RA |
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79 | (2) |
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The Essential Role of Osteoclasts in Bone Destruction in RA |
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79 | (1) |
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Effect of T Cells on Osteoclastogenesis |
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80 | (1) |
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Th17 Cells Function as the Osteoclastogenic Th Cells |
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80 | (1) |
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Novel Insights into the Mechanisms of Th17 Induction in Autoimmunity |
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81 | (3) |
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A Novel Role of Cathepsin K in Autoimmunity |
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82 | (1) |
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The Essential Role of IkBζ in Th17 Development |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (6) |
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Chapter 6 WNT/β-Catenin Signaling Modulating Osteoarthritis |
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91 | (12) |
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91 | (2) |
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Genetic Evidence for the Role of WNT Signaling in OA |
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93 | (2) |
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WNT-Associated Gene Expression Profiling in OA Tissues |
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95 | (1) |
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WNT in Cartilage and Bone Biology |
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95 | (1) |
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WNT in Genetic Mouse Models of OA |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (6) |
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Chapter 7 Psoriatic Arthritis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Quality of Life |
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103 | (12) |
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103 | (1) |
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Association between Psoriasis and Inflammatory Arthritis |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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Potential Risk Factors for PsA |
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107 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (5) |
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Chapter 8 Arthritis, Obesity, Increased Cardiovascular Risk, and Disability |
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115 | (10) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Obesity and Cardiovascular Dysfunction |
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116 | (1) |
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Systemic Inflammatory Conditions |
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117 | (1) |
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Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in RA |
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117 | (1) |
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Adipocytokines and Insulin Resistance in RA |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (7) |
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SECTION III Antiarthritic Drugs |
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Chapter 9 An Overview: Use of Traditional Antiarthritic Drugs and Update on Drug Development |
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125 | (14) |
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126 | (1) |
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Pain Control in Arthritis |
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126 | (5) |
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Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Monitoring and Patient Education |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Monitoring and Patient Education |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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Monitoring and Patient Education |
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131 | (1) |
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Disease Modification in Arthritis |
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131 | (3) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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Monitoring and Patient Education |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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Monitoring and Patient Education |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Monitoring and Patient Education |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Monitoring and Patient Education |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Update on Drug Development: A New Generation of Disease-Modifying Agents |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
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139 | (8) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Indications for the Use of NSAIDs |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (3) |
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Groups at Increased Risk for Adverse Effects |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Summary of Strategies to Reduce the Toxicity of NSAIDs |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Biologics: Target-Specific Treatment of Systemic and Cutaneous Autoimmune Diseases |
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147 | (18) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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TNF-α, A Unique Target Molecule for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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T-Cell-Targeted Therapies in the Treatment of Systemic and Cutaneous Autoimmune Diseases |
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153 | (2) |
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Targeting the Effector Memory T Cells |
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154 | (1) |
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K+ Channels in the Immune System |
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155 | (1) |
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B-Cell-Targeted Therapies in the Treatment of Systemic and Cutaneous Autoimmune Diseases |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Drugs that Inhibit Leukocyte Adhesion |
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156 | (1) |
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New Generations of Biologics |
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157 | (1) |
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Golimumab and Certolizumab |
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157 | (1) |
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Therapeutic Efficacy Noticed in Clinical Trials |
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157 | (3) |
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Therapeutic Efficacy of Golimumab (Simponi) |
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157 | (1) |
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Certolizumab Pegol (CIMZIA) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (5) |
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Chapter 12 Topical Applications for Pain and Arthritic Diseases |
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165 | (18) |
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165 | (1) |
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History of External Preparations |
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166 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Topical Preparations |
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167 | (1) |
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Percutaneous Absorption and Pharmacological Activities of NSAIDs |
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168 | (1) |
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Percutaneous Absorption of NSAIDs |
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168 | (1) |
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Pharmacological Activities of NSAIDs |
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168 | (1) |
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Pharmacokinetic Characteristics, Efficacy, and Safety of TopicalNSAIDs |
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169 | (11) |
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169 | (1) |
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Absorption and Distribution of Topical Diclofenac |
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169 | (1) |
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Efficacy and Safety of Topical Diclofenac |
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170 | (4) |
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174 | (1) |
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Absorption and Distribution of Topical Ketoprofen |
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174 | (2) |
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Efficacy and Safety of Topical Ketoprofen |
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176 | (4) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Hyaluronic Acid and Arthritis: A Review |
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183 | (16) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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HA versus Corticosteroids |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (7) |
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Chapter 14 Hyaluronan for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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199 | (20) |
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199 | (1) |
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History of the Research and Development of the 2700-kDa HA in Japan |
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200 | (1) |
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Therapeutic Positioning of Intra-Articular HA for OA in Europe, the United States, and Japan |
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201 | (1) |
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Oarsi Recommendation for the Management of Hip and Knee OA |
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201 | (2) |
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Strength of Recommendation |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injections |
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203 | (1) |
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Intra-articular HA Injections |
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203 | (1) |
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Viscoelasticity and Lubricating Effects of HA |
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203 | (2) |
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Effect of HA on Joint Pain |
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205 | (1) |
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Anti-inflammatory Effects of HA |
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206 | (3) |
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Effects of HA on Articular Cartilage |
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209 | (2) |
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Effects of HA on the Subchondral Bone |
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211 | (1) |
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Effects of HA on the Properties of Joint Fluid |
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211 | (1) |
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Clinical Effectiveness of HA |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (5) |
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SECTION IV Natural Therapeutic Interventions |
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Chapter 15 Immunomodulatory Activities of Japanese Traditional Medicines in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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219 | (12) |
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219 | (1) |
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Traditional Herbal (Kampo) Medicine in Japan |
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219 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Japanese Traditional Herbal (Kampo) Medicines |
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220 | (1) |
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Immunomodulatory Activities |
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220 | (3) |
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In a Mouse Arthritis Model |
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220 | (1) |
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Collagen-induced Arthritis |
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220 | (1) |
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Immunomodulatory Activities of Hochu-ekki-to |
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220 | (1) |
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Suppressive Effect of HET on the Development of CIA in Mouse |
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220 | (1) |
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The Suppression of B-Cell Activation in CIA by HET |
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221 | (1) |
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Lymphocyte Subset Partition Change in Lymphatic Tissues |
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222 | (1) |
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Antirheumatic Drug: Fun-boi, Single Herb Medicine |
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222 | (1) |
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The Immunomodulatory Effects of Fun-boi, a Herbal Medicine, on CIA In Vivo |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Immunomodulatory Activities of Fun-boi, a Herbal Medicine, in RA |
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223 | (1) |
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Efficacy and Adverse Reactions |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Case Study: Responder to Kampo Therapy in RA |
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223 | (1) |
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Representative Kampo Formula for RA: Keishinieppiitto-ka-Ryojutsubu |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Clinical Efficacy of KER for RA |
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226 | (1) |
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Serum Levels of anti-CCP in Patients with a Beneficial Response to Kampo Medicine |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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Chapter 16 An Overview on Natural Therapeutic Interventions |
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231 | (6) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Useful Sources of CAM Therapy |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Potential Health Benefits from Nutrition and Dietary Supplements in the Prevention of Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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237 | (8) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (3) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Glucosamine and Chondroitin |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Avocado Oil/Soybean Unsaponifiable Residues |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Dietary Supplements for RA |
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242 | (1) |
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Fish Oil Dietary Supplements |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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Chapter 18 Antiarthritic Potential of Glucosamine and Chondroitin An Overview |
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245 | (10) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Suggested Mechanisms of Action |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Absorption and Bioavailability |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (5) |
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Chapter 19 An Overview on N-Acetylglucosamine and Arthritis |
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255 | (6) |
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What Is N-Acetylglucosamine? |
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255 | (1) |
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Absorption, Distribution, Metabolization, and Excretion of NAG |
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255 | (2) |
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Effect of NAG on Osteoarthritis |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Other Physiological Functions and Applications of NAG |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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Chapter 20 Hexosamine Flux and the Efficacy and Safety of Glucosamine in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis |
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261 | (22) |
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261 | (3) |
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Structure and Maintenance of Cartilage |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (5) |
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264 | (1) |
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Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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Biological Effects In Vitro |
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268 | (1) |
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Effects on Hexosamine Flux |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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Biosynthesis, Pharmacokinetics, and Metabolism |
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270 | (1) |
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Toxicity and Biological Activity |
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271 | (1) |
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Efficacy of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate |
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271 | (2) |
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Evidence that Oral Glucosamine Increases Hexosamine Flux In Vivo |
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273 | (3) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (6) |
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Chapter 21 Safety and Efficacy of a Unique Undenatured Type II Collagen in the Treatment of Arthritis |
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283 | (12) |
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283 | (1) |
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Undenatured CII in the Treatment of RA |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (1) |
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UC-II in the Treatment of OA in Animals |
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286 | (4) |
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UC-II Human Clinical Trial |
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290 | (1) |
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UC-II Safety and Toxicological Studies |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (2) |
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Chapter 22 Targeting Inflammatory Pathways by Nutraceuticals for Prevention and Treatment of Arthritis |
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295 | (30) |
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Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara |
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295 | (3) |
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Potential of Natural Agents Against Arthritis |
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298 | (6) |
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Inhibitors of TNF-α Expression |
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298 | (1) |
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Inhibitors of COX-2 Expression and Activity |
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298 | (1) |
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Inhibitors of 5-LOX Expression and Activity |
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298 | (1) |
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Inhibitors of Adhesion Molecules |
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298 | (4) |
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Inhibitors of NF-κB Activation |
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302 | (2) |
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Preclinical and Clinical Studies of Natural Products Against Arthritis |
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304 | (7) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (14) |
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Chapter 23 Boswellia serrata for Arthritis Relief: A Journey from Frankincense to Aflapin and 5-Loxin |
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325 | (16) |
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Alluri Venkata Krishnaraju |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Indian Ayurvedic Medicine |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (3) |
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330 | (1) |
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Pharmacological Activities |
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330 | (2) |
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Analgesic and Psychopharmacological Effects |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Effects on Leukocytes Migration |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Modulation of Immune Response |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Cholesterol Lowering and Hypolipidemic Activities |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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Hepatoprotective Activity |
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332 | (1) |
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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Bioavailability and Metabolism |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Development of AKBA-Enriched Extracts |
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334 | (1) |
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In Vitro Efficacy Studies |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (4) |
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Chapter 24 Utilization of Marine Products in the Treatment and Prevention of Osteoarthritis |
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341 | (8) |
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341 | (1) |
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Method for Production of Shark Cartilage Extract |
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342 | (1) |
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Chondroitin Sulfate in the Shark Cartilage Extract |
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342 | (1) |
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Collagen Peptide in the Shark Cartilage Extract |
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343 | (1) |
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Preventive Effect of Shark Cartilage Extract in Arthritis Model Rats |
|
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344 | (1) |
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Combination of Shark Cartilage Extract and Other Materials Expected to Have Stronger Effect |
|
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345 | (1) |
|
Anti-inflammatory Effect of Fish Oil Containing Omega-3 Fatty Acids |
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345 | (1) |
|
Improvement of Arthritis by Combining Shark Cartilage Extract and Fish Oil |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (2) |
|
Chapter 25 Benefits of Fish Oil for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review |
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349 | (36) |
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|
Chemical Structure of N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
|
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349 | (1) |
|
Anti-inflammatory Effects of N-3 LC-PUFA |
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349 | (12) |
|
Effects on Eicosanoid Metabolism |
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349 | (3) |
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Effects on Gene Expression |
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352 | (2) |
|
Effects on Production of Cytokines |
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354 | (2) |
|
Effects on the Production of "Proresolving" Mediators (Resolvins, Protectins, and Maresins) |
|
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356 | (2) |
|
Effects on Bone Metabolism and Cartilage Integrity |
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
Effects of Fish Oil-Derived N-3 LC-PUFA on Therapy of RA (Human Intervention Trials) |
|
|
361 | (15) |
|
Limitations of Human Intervention Studies with n-3 PUFA in RA Patients |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Effect of Fish Oil on Inflammation Parameters Depend on Genotype |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Effects of N-3 LC-PUFA on the Risk for Coronary Heart Diseases |
|
|
376 | (2) |
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|
|
378 | (7) |
|
Chapter 26 Potential Health Benefits of n-3 and -6 Fatty Acids in Selected Plant Seed Oils in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
|
|
385 | (18) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
|
History of Plant Seed Oils |
|
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
|
Compositions of Plant Oils |
|
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (2) |
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387 | (2) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
|
PUFA-Derived Eicosanoids in RA |
|
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389 | (2) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
|
PUFAs and Inflammatory Diseases: RA |
|
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391 | (6) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
|
Evening Primrose Seed Oil |
|
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (5) |
|
Chapter 27 Antiarthritic Potential of Bromelain from Ananas comosus and Its Combination |
|
|
403 | (6) |
|
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|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Arthritis Management |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Ananas Comosus and Bromelain: Part of CAM Treatments |
|
|
404 | (2) |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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|
406 | (3) |
|
Chapter 28 Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Zingiber officinale var. Rubra (Red Ginger Extract) |
|
|
409 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Profile of Red Ginger Extract and its Constituents |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Animal Models |
|
|
410 | (3) |
|
Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism |
|
|
413 | (4) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
Chapter 29 Benefits of Radix Tripterygium wilfordii for Rheumatoid Arthritis |
|
|
419 | (14) |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mechanism of TWHF on Therapy of RA |
|
|
420 | (5) |
|
Immunoregulatory Effect of TWHF |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Effect on Enteric Mucosal Immune System |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Effect on Vascular Endothelial Cells |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Anti-inflammatory Effect of TWHF |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Inhibit the Production of Cytokine and Chemokine |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Clinical Application of TWHF in the Treatment of RA |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Randomized, Controlled Clinical Studies |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Therapeutic Effect of TWHF Combined with Other Drugs in RA |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (7) |
|
Chapter 30 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): A Review of Its Preclinical Use in the Management of Osteoarthritis |
|
|
433 | (10) |
|
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|
|
433 | (5) |
|
The Novel Protective Mechanisms of DHEA: Regulating the Anabolic/Catabolic Balance of Articular Cartilage |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Regulating the Balance between MMPs and the Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1: A Definite Protective Mechanism of DHEA for Osteoarthritic Cartilage |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Adjusting Cysteine Proteinases/Cystatin C Enzyme Expression: A Novel Mechanism of DHEA on Cartilage in Different Stages of OA |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Downregulating the Expression of the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator/Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Enzyme System: A Newly Discovered Mechanism of DHEA on Osteoarthritic Cartilage |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Modulating the Balance between Aggrecanases and the TIMP-3: A Speculated Mechanism of DHEA by which this Agent Exerts Its Protective Role in OA |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (5) |
|
Chapter 31 Antiarthritic Potential of Green-Lipped Mussel and Other Marine-Based Nutraceuticals |
|
|
443 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
New Zealand Green-Lipped Mussel |
|
|
444 | (4) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Experimental Animal Studies on NZGLM |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Clinical Evidence for Efficacy of NZGLM |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Brand-specific NZGLM-based Products |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Safety of Ingesting NZGLM and Its Extracts |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (3) |
|
Chapter 32 Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticatabolic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid and High-Rosmarinic Acid Mint (Mentha Spicata) in Osteoarthritis |
|
|
451 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
The Inflammation of Osteoarthritis |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
The Roles of ROS in Osteoarthritis |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Antioxidant Activity of RA |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Anti-Inflammatory/Anticatabolic Activities of RA |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
Development and Effects of High-RA Mint |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (4) |
|
Chapter 33 Potential Health Benefits of Orally Administered Hyaluronan in Alleviating Knee Joint Pain |
|
|
463 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Twenty-eight-day Oral Repeated Administration Toxicity Test |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (3) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Animal and Cell Model Studies |
|
|
468 | (3) |
|
Changes in Gene Expression Caused by Oral Administration of Hyaluronan |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Changes in Cytokine Expression after the Oral Administration of Hyaluronan |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Hyaluronan Receptor in the Large Intestine Tract |
|
|
469 | (2) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
Chapter 34 Pycnogenol---A Nutraceutical for Osteoarthritis |
|
|
473 | (20) |
|
|
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|
|
474 | (1) |
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|
474 | (1) |
|
|
|
474 | (3) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Cytokines and Growth Factors |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Matrix Metalloproteinases |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Other Risk Factors and Biomarkers in OA |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Biological Profile of Pycnogenol |
|
|
477 | (3) |
|
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant Effects: In Vitro Studies |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities: In Vivo Animal Studies |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant Effects: Clinical Studies |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
Lowering of CRP, Free Radicals, and Fibrinogen Levels in Plasma |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Ex Vivo Studies in Healthy Human Volunteers |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Inhibition of NF-κB Activation and MMP-9 Secretion [ 71] |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Inhibition of Mmps and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Metabolites of Pycnogenol |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Studies in Animals |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of MMP-9 Secretion by Metabolites of Pycnogenol [ 71] |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Inhibition of UVR-induced NF-κB-dependent Gene Expression |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Protection of Vascular Endothelium Against Oxidative Injury |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
486 | (7) |
|
SECTION V Orthopedic Approach |
|
|
|
Chapter 35 Total Knee Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis |
|
|
493 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Implant Design and Material |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
Postoperative Alignment and Computer-Assisted Surgery |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Minimally Invasive Surgery |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (4) |
|
SECTION VI Nonpharmacologic Interventions |
|
|
|
Chapter 36 Physical Exercise for Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Main Modality of Treatment and Possible Use for Prevention |
|
|
503 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Efficacy of Therapeutic Exercise for Knee OA |
|
|
504 | (8) |
|
Efficacy of Exercise on Knee OA |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Modality and Method of Exercise |
|
|
504 | (4) |
|
Methods to Evaluate Efficacy |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Review of Exercise Trials |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Consideration of the Mechanisms of the Efficacy of Therapeutic Exercise |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Significance of Muscle Strengthening |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Effect of Reducing Body Weight |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Limitations of the Efficacy of Exercise |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Summary and Perspective for Exercise |
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
|
|
514 | (5) |
|
Chapter 37 Acupuncture for the Treatment of Arthritis |
|
|
519 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
The Effect of Acupuncture in OA of Peripheral Joints |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Acupuncture Effect on Knee OA |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Acupuncture Effects on Hip OA |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
The Effect of Acupuncture for RA |
|
|
522 | (15) |
|
Acupuncture versus Active Treatment |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
Acupuncture versus Sham/Placebo Treatment |
|
|
530 | (7) |
|
Other Acupuncture-Related Techniques for Arthritis |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Constitutional Approach for the Acupuncture Treatment |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
|
538 | (5) |
|
Chapter 38 Rehabilitative Strategies for Arthritis: Physical, Agents, Exercise, and Prosthesis Therapies |
|
|
543 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
543 | (4) |
|
|
|
544 | (3) |
|
Contraindications for Thermotherapy |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
|
547 | (3) |
|
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
|
548 | (2) |
|
Prosthesis Therapy For RA |
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
Cervical Spine Prostheses |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Prostheses for Upper Extremities |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Prostheses for the Lower Extremities |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Chapter 39 Rehabilitation for Arthritis: Daily Life Guidelines |
|
|
553 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Approach to Psychological Aspects |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
|
555 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
Chapter 40 Arthritis, Aging Society, Exercise, Nutrition, and Other Precautionary Measures |
|
|
559 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Arthritis and Aging Society |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
Other Precautionary Measures |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (2) |
| Index |
|
563 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta