| Letter From the Authors |
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xix | |
| About the Authors |
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xxiii | |
| Preface |
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xxiv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxx | |
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Asking Questions About Humanity |
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2 | (1) |
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How Did Anthropology Begin? |
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3 | (3) |
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The Disruptions of Industrialization |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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Colonial Origins of Cultural Anthropology |
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5 | (1) |
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Anthropology as a Global Discipline |
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6 | (1) |
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What Do the Four Subfields of Anthropology Have in Common? |
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7 | (6) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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How Do Anthropologists Know What They Know? |
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13 | (5) |
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The Scientific Method in Anthropology |
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13 | (3) |
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When Anthropology Is Not a Science: Interpreting Cultures |
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16 | (2) |
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How Do Anthropologists Put Their Knowledge to Work in the World? |
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18 | (4) |
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Applied and Practicing Anthropology |
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18 | (1) |
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Mary Amuyunzu-Nyamongo: Bringing Cultural Knowledge to Health Programs in Kenya |
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18 | (1) |
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Davina Two Bears: Applied Archaeology on the Navajo Reservation |
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19 | (1) |
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James McKenna: The Naturalness of Co-sleeping |
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19 | (1) |
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Marybeth Nevins: Supporting the Sustainability of Endangered Languages |
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20 | (2) |
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What Ethical Obligations Do Anthropologists Have? |
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22 | (4) |
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22 | (1) |
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Take Responsibility for Your Work |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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The Anthropological Life Anthropologists Are Innovators |
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23 | (1) |
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The Anthropological Life Key Characteristics of Anthropologists in the Workplace |
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24 | (1) |
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A World in Motion George A. Dorsey and the Anthropology of Immigration in the Early Twentieth Century |
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24 | (2) |
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2 Culture: Giving Meaning to Human Lives |
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26 | (3) |
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28 | (8) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Cultures Are Dynamic, Always Adapting and Changing |
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31 | (1) |
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Culture Is Integrated with Daily Experience |
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32 | (1) |
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Culture Shapes Everybody's Life |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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Cultural Understanding Involves Overcoming Ethnocentrism |
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35 | (1) |
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Defining Culture in This Book |
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36 | (1) |
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If Culture Is Always Changing, Why Does It Feel So Stable? |
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37 | (3) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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How Do Social Institutions Express Culture? |
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40 | (3) |
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Culture and Social Institutions |
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40 | (1) |
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American Culture Expressed Through Breakfast Cereals and Sexuality |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (2) |
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The Anthropological Life: Cultural Anthropology and Human Possibilities |
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34 | (11) |
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Anthropologist as Problem Solver: Michael Ames and Collaborative Museum Exhibits |
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45 | (4) |
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3 Ethnography: Studying Culture |
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49 | (23) |
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What Distinguishes Ethnographic Fieldwork from Other Types of Social Research? |
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51 | (3) |
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52 | (1) |
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Seeing the World from "the Native's Point of View" |
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52 | (1) |
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Avoiding Cultural "Tunnel Vision" |
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53 | (1) |
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How Do Anthropologists Actually Do Ethnographic Fieldwork? |
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54 | (6) |
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Participant Observation: Disciplined "Hanging Out" |
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54 | (2) |
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Interviews: Asking and Listening |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (4) |
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What Other Methods Do Cultural Anthropologists Use? |
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60 | (7) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Anthropology at a Distance |
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65 | (1) |
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Analyzing Secondary Materials |
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65 | (1) |
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Special Issues Facing Anthropologists Studying Their Own Societies |
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66 | (1) |
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What Unique Ethical Dilemmas Do Ethnographers Face? |
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67 | (1) |
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Protecting Informant Identity |
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67 | (1) |
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Anthropology, Spying, and War |
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68 | (2) |
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A World in Motion: Transnational Migration, Ethnographic Mobility, and Digital Fieldwork |
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71 | (1) |
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4 Linguistic Anthropology: Relating Language and Culture |
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72 | (25) |
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How Do Anthropologists Study Language? |
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74 | (1) |
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Where Does Language Come From? |
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74 | (3) |
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Evolutionary Perspectives on Language |
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75 | (1) |
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Call Systems and Gestures |
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75 | (1) |
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Teaching Apes to Use Sign Language |
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75 | (1) |
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Historical Linguistics: Studying Language Origins and Change |
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76 | (1) |
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Genetic Models of Language Change |
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76 | (1) |
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Non-genetic Models of Linguistic Change: Languages in Contact |
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77 | (1) |
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How Does Language Actually Work? |
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77 | (6) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (3) |
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Does Language Shape How We Experience the World? |
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83 | (3) |
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The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Ethnoscience and Color Terms |
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85 | (1) |
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Is The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Correct? |
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85 | (1) |
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If Language Is Always Changing, Why Does It Seem So Stable? |
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86 | (4) |
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Linguistic Change, Stability, and National Policy |
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87 | (2) |
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Language Stability Parallels Cultural Stability |
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89 | (1) |
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How Does Language Relate to Social Power and Inequality? |
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90 | (7) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Language and the Legacy of Colonialism |
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91 | (1) |
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Language Ideology and New Media Technologies |
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92 | |
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A World in Motion: The Emergence of a New Language in the Northern Territory of Australia |
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88 | (5) |
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Anthropologist as Problem Solver Helping Communities Preserve Endangered Languages |
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93 | (4) |
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5 Globalization and Culture: Understanding Global Interconnections |
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97 | (627) |
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Is the World Really Getting Smaller? |
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99 | (5) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (3) |
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What Are the Outcomes of Global Integration? |
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104 | (9) |
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Colonialism and World Systems Theory |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Resistance at the Periphery |
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107 | (1) |
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Globalization and Localizing Identities |
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107 | (6) |
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Doesn't Everyone Want to Be Developed? |
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113 | (4) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Anthropology of Development |
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115 | (2) |
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Change on Their Own Terms |
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117 | (1) |
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If the World Is Not Becoming Homogenized, What Is Actually Happening? |
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117 | (3) |
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Cultural Convergence Theories |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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How Can Anthropologists Study Global Interconnections? |
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120 | (604) |
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Defining an Object of Study |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | |
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The Anthropological Life: Coldplay and the Global Citizen Festival |
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109 | (3) |
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A World in Motion: Instant Ramen Noodles Take Over the Globe |
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112 | (612) |
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6 Sustainability: Environment and Foodways |
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724 | (28) |
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Do All People See Nature in the Same Way? |
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126 | (2) |
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The Human--Nature Divide? |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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How Do People Secure an Adequate, Meaningful, and Environmentally Sustainable Food Supply? |
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128 | (7) |
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129 | (3) |
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Food, Culture, and Meaning |
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132 | (3) |
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How Does Non-Western Knowledge of Nature and Agriculture Relate to Science? |
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135 | (3) |
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136 | (1) |
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Traditional Ecological Knowledge |
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136 | (2) |
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How Are Industrial Agriculture and Economic Globalization Linked to Increasing Environmental and Health Problems? |
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138 | (8) |
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Population and Environment |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (3) |
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Industrial Foods, Sedentary Lives, and the Nutrition Transition |
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142 | (2) |
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Anthropology Confronts Climate Change |
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144 | (2) |
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Are Industrialized Western Societies the Only Ones to Conserve Nature? |
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146 | (606) |
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147 | (1) |
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The Culture of Modern Nature Conservation |
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147 | (1) |
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Environmentalism's Alternative Paradigms |
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148 | |
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Anthropologist as Problem Solver: Urban Black Food Justice with Ashante Reese |
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141 | (4) |
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A World in Motion: Migrant Caravans, Global Warming, and Ecological Refugees |
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145 | (607) |
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7 Economics: Working, Sharing, and Buying |
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752 | (26) |
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Is Money Really the Measure of All Things? |
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154 | (7) |
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Culture, Economics, and Value |
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154 | (2) |
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The Neoclassical Perspective |
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156 | (1) |
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The Substantivist--Formalist Debate |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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The Cultural Economics Perspective |
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158 | (2) |
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So, How is Value Established? |
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160 | (1) |
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How Does Culture Shape the Value and Meaning of Money? |
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161 | (3) |
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The Types and Cultural Dimensions of Money |
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161 | (2) |
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Money and the Distribution of Power |
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163 | (1) |
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Why Is Gift Exchange Such an Important Part of All Societies? |
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164 | (4) |
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Gift Exchange and Economy: Two Classic Approaches |
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165 | (3) |
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What Is the Point of Owning Things? |
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168 | (3) |
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Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Property |
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168 | (1) |
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Appropriation and Consumption |
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169 | (2) |
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Does Capitalism Have Distinct Cultures? |
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171 | (607) |
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Culture and Social Relations on Wall Street |
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171 | (1) |
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Entrepreneurial Capitalism Among Malays |
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172 | |
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The Anthropological Life: The Economics of Anthropology |
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162 | (11) |
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Anthropologist as Problem Solver Jim YongKim's Holistic, On-the-Ground Approach to Fighting Poverty |
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173 | (5) |
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8 Politics: Cooperation, Conflict, and Power Relations |
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178 | (2) |
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Does Every Society Have a Government? |
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180 | (4) |
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The Idea of "Politics" and the Problem of Order |
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180 | (1) |
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Structural-Functionalist Models of Political Stability |
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181 | (1) |
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Neo-Evolutionary Models of Political Organization: Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States |
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182 | (1) |
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Challenges to Traditional Political Anthropology |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (8) |
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184 | (1) |
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Political Power Is Action-Oriented |
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184 | (2) |
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Political Power Is Structural |
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186 | (1) |
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Political Power Is Gendered |
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187 | (1) |
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Political Power in Non-State Societies |
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187 | (2) |
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The Political Power of the Contemporary Nation-State |
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189 | (3) |
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Why Do Some Societies Seem More Violent Than Others? |
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192 | (5) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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Explaining the Rise of Violence in Our Contemporary World |
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195 | (2) |
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How Do People Avoid Aggression, Brutality, and War? |
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197 | (6) |
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What Disputes Are "About" |
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197 | (1) |
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How People Manage Disputes |
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198 | (1) |
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Is Restoring Harmony Always the Best Way? |
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199 | |
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The Anthropological Life: An Anthropological Politician? |
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186 | (5) |
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Anthropologist as Problem Solver Maxwell Owusu and Democracy in Ghana |
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191 | (12) |
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9 Race, Ethnicity, and Class: Understanding Identity and Social Inequality |
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203 | (24) |
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205 | (3) |
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The Biological Meanings (and Meaningless) of Human Races" |
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206 | (1) |
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Race Does Have Biological Consequences |
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207 | (1) |
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How Is Race Culturally Constructed? |
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208 | (4) |
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The Construction of Blackness and Whiteness in Colonial Virginia and Beyond |
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209 | (1) |
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Racialization in Latin America |
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210 | (1) |
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Saying "Race Is Culturally Constructed" Is Not Enough |
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211 | (1) |
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How Are Other Social Classifications Naturalized? |
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212 | (5) |
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Ethnicity: Common Descent |
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212 | (2) |
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Class: Economic Hierarchy in Capitalist Societies |
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214 | (2) |
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Caste: Moral Purity and Pollution |
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216 | (1) |
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Are Prejudice and Discrimination Inevitable? |
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217 | (10) |
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219 | (1) |
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Discrimination, Explicit and Disguised |
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219 | (3) |
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The Other Side of Discrimination: Unearned Privilege |
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222 | (1) |
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The Anthropological Life: Talking About Race and Racism |
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223 | (4) |
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10 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality: The Fluidity of Maleness and Femaleness |
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227 | (23) |
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How and Why Do Males and Females Differ? |
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229 | (5) |
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Shifting Views on Male and Female Differences |
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230 | (1) |
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Beyond the Male--Female Dichotomy |
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231 | (2) |
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Do Hormones Really Cause Gendered Differences in Behavior? |
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233 | (1) |
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Why Is There Inequality Between Men and Women? |
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234 | (5) |
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Debating "the Second Sex" |
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235 | (1) |
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Taking Stock of the Debate |
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236 | (1) |
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Reproducing Male--Female Inequalities |
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237 | (1) |
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Transformations in Feminist Anthropology |
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238 | (1) |
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What Does It Mean to Be Neither Male nor Female? |
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239 | (5) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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Trans in the United States |
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242 | (2) |
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Is Human Sexuality Just a Matter of Being Straight or Queer? |
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244 | (6) |
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Cultural Perspectives on Same-Sex Sexuality |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (3) |
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11 Kinship, Marriage, and the Family: Love, Sex, and Power |
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250 | (22) |
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What Are Families, and How Are They Structured in Different Societies? |
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252 | (8) |
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252 | (1) |
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Nuclear and Extended Families |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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Cultural Patterns in Childrearing |
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258 | (2) |
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How Do Families Control Power and Wealth? |
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260 | (3) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Controlling Family Wealth Through Inheritance |
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262 | (1) |
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Inheritance Rules in Non-Industrial Societies |
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263 | (1) |
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Why Do People Get Married? |
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263 | (4) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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Sex, Love, and the Power of Families Over Young Couples |
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265 | (2) |
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How Are Social and Technological Changes Reshaping How People Think About Family? |
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267 | (5) |
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International Adoptions and the Problem of Cultural Identity |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Surrogate Mothers and Sperm Donors |
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268 | |
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The Anthropological Life: Family-Centered Social Work and Anthropology |
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259 | (13) |
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12 Religion: Ritual and Belief |
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272 | (24) |
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How Should We Understand Religion and Religious Beliefs? |
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274 | (6) |
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Understanding Religion, Version 1.0: Edward B. Tylor and Belief in Spirits |
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274 | (1) |
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Understanding Religion, Version 2.0: Anthony F. C. Wallace on Supernatural Beings, Powers, and Forces |
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275 | (1) |
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Understanding Religion, Version 3.0: Religion as a System of Symbols |
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276 | (1) |
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Understanding Religion, Version 4.0: Religion as a System of Social Action |
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277 | (1) |
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Making Sense of the 2015 Terrorist Attacks in France: Charlie Hebdo |
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278 | (2) |
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What Forms Does Religion Take? |
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280 | (7) |
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Clan Spirits and Clan Identities in New Guinea |
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280 | (1) |
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Totemism in North America |
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281 | (1) |
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Shamanism and Ecstatic Religious Experiences |
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282 | (1) |
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Ritual Symbols That Reinforce a Hierarchical Social Order |
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282 | (1) |
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Polytheism and Monotheism in Ancient Societies |
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283 | (1) |
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World Religions and Universal Understandings of the World |
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284 | (1) |
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The Localization of World Religions |
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285 | (1) |
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How Does Atheism Fit in the Discussion? |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (5) |
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Magical Thought in Non-Western Cultures |
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287 | (1) |
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Sympathetic Magic: The Law of Similarity and the Law of Contagion |
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288 | (1) |
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Magic in Western Societies |
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289 | (1) |
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Rites of Passage and the Ritual Process |
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289 | (3) |
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How Is Religion Linked to Political and Social Action? |
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292 | (4) |
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The Rise of Fundamentalism |
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292 | (1) |
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Understanding Fundamentalism |
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292 | |
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The Anthropological Life: Is Anthropology Compatible with Religious Faith? |
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286 | (4) |
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A World in Motion: Contemporary Pilgrimage and the Camino de Santiago |
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290 | (6) |
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13 The Body: Biocultural Perspectives on Health and Illness |
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296 | (27) |
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How Do Biological and Cultural Factors Shape Our Bodily Experiences? |
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299 | (3) |
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Uniting Mind and Matter: A Biocultural Perspective |
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299 | (1) |
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Culture and Mental Illness |
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300 | (2) |
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What Do We Mean by Health and Illness? |
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302 | (5) |
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The Individual Subjectivity of Illness |
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303 | (2) |
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The "Sick Role": The Social Expectations of Illness |
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305 | (2) |
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How and Why Do Doctors and Other Health Practitioners Gain Social Authority? |
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307 | (4) |
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The Disease--Illness Distinction: Professional and Popular Views of Sickness |
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308 | (2) |
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The Medicalization of the Non-Medical |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (3) |
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Clinical Therapeutic Processes |
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311 | (1) |
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Symbolic Therapeutic Processes |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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Persuasion: The Placebo Effect |
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312 | (2) |
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How Can Anthropology Help Us Address Global Health Problems? |
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314 | (9) |
|
Understanding Global Health Problems |
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316 | (3) |
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Anthropological Contributions to Tackling the International HIV/AIDS Crisis |
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|
319 | |
|
A World in Motion: Medical Tourism in Yemen |
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315 | (3) |
|
Anthropologist as Problem Solver Nancy Scheper-Hughes on an Engaged Anthropology of Health |
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318 | (5) |
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14 Materiality: Constructing Social Relationships and Meanings With Things |
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323 | (23) |
|
Why Is the Ownership of Artifacts From Other Cultures a Contentious Issue? |
|
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325 | (6) |
|
Questions of Ownership, Rights, and Protection |
|
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326 | (4) |
|
Cultural Resource Management: Not Just for Archaeologists Any More |
|
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330 | (1) |
|
How Should We Look at Objects Anthropologically? |
|
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331 | (5) |
|
The Many Dimensions of Objects |
|
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332 | (1) |
|
A Shiny New Bicycle, in Multiple Dimensions |
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333 | (1) |
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|
|
334 | (1) |
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334 | (2) |
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How and Why Do the Meanings of Things Change Over Time? |
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336 | (4) |
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The Social Life of Things |
|
|
337 | (1) |
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Three Ways Objects Change Over Time |
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337 | (3) |
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How Do Objects Help Us Shape and Express Our Coals and Aspirations? |
|
|
340 | (6) |
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The Cultural Biography of Things |
|
|
341 | (1) |
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The Culture of Mass Consumption |
|
|
341 | (1) |
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How Advertisers Manipulate Our Goals and Aspirations |
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|
342 | |
|
Anthropologist as Problem Solver John Terrell, Repatriation, and the Maori Meeting House at The Field Museum |
|
|
329 | (17) |
| Epilogue: Cultural Anthropology and the Future of Human Diversity |
|
346 | (5) |
| Glossary |
|
351 | (9) |
| References |
|
360 | (16) |
| Credits |
|
376 | (4) |
| Index |
|
380 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta