Klienditugi: 7440010 (E-R 10-18)

E-raamat: Automotive Accident Reconstruction: Practices and Principles, Second Edition

Edited by Jocelyn Fitzgerald, Edited by Sherri Jacobs, Edited by Jennifer Marchand, Edited by Elizabeth Davis (University of Toronto, Canada)

Formaat: 421 pages
Sari: Ground Vehicle Engineering
Ilmumisaeg: 24-Jan-2020
Kirjastus: CRC Press
ISBN-13: 9781000764369

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Formaat: 421 pages
Sari: Ground Vehicle Engineering
Ilmumisaeg: 24-Jan-2020
Kirjastus: CRC Press
ISBN-13: 9781000764369

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This fully updated edition presents practices and principles applicable for the reconstruction of automobile and commercial truck crashes. Like the First Edition, it starts at the very beginning with fundamental principles, information sources, and data gathering and inspection techniques for accident scenes and vehicles. It goes on to show how to analyze photographs and crash test data. The book presents tire fundamentals and shows how to use them in spreadsheet-based reverse trajectory analysis. Such methods are also applied to reconstructing rollover crashes. Impacts with narrow fixed objects are discussed. Impact mechanics, structural dynamics, and conservation-based reconstruction methods are presented. The book contains a comprehensive treatment of crush energy and how to develop structural stiffness properties from crash test data. Computer simulations are reviewed and discussed.

Extensively revised, this edition contains new material on side pole impacts. It has entirely new chapters devoted to low-speed impacts, downloading electronic data from vehicles, deriving structural stiffness in side impacts, and incorporating electronic data into accident reconstructions

Preface

Authors

xvii

Chapter 1 General Principles

(14)

An Exact Science?

(1)

Units, Dimensions, Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures

(2)

A Word about Mass

(1)

Length

(1)

Velocity

(1)

Precision and Accuracy

(1)

Significant Figures

(1)

Newton's Laws of Motion

(1)

Coordinate Systems

(2)

Accident Phases

(1)

Conservation Laws

(1)

Crush Zones

(1)

Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement

(2)

Crash Severity Measures

(1)

The Concept of Equivalence

(1)

Objectives of Accident Reconstruction

(1)

Forward-Looking Models (Simulations)

(1)

Backward-Looking Methods

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 2 Tire Models

(12)

Rolling Resistance

(1)

Longitudinal Force Generation

(7)

Lateral Force Generation

(1)

Longitudinal and Lateral Forces Together

(1)

The Backward-Looking Approach

(1)

The Effects of Crab Angle

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 3 Subdividing Noncollision Trajectories with Splines

(8)

Introduction

(1)

Selecting an Independent Variable

(1)

Finding a Smoothing Function

(1)

Properties of Splines

(1)

Example of Using a Spline for a Trajectory

(5)

Chapter 4 A Program for Reverse Trajectory Calculation Using Splines

(18)

Introduction

(1)

Developing Velocity-Time Histories for Vehicle Run-Out Trajectories

(1)

Other Variables at Play in Reverse Trajectory Calculations

(1)

Vehicle Headings and Yaw Rates

(1)

Example Reverse Trajectory Calculation

(2)

Yaw Rates

(1)

Secondary Impacts with Fixed Objects

(1)

Verifying Methods of Analyzing Postcrash Trajectories

(1)

The RICSAC Crash Tests

(10)

Documenting the Run-Out Motions

(2)

Data Acquisition and Processing Issues

(1)

Separation Positions for the RICSAC Run-Out Trajectories

(1)

Side-Slap Impacts

(1)

Secondary Impacts and Controlled Rest

(1)

Surface Friction

(1)

Brake Factors

(1)

Sample Validation Run

(3)

Results of Reverse Trajectory Validation

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 5 Time-Distance Studies

(10)

Purpose

(1)

Perception and Reaction

(1)

Constant Acceleration

(2)

Example of Constant Acceleration Time-Distance Study

(3)

Variable Acceleration

(2)

References

(2)

Chapter 6 Vehicle Data Sources for the Accident Reconstructionist

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Nomenclature and Terminology

(7)

SAE Standard Dimensions

(1)

Vehicle Identification Numbers

(2)

Vehicle Specifications and Market Data

(1)

Vehicle Inertial Properties

(1)

Production Changeovers and Model Runs

(1)

Sisters and Clones

(1)

Other Information Sources

(1)

People Sizes

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 7 Accident Investigation

(12)

Introduction

(1)

Information Gathering

(2)

Scene Inspection

(2)

Vehicle Inspection

(3)

Crush Measurement

(1)

Inspection Equipment

(2)

References

(2)

Chapter 8 Obtaining Electronic Data from Vehicles

(10)

Introduction

(1)

Evolution of Electronic Data

(1)

Passenger Vehicle EDR Data

(2)

Commercial Vehicle ECM Data

(4)

Data from Infotainment Systems

(1)

GPS and Vehicle Telematics Data

(1)

Onboard Video Data

(1)

References

100

(1)

Chapter 9 Getting Information from Photographs

101

(14)

Introduction

101

(1)

Photographic Analysis

101

(2)

Mathematical Basis of Photogrammetry

103

(1)

Two-Dimensional Photogrammetry

104

(2)

Camera Reverse Projection Methods

106

(3)

Two-Photograph Camera Reverse Projection

109

(1)

Analytical Reverse Projection

110

(1)

Three-Dimensional Multiple-Image Photogrammetry

110

(3)

References

113

(2)

Chapter 10 Measuring Vehicle Crush

115

(12)

Introduction

115

(2)

MASS Protocol

117

(2)

Full-Scale Mapping

119

(4)

Total Station and Three-Dimensional Scanning Methods

123

(1)

Loose Parts

123

(1)

Other Crush Measurement Issues in Coplanar Crashes

124

(1)

Rollover Roof Deformation Measurements

125

(1)

References

126

(1)

Chapter 11 Filtering Impulse Data

127

(12)

Introduction

127

(1)

Background and Theory

127

(1)

Analog Filters

128

(1)

Filter Order

129

(1)

Bode Plots

129

(1)

Filter Types

129

(1)

Digital Filters

130

(1)

FIR Filters

130

(1)

IIR Filters

131

(1)

Use of the Z-Transform

131

(2)

Example of Finding the Difference Equation from the Transfer Function

133

(1)

Bilinear Transforms

133

(1)

Digital Filters for Airbag Applications

134

(1)

Example of a Digital Filter in an Airbag Sensor

134

(3)

References

137

(2)

Chapter 12 Obtaining and Using NHTSA Crash Test Data

139

(10)

Contemplating Vehicle Crashes

139

(1)

The Crush Zone

139

(1)

Accelerometer Mount Strategy

140

(1)

Other Measurement Parameters and Transducers

141

(1)

Sign Conventions and Coordinate Systems

141

(1)

Finding NHTSA Crash Test Data

142

(2)

Filtering the Data

144

(1)

Filter( j) Subroutine

144

(2)

Using NHTSA Signal Analysis Software

146

(1)

References

147

(2)

Chapter 13 Analyzing Crash Pulse Data

149

(12)

Crash Pulses in Hard-Copy Crash Test Reports

149

(2)

Integrating the Accelerations

151

(2)

Repeatability of Digitizing Hard-Copy Plots

153

(1)

Effects of Plotted Curve Quality

154

(1)

Accuracy of the Integration Process

155

(1)

Accuracy of the Filtering Process

156

(1)

Effects of Filtering on Acceleration and Velocity Data

157

(1)

The Effect of Accelerometer Location on the Crash Pulse

158

(2)

Conclusions

160

(1)

Reference

160

(1)

Chapter 14 Downloading and Analyzing NHTSA Load Cell Barrier Data

161

(8)

The Load Cell Barrier Face

161

(1)

Downloading NHTSA Load Cell Barrier Data

162

(1)

Grouping Load Cell Data Channels

162

(2)

The Computational Burden of Load Cell Data Analysis

164

(1)

Aliasing

164

(2)

Load Cell Barrier Data Analysis Using NHTSA's PlotBrowser

166

(2)

References

168

(1)

Chapter 15 Rollover Investigation

169

(18)

Introduction

169

(1)

Measurements of Severity

169

(3)

Evidence on the Vehicle

172

(9)

Evidence at the Scene

181

(4)

References

185

(2)

Chapter 16 Rollover Analysis

187

(14)

Introduction

187

(1)

Use of an Overall Drag Factor

187

(2)

Laying Out the Rollover Trajectory

189

(1)

Setting Up a Reverse Trajectory Spreadsheet

190

(4)

Examining the Yaw and Roll Rates

194

(2)

Scratch Angle Directions

196

(3)

Soil and Curb Trips

199

(1)

References

200

(1)

Chapter 17 Vehicle Structure Crash Dynamics

201

(22)

Introduction

201

(1)

Load Paths

202

(1)

Load-Deflection Curves

202

(3)

Energy Absorption

205

(1)

Restitution

206

(2)

Structural Dynamics

208

(4)

Restitution Revisited

212

(1)

Small Car Barrier Crashes

213

(1)

Large Car Barrier Crashes

213

(1)

Small Car/Large Car Comparisons

213

(1)

Narrow Fixed Object Collisions

213

(1)

Vehicle-to-Vehicle Collisions

214

(4)

Large Car Hits Small Car

218

(1)

Barrier Equivalence

219

(1)

Load-Deflection Curves from Crash Tests

219

(1)

Measures of Crash Severity

220

(1)

References

221

(2)

Chapter 18 Impact Mechanics

223

(10)

Crash Phase Duration

223

(1)

Degrees of Freedom

223

(1)

Mass, Moment of Inertia, Impulse, and Momentum

224

(1)

General Principles of Impulse-Momentum-Based Impact Mechanics

224

(2)

Eccentric Collisions and Effective Mass

226

(2)

Using Particle Mass Analysis for Eccentric Collisions

228

(1)

Impulse-Momentum Using Each Body as a System

229

(1)

The Planar Impact Mechanics Approach

229

(1)

The Collision Safety Engineering Approach

230

(1)

Methods Utilizing the Conservation of Energy

231

(1)

References

231

(2)

Chapter 19 Reconstruction Using Conservation of Momentum and Energy

233

(8)

Uniaxial Collisions

233

(4)

Conservation of Momentum

233

(2)

Conservation of Energy

235

(2)

Momentum Conservation for Two-Degree-of-Freedom Coplanar Collisions

237

(3)

Reference

240

(1)

Chapter 20 Constant-Stiffness Structures and Crash Plots

241

(14)

Introduction

241

(1)

Constant-Stiffness Models

241

(3)

Sample Form Factor Calculation: Half Sine Wave Crush Profile

244

(1)

Sample Form Factor Calculation: Half Sine Wave Squared Crush Profile

245

(1)

Form Factors for Piecewise-Linear Crush Profiles

246

(3)

Sample Form Factor Calculation: Triangular Crush Profile

249

(1)

Constant-Stiffness Crash Plots

249

(1)

Example of Constant-Stiffness Crash Plot

250

(3)

Constant-Stiffness Crash Plots for Uniaxial Impacts by Rigid Moving Barriers

253

(1)

References

254

(1)

Chapter 21 Crush Energy in Accident Vehicles and Nonlinear Structures

255

(18)

Introduction

255

(1)

Segment-by-Segment Analysis of Accident Vehicle Crush Profiles

255

(2)

Constant-Stiffness Crash Plots for Repeated Impacts

257

(1)

Constant Stiffness with Force Saturation

258

(2)

Constant-Stiffness Model with Force Saturation, Using Piecewise Linear Crush Profiles

260

(2)

Constant-Force Model

262

(3)

Constant-Force Model with Piecewise Linear Crush Profiles

265

(2)

Structural Stiffness Parameters: Make or Buy?

267

(4)

References

271

(2)

Chapter 22 Structural Stiffness in Side Impacts

273

(24)

Introduction

273

(1)

MDB Stiffness Characteristics

274

(1)

Kinetic Energies at Separation

274

(1)

The Need for a Calculation Methodology for Deriving Stiffness Parameters

275

(1)

Open-Source Methods for Stiffness Evaluation

275

(1)

Insights from Repeated Side Impacts

276

(6)

Side Structure Models

276

(1)

Restitution in Side Impacts

276

(1)

Crush Width in Side Impacts

277

(1)

Crash Plots for Repeated Side Impacts

278

(1)

Constant-Stiffness Models with Force Saturation

279

(1)

Constant-Stiffness Models without Force Saturation

280

(1)

No-Damage Thresholds in Side Impacts

281

(1)

Method 1: Crash Plot Procedure for Single Test, Linear Structure

282

(5)

Vehicle Crush Assessment: Crash Plot Abscissa for Crash Test

282

(1)

Vehicle CE Assessment: Crash Plot Ordinate for Crash Test

283

(2)

Crash Plot Intercept

285

(1)

Remaining Crash Plot Calculations

286

(1)

Method 2: Iterative Procedure for Single Test, Nonlinear Structure

287

(3)

Need for Forward-Looking Iterative Procedure

287

(1)

Implementation of No-Damage Threshold Condition

287

(1)

Iterative Computation Procedure

288

(1)

Sample Calculation

289

(1)

Discussion

290

(4)

Side-Struck Vehicles with High Ground Clearance

290

(2)

Variability

292

(1)

Repeatability

293

(1)

Sensitivity Analysis

294

(1)

Effects of Ignoring Force Saturation

294

(1)

Effects of Changing the Saturation Crush Value

294

(1)

Effects of Not Adding Transition Data Points to the Crush Profile

294

(1)

Effects of the Assumed No-Damage Restitution Coefficient epsilon0

295

(1)

Effects of Extrapolating the Crush Profile to Zero Crush

295

(1)

Conclusions

295

(1)

References

296

(1)

Chapter 23 Narrow Fixed-Object Collisions

297

(10)

Introduction

297

(1)

Wooden Utility Poles

297

(2)

Poles That Move

299

(1)

Crush Profiles and Vehicle Crush Energy

300

(3)

Maximum Crush and Impact Speed

303

(1)

Side Pole Impacts

304

(1)

References

305

(2)

Chapter 24 Crush Energy in Underride/Override Collisions

307

(10)

Introduction

307

(1)

NHTSA Underride Guard Crash Testing

307

(1)

Synectics Bumper Underride Crash Tests

308

(1)

Analyzing Crush in Full-Width and Offset Override Tests

308

(1)

The NHTSA Tests Revisited

309

(1)

More Taurus Underride Tests

309

(1)

Using Load Cell Barrier Information

310

(1)

Shear Energy in Underride Crashes

311

(1)

Reconstructing Ford Taurus Underride Crashes

312

(2)

Reconstructing Honda Civic Underride Crashes

314

(1)

Reconstructing the Plymouth Reliant Underride Crash

315

(1)

Conclusions

315

(1)

References

315

(2)

Chapter 25 Low-Speed Impacts

317

(16)

Introduction

317

(1)

Braking Forces during Rear Impacts

318

(1)

Low-Speed Side Impacts

319

(1)

Tire Scrub in Side Impact Tests of 2013-2014 Honda Accords

319

(4)

Characterizing Structures and Assessing Crush Energy at Low Speeds

323

(3)

Use of RC Information for Low-Speed Crashes

326

(6)

Side Impacts

326

(3)

Front and Rear Impacts

329

(3)

References

332

(1)

Chapter 26 Reconstructing Coplanar Collisions, Including Energy Dissipation

333

(12)

General Approach

333

(2)

Development of the Governing Equations

335

(3)

The Physical Meaning of Two Roots

338

(1)

Extra Information

338

(1)

Sample Reconstruction

339

(2)

Relative Speeds and Restitution Coefficient

341

(1)

Vehicle Center of Mass Positions

342

(1)

Vehicle Angles at Impact

342

(1)

Principal Direction of Force

342

(1)

Conservation Laws

343

(1)

References

343

(2)

Chapter 27 Checking the Results in Coplanar Collision Analysis

345

(10)

Introduction

345

(1)

Sample Spreadsheet Calculations

345

(1)

Choice of Roots -

345

(2)

Crash Duration

347

(1)

Selecting Which Vehicle Is Number 1

347

(1)

Yaw Rate Degradation

347

(1)

Yaw Rates at Impact

347

(1)

Trajectory Data

348

(1)

Impact Configuration Estimate

348

(1)

Vehicle Angles at Impact

348

(1)

Crab Angles at Impact

349

(1)

Approach Angles

349

(1)

Restitution Coefficient

350

(1)

Principal Direction of Force (PDOF)

350

(1)

Energy Conservation

350

(1)

Linear Momentum Conservation

350

(1)

Direction of Momentum Vector

351

(1)

Momentum, Crush Energy, Closing Velocity, and Impact Velocities

351

(1)

Angular Momentum

352

(1)

Force Balance

352

(1)

Final Remarks

353

(1)

References

353

(2)

Chapter 28 Incorporating Electronic Data into Accident Reconstructions

355

(8)

Introduction

355

(1)

Data from EDR

355

(4)

Data from GPS

359

(1)

References

360

(3)

Chapter 29 Simulation Models and Other Computer Programs

363

(18)

Introduction

363

(1)

CRASH Family of Programs

364

(5)

CRASH

364

(1)

Crash3 and EDCRASH

365

(2)

WinSMASH

367

(2)

SMAC Family of Programs

369

(4)

SMAC

369

EDSMAC

170

(201)

EDSMAC4

371

(2)

PC-CRASH

373

(1)

Noncollision Simulations

374

(4)

HVOSM

374

(1)

EDSVS (Engineering Dynamics Single Vehicle Simulator)

375

(1)

EDVTS (Engineering Dynamics Vehicle Trailer Simulator)

376

(1)

Phase 4

376

(1)

EDVDS (Engineering Dynamics Vehicle Dynamics Simulator)

377

(1)

Occupant Models

378

(1)

References

378

(3)

Index

381

Donald E. Struble holds BS, MS, and PhD degrees from California Polytechnic State University, Stanford University, and Georgia Institute of Technology, respectively, all in engineering with an emphasis on structural mechanics. Dr Struble served as an Assistant Professor of Aeronautical Engineering at Cal PolySan Luis Obispo, Manager of the Research Safety Vehicle program and Senior Vice President of Engineering and Research at Minicars, Inc. in Goleta California, President of Dynamic Science, Senior Associate at Cromack Engineering Associates, and Senior Engineer at Collision Safety Engineering in Phoenix, Arizona. Dr Struble has worked in automotive crashworthiness since 1972 and in accident reconstruction since 1983. He is coholder of a patent on side impact air bags and was the editor of Advances in Side Airbag Systems, published by SAE International in 2005. He is a member of SAE, AAAM, and Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society. Formerly, he was the President of StrubleWelsh Engineering in San Luis Obispo, California, from which he is now retired.

John D. Struble holds BS and MS degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Arizona and the Georgia Institute of Technology, respectively. He specializes in automotive and heavy truck accident investigation and reconstruction, and he also has expertise in vehicle structural performance, restraint system analysis, and rollover initiation. Within the area of accident reconstruction, Struble is proficient in momentum, crush energy, and simulation analyses in a wide variety of crash modes. He is also proficient in the extraction of electronic data from accident-involved vehicles and the incorporation of that information into accident reconstruction analyses. Struble served as a Safety Standards Engineer for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Senior Engineer at Struble-Welsh Engineering prior to joining Exponent, Inc., where he is a Principal in the Vehicle Engineering Practice.

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E-raamat: Automotive Accident Reconstruction: Practices and Principles, Second Edition

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