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E-raamat: Artificial Tactile Sensing in Biomedical Engineering

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  • Formaat: 256 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-May-2009
  • Kirjastus: McGraw-Hill Professional
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780071601528
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Artificial Tactile Sensing in Biomedical EngineeringSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 256 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-May-2009
  • Kirjastus: McGraw-Hill Professional
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780071601528
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Master Artificial Tactile Sensing Design for Biomedical Engineering ApplicationsFilled with high-quality photographs and illustrations, including some in color, this definitive guide details the design and manufacturing of artificial tactile systems and their applications in surgical procedures. Artificial Tactile Sensing in Biomedical Engineering explains the fundamentals of the human sense of touch and the latest techniques for artificially replicating it. The book describes the mechanistic principles of static and dynamic tactile sensors and discusses cutting-edge biomedical applications, including minimally invasive surgery, tumor detection, robotic surgery, and surgical simulations.

Artificial Tactile Sensing in Biomedical Engineering covers:





Capacitive, magnetic, inductive, conductive elastomeric, optical, and thermal sensors

Strain gauge and piezoelectric sensors

Tactile sensing in surgery and palpation

Tactile image information through palpation

Tumor detection via artificial tactile sensing

Estimating tumor parameters using the finite element method and an artificial neural network

Determination of mechanical properties of biological tissues

Tactile sensing in remote and robotic surgery

Haptics application in surgical simulation
Preface xi
1 The Four Senses in Humans: Sight, Hearing, Smell, and Taste
1
1.1 Sense of Sight
1
The Adjustment in the Eyes
2
1.2 Sense of Hearing
6
Sound Waves
8
The Function of the Outer Ear
8
The Function of the Middle Ear
9
The Function of the Inner Ear
9
The Function of the Round Window
10
The Activation of Auditory Afferents
10
The Pattern of Vibration of the Basilar Membrane
11
The Coding of Frequency of a Sound
11
The Coding of Loudness
11
Hearing Loss
12
1.3 Sense of Smell
12
The Olfactory System
13
1.4 Sense of Taste
16
References
18
2 The Sense of Touch
19
2.1 Introduction
19
2.2 The Exteroceptive Sensor System
22
The Receptive Field
24
2.3 The Proprioceptive Sensor System
24
2.4 Transduction of Mechanical Stimuli to Neural Impulses
27
2.5 Pathways of Tactile Information
30
2.6 Special Features of Tactile Sensing
31
References
33
3 Introduction to Tactile Sensing and Tactile Sensors
35
3.1 Tactile Sensing
35
3.2 Tactile Sensors
38
Terminology of Artificial Sensors
38
Resolution
39
Transfer Function
39
Sensitivity
39
Calibration
40
Linearity
40
Hysteresis
40
Accuracy
41
Span or Dynamic Range
42
Noise
42
Repeatability
43
Reliability
43
Response Time
43
Some Other Specifications for Tactile Sensors
44
Classification of Tactile Sensors
44
References
47
4 Introduction to Tactile Sensing Technologies
49
4.1 Introduction
49
4.2 Capacitive Sensors
49
4.3 Inductive Sensors
52
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
55
4.4 Conductive Elastomers and Carbon Fibers
59
4.5 Optical Sensors
63
4.6 Thermal Sensors
65
4.7 Time of Flight Sensors
65
4.8 Binary Pressure Sensors
66
4.9 Fluidic Coupling
68
4.10 The Hall Effect and Magnetoresistance
68
References
71
5 Strain Gauge Sensors
73
5.1 Introduction
73
5.2 Metal Strain Gauges
73
5.3 Semiconductor Strain Gauges
81
References
84
6 Piezoelectric Sensors
85
6.1 Piezoelectric Materials
85
6.2 Piezoelectric Ceramics
85
6.3 Directional Dependence of Piezoelectricity
86
6.4 Polyvinylidene Fluoride
91
6.5 Piezoelectric Sensors in Biomedical Applications
91
A Piezoelectric Tactile Sensor for Use in Endoscopic Surgery
92
A Multifunctional PVDF-Based Tactile Sensor for Minimally Invasive Surgery
92
A Piezoelectric Tactile Sensory System with Graphical Display of Tactile Sensing Data
94
A Hybrid Piezoelectric-Capacitive Tactile Sensor
99
References
103
7 Application of Tactile Sensing in Surgery
105
7.1 Open Surgery and Minimally Invasive Surgery
105
7.2 Basic Components of a Tactile Sensing System for Use in MIS
108
Tactile Sensor
108
Tactile Data Processing
109
Tactile Display
111
Design Considerations for Tactile Sensing Systems in MIS
111
7.3 Remote Palpation Instruments for MIS
112
Design Specifications for Remote Palpation Instruments
114
Analysis of Contact Force Between an Endoscopic Grasper Used in MIS and the Biological Tissues
115
References
122
8 Tactile Image Information
123
8.1 Introduction to Palpation
123
8.2 Taxonomy of Palpation
124
8.3 Palpation and Tactile Image
125
Information for Mapping Tactile Imaging
125
Imaging Procedures for Breast Cancer
130
Breast Self Exam
130
Clinical Breast Exam
131
Mammography
131
Tactile Imaging and Breast Cancer Screening
131
Estimating of Lesion Parameters
132
Analytical Solution
133
Tactile Information from Finite Element Models
135
Inversion Algorithm
136
References
140
9 Application and Recent Developments of Tactile Sensing in Tumor Detection
143
9.1 Introduction
143
9.2 Detection of Tumors Using a Computational Tactile Sensing Method
143
9.3 Application of Artificial Neural Networks for the Estimation of Tumor Characteristics in Biological Tissues
149
9.4 Prediction of Tumor Existence in the Virtual Soft Tissue by Using Tactile Tumor Detector
152
9.5 Graphical Rendering of Localized Lumps for MIS Applications
153
System Design
155
Sensor Structure
155
Rendering Algorithm
156
Experiments
164
Results
166
References
169
10 Determination of Mechanical Properties of Biological Tissues Including Stiffness and Hardness 171
10.1 Introduction
171
Determining the Stiffness of Cartilage
172
Tactile Sensor System
172
10.2 Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of a Novel Flexible Membrane Tactile Sensor
173
Sensed Objects
173
Two-Dimensional Surface Texture Image Detection
174
Contact-Force Estimation
174
Stiffness Detection
174
Device Specification
175
Theoretical Analysis
175
Experimental Method
176
Results
178
10.3 A Micromachined Active Tactile Sensor for Hardness Detection
180
Principle of the Tactile Sensor
180
10.4 Design and Fabrication of a New Tactile Probe for Measuring the Modulus of Elasticity of Soft Tissues
182
Introduction
183
Description of the System
183
10.5 Tactile Distinction of an Artery and a Tumor in a Soft Tissue by Finite Element Method
184
Materials and Methods
186
Results
187
10.6 Artificial Skin
193
References
195
11 Application of Tactile Sensing in Robotic Surgery 197
11.1 Robot Definitions
197
An Aspect of an Integrated System
197
11.2 Application of Robots in Surgery
198
Robotics in Surgery
199
Current Applications of Robotic Surgery
200
Suturing in MIS
201
Laparoscopic Suturing
202
Tension Measurement in Suturing
203
Commercial Robots for Surgery
205
Companies Which Produce Commercial Robots
205
Commercial Robots for Surgery
205
11.3 Robots for MIS
208
Force Sensors for Surgical Robots
208
Teleoperation
209
Telemonitoring Skin Conditions
211
A Tactile Sensor for Detection of Skin Surface Morphology
212
References
218
12 Haptics Application in Surgical Simulation 221
12.1 Virtual Reality (VR) and Virtual Environments (VEs)
221
Applications of Virtual Reality
222
Advantage and Limitation
222
12.2 Haptics-Based Surgical Simulation
223
Medical Training Simulation
224
Deformable Models for Tissue Simulation
225
Haptic Simulation
226
Fluid Simulation
227
Surgical Simulators Based on Haptics
227
Needle-Based Procedure
228
References
229
Abbreviations 231
Index 233
Professor Siamak Najarian completed his Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering at Oxford University, England and had a pos-doc position at the same university for one year. Prof. Najarian serves as the Full-Professor and Dean of Faculty of Biomedical Engineering at Amirkabir University of Technology. His research interests are the applications of artificial tactile sensing (especially in robotic surgery) and design of artificial organs. He is the author and translators of 23 books in the field of biomedical engineering, 8 of which are written in English. Prof. Najarian has published more than 130 international journal and conference papers in the field of biomedical engineering.





Professor Javad Dargahi received his B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering in the UK. He was a Research Assistant at the Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK and an Assistant Professor at the Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. He was a Senior Post-Doctoral Research Associate with the Micromachining/Medical Robotics Group at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada. Prof. Dargahi worked in a few companies in North America. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Concordia.
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