Editor Biographies |
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xiii | |
List of Contributors |
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xv | |
1 Introduction |
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1 | (6) |
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2 Channel Model for Airborne Networks |
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7 | (20) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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2.3 UAV-Enabled Wireless Communication |
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10 | (1) |
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2.4 Channel Modeling in UAV Communications |
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11 | (8) |
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12 | (7) |
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2.4.1.1 Path Loss and Large-Scale Fading |
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13 | (4) |
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2.4.1.2 Small-Scale Fading |
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17 | (1) |
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2.4.1.3 Airframe Shadowing |
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18 | (1) |
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2.5 Key Research Challenges of UAV-Enabled Wireless Network |
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19 | (1) |
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2.5.1 Optimal Deployment of UAVs |
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19 | (1) |
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2.5.2 UAV Trajectory Optimization |
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19 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Energy Efficiency and Resource Management |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (6) |
3 Ultra-wideband Channel Measurements and Modeling for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-to-Wearables (UAV2W) Systems |
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27 | (20) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (5) |
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3.3 UWB-UAV2W Radio Channel Characterization |
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33 | (9) |
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33 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Time Dispersion Analysis |
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34 | (4) |
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3.3.3 Path Loss Analysis for Different Postures |
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38 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Time Dispersion Analysis for Different Postures |
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38 | (4) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
4 A Cooperative Multiagent Approach for Optimal Drone Deployment Using Reinforcement Learning |
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47 | (26) |
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Rigoberto Acosta-Gonzalez |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Communications Model |
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51 | (3) |
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4.3 Reinforcement Learning Solution |
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54 | (8) |
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4.3.1 Fully Cooperative Markov Games |
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54 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Decentralized Q-Learning |
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57 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Selection of Actions |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (1) |
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4.4 Representative Simulation Results |
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62 | (6) |
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4.4.1 Simulation Scenarios |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (4) |
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64 | (1) |
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4.4.5.2 Three Frequencies |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (2) |
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4.5 Conclusions and Future Work |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (4) |
5 SWIPT-PS Enabled Cache-Aided Self-Energized UAV for Cooperative Communication |
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73 | (24) |
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Tharindu D. Ponnimbaduge Perera |
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Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody |
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73 | (4) |
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77 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Air-to-Ground Channel Model |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Caching Mechanism at the UAV |
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82 | (1) |
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5.3 Optimization Problem Formulation |
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82 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Maximization of the Achievable Information Rate at the User |
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82 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Trajectory Optimization with Fixed Time and Energy Scheduling |
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84 | (2) |
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5.4 Numerical Simulation Results |
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86 | (6) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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5.A Proof of Optimal Solutions Obtained in (P1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
6 Performance of mmWave UAV-Assisted 5G Hybrid Heterogeneous Networks |
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97 | (22) |
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6.1 The Significance of UAV Deployment |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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6.3 The Potential of mmWave and THz Communication |
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98 | (2) |
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6.4 Challenges and Applications |
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100 | (3) |
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101 | (1) |
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6.4.1.1 Complex Hardware Design |
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101 | (1) |
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6.4.1.2 Imperfection in Channel State Information |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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6.4.1.4 Beam Misalignment |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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6.5 Fronthaul Connectivity using UAVs |
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103 | (2) |
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6.5.1 Distribution of SCBs |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (3) |
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6.6.1 Communication Constraints and Objective |
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107 | (1) |
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6.7 Association of SCBs with UAVs |
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108 | (2) |
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6.8 Results and Discussions |
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110 | (4) |
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6.8.1 Analysis of Results |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (4) |
7 UAV-Enabled Cooperative Jamming for Physical Layer Security in Cognitive Radio Network |
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119 | (22) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (4) |
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121 | (4) |
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7.2.2 Optimization Problem Formulation |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (8) |
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7.3.1 Tractable Formulation for the Optimization Problem P2 |
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126 | (2) |
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7.3.1.1 Tractable Formulation for Rs[ n] |
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126 | (1) |
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7.3.1.2 Tractable Formulation for Rg[ n] |
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127 | (1) |
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7.3.1.3 Tractable Formulation for Constraint (7.10i) |
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127 | (1) |
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7.3.1.4 Safe Optimization Problem |
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128 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Proposed IA-Based Algorithm |
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128 | (5) |
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133 | (3) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (3) |
8 IRS-Assisted Localization for Airborne Mobile Networks |
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141 | (16) |
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141 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles |
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143 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Intelligent Reflecting Surface |
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143 | (1) |
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8.2 Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces in Airborne Networks |
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144 | (5) |
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8.2.1 Aerial Networks with Integrated IRS |
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145 | (2) |
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8.2.1.1 Integration of IRS in High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPSs) for Remote Areas Support |
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145 | (1) |
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8.2.1.2 Integration of IRS in UAVs for Terrestrial Networks Support |
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146 | (1) |
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8.2.1.3 Integration of IRS with Tethered Balloons for Terrestrial/Aerial Users Support |
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147 | (1) |
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8.2.2 IRS-Assisted Aerial Networks |
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147 | (2) |
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8.3 Localization Using IRS |
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149 | (3) |
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8.3.1 IRS Localization with Single Small Cell (SSC) |
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150 | (2) |
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8.3.1.1 IRS Localization Using RSS with an SSC |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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8.4.1 Challenges in UAV-Based Airborne Mobile Networks |
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152 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Challenges in IRS-Based Localization |
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153 | (1) |
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8.5 Summary and Conclusion |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
9 Performance Analysis of UAV-Enabled Disaster Recovery Networks |
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157 | (38) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (5) |
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9.2.1 UAV System's Architecture |
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159 | (1) |
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9.2.1.1 Single UAV Systems |
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160 | (11) |
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9.2.1.2 Multi-UAV Systems |
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161 | (1) |
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9.2.1.3 Cooperative Multi-UAVs |
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161 | (1) |
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9.2.1.4 Multilayer UAV Networks |
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162 | (1) |
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9.3 Benefits of UAV Networks |
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163 | (3) |
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9.4 Design Consideration of UAV Networks |
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166 | (5) |
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9.5 New Technology and Infrastructure Trends |
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171 | (13) |
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9.5.1 Network Function Virtualization (NFV) |
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179 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Software-Defined Networks (SDNs) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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9.5.5 Millimeter Wave Communication |
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181 | (1) |
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9.5.6 Artificial Intelligence |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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9.5.8 Optimization and Game Theory |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (3) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (7) |
10 Network-Assisted Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communication for Smart Monitoring of Lockdown |
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195 | (22) |
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195 | (4) |
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10.1.1 Relevant Literature |
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198 | (1) |
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10.2 UAVs as Aerial Base Stations |
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199 | (8) |
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10.2.1 Simulation Setting |
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200 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Optimal Number of ABSs for Cellular Coverage in a Geographical Area |
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201 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Performance Evaluation |
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202 | (5) |
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10.2.3.1 Variation of Number of ABSs with ABS Altitude |
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202 | (2) |
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10.2.3.2 Variation of Number of ABS with ABS Transmission Power |
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204 | (1) |
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10.2.3.3 Variation of Number of ABSs with Geographical Area |
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205 | (2) |
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10.3 UAV as Relays for Terrestrial Communication |
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207 | (5) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (4) |
11 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Agriculture: an Overview of IoT-Based Scenarios |
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217 | (20) |
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217 | (1) |
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11.2 The Perspective of Research Projects |
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218 | (3) |
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11.3 IoT Scenarios in Agriculture |
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221 | (3) |
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11.3.1 Use of Data and Data Ownership |
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224 | (1) |
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11.4 Wireless Communication Protocols |
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224 | (3) |
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11.5 Multi-access Edge Computing and 5G Networks |
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227 | (3) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (6) |
12 Airborne Systems and Underwater Monitoring |
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237 | (24) |
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237 | (2) |
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12.2 Automated Image Labeling |
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239 | (6) |
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239 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Measurement System |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (3) |
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12.2.4.1 Measurement System Testing |
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242 | (1) |
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12.2.4.2 Point Selection Simulations |
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243 | (1) |
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12.2.4.3 Field Experiments |
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244 | (1) |
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12.3 Water/Land Visual Differentiation |
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245 | (4) |
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12.3.1 Classifier Training |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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12.4 Offline Bathymetric Mapping |
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249 | (4) |
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12.4.1 Algorithm Overview |
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250 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Algorithm Simulation |
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250 | (1) |
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12.4.3 Algorithm Implementation |
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251 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Bathymetric Measurement System |
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252 | (1) |
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12.5 Online Bathymetric Mapping |
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253 | (5) |
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12.5.1 Point Selection Algorithms |
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254 | (2) |
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12.5.1.1 Monotone Chain Hull Algorithm |
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254 | (1) |
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12.5.1.2 Incremental Hull Algorithm |
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254 | (1) |
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12.5.1.3 Quick Hull Algorithm |
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254 | (1) |
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12.5.1.4 Gift Wrap Algorithm |
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255 | (1) |
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12.5.1.5 Slope-Based Algorithm |
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255 | (1) |
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12.5.1.6 Combination (Slope-Based and Probability) Algorithm |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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12.5.3 Results and Analysis |
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256 | (6) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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12.6 Conclusion and Future Work |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (3) |
13 Demystifying Futuristic Satellite Networks: Requirements, Security Threats, and Issues |
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261 | (14) |
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261 | (1) |
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13.2 Inter-Satellite and Deep Space Network |
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262 | (4) |
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13.2.1 Tier-1 of Satellite Networks |
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263 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Tier-2 of Satellite Networks |
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264 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Tier-3 of Satellite Networks |
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265 | (1) |
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13.3 Security Requirements and Challenges in ISDSN |
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266 | (4) |
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13.3.1 Security Challenges |
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267 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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13.3.2.1 Denial of Service Attack |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (5) |
14 Conclusion |
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275 | (4) |
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275 | (2) |
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14.1.1 Terahertz Communications |
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275 | (1) |
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14.1.2 3D MIMO for Airborne Networks |
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276 | (1) |
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14.1.3 Cache-Enabled Airborne Networks |
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276 | (1) |
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14.1.4 Blockchain-Enabled Airborne Wireless Networks |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
Index |
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