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E-raamat: Asphalt Mixture Specification and Testing

(Transport Research Laboratory (Retired), UK)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-May-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351788663
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Asphalt Mixture Specification and TestingSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-May-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351788663
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This guide reviews the way asphalt mixture can be specified, with particular emphasis on the test methods used to measure performance. The advantages and limitations of the tests are described for measuring the desired property, and engineers can specify a test according to the materials use.

The book starts with a resume of specifications and their relative advantages and disadvantages for different situations. Then different properties are discussed in terms of: their specification; the test methods that can be used (primarily the EN 12697 suite of European methods, of which the author has been responsible for drafting); the extent to which the results predict performance; the levels that can be achieved with different asphalt mixes and types; what levels, if any, should be specified in various situations and pavement layers; and which other properties are adversely affected by enhanced performance. The final section covers various aspects of sustainability, with a strong emphasis on durability.

Better understanding should enable clients and consultants who specify pavements to produce durable asphalt pavements more economically, and also help asphalt producers and students trying to understand the black art of asphalt.

Arvustused

"A must have excellent book for all those involved in asphalt specification and testing."

-- Thanos Nikolaides, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

"Dr Nicholls has produced a unique singularly useful review of all applicable asphalt test methods. This book is an essential addition to your asphalt bookshelf."

-- Robert N Hunter, Hunter & Edgar Consulting Civil Engineers, UK

"Cliff's book has everything you might want to know about asphalt, and probably some things you didn't know you needed to know."

-- John Booth, Environmental Scientifics Group, UK

List of tables
xiii
List of figures
xv
Preface xvii
Author xix
1 Introduction
1(4)
1.1 Objective
1(1)
1.2 Terminology and units
2(3)
Reference
3(2)
2 Specifications for asphalt
5(20)
2.1 Development of specifications
5(3)
2.2 Uncertainty of test results
8(1)
2.3 Properties relevant to layers
9(1)
2.4 Levels of specification
9(1)
2.5 International specifications
10(6)
2.5.1 Harmonised European standards
10(3)
2.5.2 US Strategic Highway Research Program specifications
13(3)
2.6 Categories of asphalt
16(9)
2.6.1 Overview
16(1)
2.6.2 Asphalt concrete
17(1)
2.6.2.1 General
17(1)
2.6.2.2 Macadam
18(1)
2.6.2.3 Marshall asphalt
18(1)
2.6.2.4 Enrobe a module eleve
19(1)
2.6.2.5 Beton bitumineux pour chaussees aeronautiques
19(1)
2.6.3 Porous asphalt
20(1)
2.6.4 Stone mastic asphalt
20(1)
2.6.5 AC for very thin layers
21(1)
2.6.6 Asphalt for ultrathin layer
21(1)
2.6.7 Mastic asphalt
21(1)
2.6.8 Hot-rolled asphalt
22(1)
2.6.9 Soft asphalt
22(1)
2.6.10 Thin surface course systems
22(1)
References
23(2)
3 Composition
25(12)
3.1 Mixture design and compliance requirements
25(1)
3.2 Binder
25(4)
3.2.1 Binder content
25(2)
3.2.2 Binder properties
27(2)
3.3 Aggregate
29(2)
3.3.1 Aggregate grading
29(1)
3.3.2 Particle shape
30(1)
3.4 Volumetrics
31(3)
3.4.1 Air voids content
31(2)
3.4.2 Voids filled with bitumen
33(1)
3.4.3 Percentage refusal density
33(1)
3.5 Temperature
34(3)
References
35(2)
4 Surface characteristics
37(22)
4.1 Profile
37(1)
4.1.1 Level (fundamental)
37(1)
4.1.2 Surface regularity (fundamental)
37(1)
4.2 Skid resistance
38(12)
4.2.1 Friction
38(1)
4.2.2 Texture depth
39(1)
4.2.2.1 Relevance of texture depth
39(1)
4.2.2.2 Patch test (surrogate)
39(2)
4.2.2.3 Sensor-measured texture depth (surrogate)
41(1)
4.2.2.4 Mean profile depth (surrogate)
41(1)
4.2.2.5 Pavement surface horizontal drainability
41(1)
4.2.3 Micro-texture
42(1)
4.2.3.1 Relevance of micro-texture
42(1)
4.2.3.2 PSV and AAV (surrogates on component)
42(1)
4.2.3.3 Friction after polishing (simulative)
43(4)
4.2.4 In situ measurement
47(1)
4.2.4.1 Variation of in situ skid resistance
47(1)
4.2.4.2 Pendulum measurements (simulative)
47(1)
4.2.4.3 Sideway-force measurements (simulative)
48(1)
4.2.4.4 Fixed-slip measurements (simulative)
48(1)
4.2.4.5 Locked-wheel measurements (simulative)
49(1)
4.2.5 Specifying skid resistance
49(1)
4.3 Noise and spray reduction
50(4)
4.3.1 Noise reduction
50(1)
4.3.1.1 Issue being addressed
50(1)
4.3.1.2 Statistical pass-by method (fundamental)
51(1)
4.3.1.3 Close proximity method (fundamental)
52(1)
4.3.1.4 Specifying for noise
52(1)
4.3.2 Splash and spray reduction (surrogate)
53(1)
4.4 Colour
54(5)
References
56(3)
5 Surface course properties
59(22)
5.1 General
59(1)
5.2 Deformation resistance
59(9)
5.2.1 Issue being addressed
59(2)
5.2.2 Conventional measures
61(1)
5.2.3 Marshall stability (simulative)
61(1)
5.2.4 Wheel tracking (simulative)
62(4)
5.2.5 Indentation test (simulative)
66(1)
5.2.6 Cyclic compression (fundamental)
66(1)
5.2.7 Specifying deformation resistance
67(1)
5.3 Resistance to cracking
68(5)
5.3.1 Issue being addressed
68(1)
5.3.2 Conventional measures
69(1)
5.3.3 Fatigue cracking
69(1)
5.3.4 Tensile strength (simulative)
70(1)
5.3.5 Low-temperature cracking (simulative)
70(2)
5.3.6 Resistance to crack development (simulative)
72(1)
5.3.7 Specifying resistance to cracking
73(1)
5.4 Resistance to loss of aggregate
73(8)
5.4.1 Issue being addressed
73(1)
5.4.2 Conventional measures
74(1)
5.4.3 Resistance to scuffing (simulative)
74(1)
5.4.4 Particle loss (simulative)
75(2)
5.4.5 Abrasion by studded tyres (simulative)
77(1)
5.4.6 Specifying against loss of aggregate
77(1)
References
77(4)
6 Structural properties
81(8)
6.1 Stiffness
81(2)
6.1.1 Issue being addressed
81(1)
6.1.2 Conventional measures
81(1)
6.1.3 Stiffness modulus (fundamental)
82(1)
6.1.4 Specifying stiffness
83(1)
6.2 Fatigue resistance
83(6)
6.2.1 Issue being addressed
83(2)
6.2.2 Conventional measures
85(1)
6.2.3 Resistance to fatigue (fundamental)
86(1)
6.2.4 Specifying against fatigue
87(1)
References
87(2)
7 Serviceability properties
89(18)
7.1 Serviceability
89(1)
7.2 Moisture damage
89(5)
7.2.1 Issue being addressed
89(1)
7.2.2 Conventional measures
90(1)
7.2.3 Aggregate/binder affinity (simulative)
90(1)
7.2.3.1 Static method
90(1)
7.2.3.2 Rolling bottle method
90(1)
7.2.3.3 Boiling water stripping method
91(1)
7.2.4 Water sensitivity (simulative)
91(1)
7.2.5 Saturation ageing tensile stiffness conditioning (simulative)
92(1)
7.2.6 Moisture-induced stress test (simulative)
93(1)
7.2.7 Specifying against moisture damage
93(1)
7.3 Resistance to chemicals
94(2)
7.3.1 Issue being addressed
94(1)
7.3.2 Resistance to fuel (simulative)
95(1)
7.3.3 Resistance to deicing fluids (simulative)
95(1)
7.3.4 Specifying for resistance to chemicals
96(1)
7.4 Impermeability
96(3)
7.4.1 Issue being addressed
96(1)
7.4.2 Conventional measures
97(1)
7.4.3 Air voids content (surrogate)
97(1)
7.4.4 Permeability (simulative)
98(1)
7.4.5 Hydraulic conductivity (simulative)
98(1)
7.4.6 Specifying impermeability or permeability
98(1)
7.5 Ageing potential
99(2)
7.5.1 Issue being addressed
99(1)
7.5.2 Binder ageing (surrogate/simulative)
99(1)
7.5.3 SATS conditioning (simulative)
100(1)
7.5.4 Asphalt ageing (simulative)
100(1)
7.5.5 Specifying against ageing
100(1)
7.6 Interlayer bond
101(6)
7.6.1 Issue being addressed
101(1)
7.6.2 Conventional measures
101(1)
7.6.3 Torque bond (simulative)
102(1)
7.6.4 Shear bond (simulative)
102(1)
7.6.5 Tensile adhesion (simulative)
103(1)
7.6.6 Specifying for interlayer bond
103(1)
References
104(3)
8 Sustainability
107(14)
8.1 Overview
107(1)
8.2 Durability
107(1)
8.3 Recycling
108(1)
8.4 Secondary aggregates
109(1)
8.5 Carbon emissions
110(8)
8.6 Lower temperature asphalt
118(3)
References
118(3)
9 Summary
121(2)
Index 123
Cliff Nichollss experience in civil engineering stretches over 40 years, with over 25 years specialising in highway materials. He is, or has been, a Fellow or Member of five professional institutions and a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Paviors, and is recently retired as a Principal Research Scientist and Senior Academy Fellow at the UKs Transport Research Laboratory responsible for research into road pavement materials used for road and airfield pavements.



He assisted the Department of Transport and Highways Agency when it was considering the introduction of thin surfacing systems into the UK and subsequently led the research monitoring their long-term durability for the Highways Agency as well as the potential to incorporate recycled material into these mixtures. He also led the research to produce performance-based tests of high-friction surfacing systems that allowed their specification through a certification scheme. His work has also included the assessment of porous asphalt as a surfacing for trunk roads, updating the design advice for surface dressing, studying the use of recycled and secondary materials in asphalt, and standardising test methods for use on asphalt materials.



He is a member of several European and national standardisation committees including Specialist Groups of the Highway Authorities Products Approval Scheme for the certification of thin surfacing systems, high-friction surfacing systems and polymermodified binders. Until recently he was also the convenor of the Comité Européen de Normalisation task group responsible for test methods for asphalt mixtures.



He has been the author of, or a major contributor to, a number of reports including the last three editions of TRL Road Note 39, Design Guide for road surface dressing, a best practice guide on the durability of asphalt pavements and a report on the service lives of thin surfaces. He edited the book Asphalt Surfacings, also published by CRC Press.
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