Examines the creation of new political institutions in three Latin American countries: direct elections for governors and mayors in Venezuela; radical municipalization in Bolivia and direct election of the mayor of Buenos Aires in Argentina. Diverging from the usual incremental processes of political change, these cases marked a significant departure from traditional centralized governments. Such "audacious reforms", explains the author, reinvent the ways in which public problems are manifested and resolved, the ways in which political actors calculate the costs and benefits of their activities, and the ways in which social groups related to the political process. Merilee Grindle considers three central questions: why would rational politicians choose to give up power ; what accounts for the selection of some institutions rather than others; and how does the introduction of new institutions alter the nature of political actions? The case studies of Venezuela, Bolivia and Argentina demonstrate that institutional invention must be understood from theoretical perspectives that stretch beyond immediate concerns about electoal gains and political support building. Broader theoretical perspectives on the definition of nation and state, the nature of political contests, the legitimacy of political systems and the role of elites all must be considered. While past conflicts are not erased by reforms, in the new order there is often greater potential for more responsible, accountable and democratic government.
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