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E-raamat: Astronomy of the Inca Empire: Use and Significance of the Sun and the Night Sky

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Astronomy in the Inca Empire was a robust and fundamental practice. The subsequent Spanish conquest of the Andes region disrupted much of this indigenous culture and resulted in a significant loss of information about its rich history. Through modern archaeoastronomy, this book helps recover and interpret some of these elements of Inca civilization.

 

Astronomy was intricately woven into the very fabric of Andean existence and daily life. Accordingly, the text takes a holistic approach to its research, considering first and foremost the cultural context of each astronomy-related site. The chapters necessarily start with a history of the Incas from the beginning of their empire through the completion of the conquest by Spain before diving into an astronomical and cultural analysis of many of the huacas found in the heart of the Inca Empire.

 

Over 300 color images—original artwork and many photos captured during the author’s extensive field research in Machu Picchu, the Sacred Valley, Cusco, and elsewhere—are included throughout the book, adding visual insight to a rigorous examination of Inca astronomical sites and history.


Arvustused

This informative book, clearly a labor of love, animates a subject whose interest remains undimmed. Above the emperor Huayna Capacs former royal estate at Yucay, Gullberg documents two sun pillars whose counterparts in Cusco were destroyed after the Spanish invasion. (Christopher Heaney, Isis, Vol. 112 (4), December, 2021) The book is astonishingly well illustrated, with a total of 312 figures . The illustrations include both black-and-white and color photographs of archaeological sites and other items of cultural interest, as well as many original pencil drawings and watercolor paintings of sites and cultural miscellanea by the authors spouse, Jessica Gullberg. In sum, this is a highly informed and informative book. It raises the standard of the study of Inca astronomy and archaeoastronomy to a whole new level. (Gary Urton, Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol. 52 (3), August, 2021)

1 Introduction
1(4)
2 Evolution of An Empire
5(36)
2.1 Before the Incas
6(5)
2.2 The Early Incas
11(3)
2.3 Rulers of Imperial Expansion
14(8)
2.4 Spanish Conquest
22(5)
2.5 Inca Resistance
27(9)
2.6 The Catholic Purge
36(2)
2.7 Summary
38(3)
3 Cultural Context
41(40)
3.1 Religion
42(2)
3.2 Cosmology
44(1)
3.3 Sacred Landscape
45(1)
3.4 Camay
46(4)
3.5 Intihuatanas
50(2)
3.6 Sacred Animals
52(1)
3.7 Ancestors
53(2)
3.8 Social Issues
55(3)
3.9 Organization
58(3)
3.10 Succession
61(1)
3.11 Festivals
62(1)
3.12 Climate
62(2)
3.13 Agriculture
64(1)
3.14 Irrigation
65(1)
3.15 Imperial Expansion
66(1)
3.16 Pilgrimage
67(3)
3.17 Building an Empire
70(1)
3.18 Architecture
71(2)
3.19 Inca Roads
73(3)
3.20 Carved Rocks
76(2)
3.21 Summary
78(3)
4 Ceques and Huacas
81(14)
4.1 History
82(2)
4.2 Ceques
84(2)
4.3 Huacas
86(4)
4.4 Huaca Maintenance and Worship
90(1)
4.5 Ceque and Huaca Astronomy
90(1)
4.6 Ceque System Controversy
91(2)
4.7 Summary
93(2)
5 Archaeoastronomy
95(16)
5.1 The Celestial Sphere
96(1)
5.2 Motions of the Heavens
97(2)
5.3 Solstices and Equinoxes
99(2)
5.4 Cardinal Directions
101(1)
5.5 Zenith and Anti-Zenith Sun
101(1)
5.6 Horizon Astronomy
102(1)
5.7 Field Research
103(6)
5.8 Summary
109(2)
6 Inca Astronomy and Cosmology
111(34)
6.1 A Complex Astronomy
112(3)
6.2 Sun Worship
115(1)
6.3 Cosmology and Origins
115(2)
6.4 Festivals and Ceremonies
117(1)
6.5 Inca Horizon Astronomy
117(4)
6.6 Architectural Alignments
121(1)
6.7 Ushnus, Sucancas, Pillars, and Gnomons
122(9)
6.8 Inca Calendar
131(1)
6.9 The Moon
132(1)
6.10 The Milky Way
133(3)
6.11 Stars
136(4)
6.12 Ceque System and the Stars
140(1)
6.13 Cosmology and Atmospheric Phenomena
141(1)
6.14 Summary
142(3)
7 Orientations at or near Cusco, at Tipon, and at Saihuite
145(58)
7.1 Kenko Grande
147(7)
7.2 Kenko Chico
154(1)
7.3 Mesa Redonda
155(1)
7.4 Tetecaca
155(2)
7.5 Patallacta
157(1)
7.6 Kusilluchayoc
158(1)
7.7 Lacco
158(7)
7.8 Huaca 44
165(4)
7.9 Lanlakuyok
169(2)
7.10 Puca Pucara
171(1)
7.11 Tambomachay
172(4)
7.12 Sacsahuaman
176(5)
7.13 Mollaguanca
181(1)
7.14 Sapantiana
182(1)
7.15 Rumiwasi Bajo
182(1)
7.16 Rumiwasi Alto
183(1)
7.17 Kusicallanca
184(1)
7.18 Tipon
184(7)
7.19 Saihuite
191(10)
7.20 Summary
201(2)
8 Orientations In the Sacred Valley
203(48)
8.1 Chinchero
204(12)
8.2 Pisac
216(4)
8.3 Q'espiwanka
220(8)
8.4 Cerro Pumahuachana
228(4)
8.5 Cerro Unoraqui
232(3)
8.6 Maras
235(1)
8.7 Moray
235(4)
8.8 Choquequilla
239(2)
18.9 Ollantaytambo
241(7)
8.10 Summary
248(3)
9 Orientations in and Surrounding Machu Picchu
251(48)
9.1 History and Design
253(5)
9.2 Machu Picchu Site
258(14)
9.3 River Intihuatana
272(18)
9.4 Llactapata
290(6)
9.5 Summary
296(3)
10 Discussion, Findings, and Conclusion
299(20)
10.1 Discussion
299(7)
10.2 Findings
306(11)
10.3 Concluding Remarks
317(2)
Appendices 319(36)
Bibliography 355(10)
Index 365
Steven Gullberg holds a Ph.D. in astronomy from James Cook University (Australia) and is an Associate Professor at the University of Oklahoma, where he is Lead Faculty for the School of Integrative and Cultural Studies. He is the Universitys Director for Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture, and he also serves as Chair of the International Astronomical Unions Working Group for Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture. He has conducted extensive field research on the astronomy of the Incas in the Peruvian Andes and has written many research papers. At the University of Oklahoma, he led the development of a graduate-level archaeoastronomy distance-learning program designed to educate researchers around the world. Dr. Gullberg regularly presents papers at international conferences as he endeavors to globally advance the field of archaeoastronomy.
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