| Foreword to the Third Edition |
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8 | (2) |
| Preface to the Fourth Edition |
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10 | (3) |
| Introduction |
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13 | (2) |
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Chapter 1 Character and Effects of Avalanches |
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15 | (11) |
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Avalanches as a Natural Hazard |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Unique Character of Alpine Snow |
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17 | (1) |
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Time-Dependent Vulnerability |
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18 | (3) |
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Trend in Avalanche Fatalities |
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21 | (1) |
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Trend in Fatalities in North America |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Effects of Climate Change: Future Trend |
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22 | (1) |
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Effects of El Nino and La Nina |
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22 | (1) |
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Engineering Protection, Avalanche Zoning, and Avalanche Control |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Elements of Mountain Snow Climates and Weather |
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26 | (20) |
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Mountain Weather and Snow-Climate Types |
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26 | (2) |
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Mountain Wind and Precipitation |
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28 | (3) |
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Convergence: Upward Motion around a Low-Pressure Area |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts |
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32 | (1) |
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Orographic Precipitation Models |
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33 | (1) |
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Local Wind Flow Over Mountain Terrain |
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33 | (3) |
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Blowing and Drifting Snow |
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36 | (1) |
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Lee-Slope Deposition: Avalanche and Cornice Formation |
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37 | (3) |
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Heat Exchange at the Snow Surface |
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40 | (1) |
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Penetration of Heat into Alpine Snow |
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41 | (1) |
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Interaction of Radiation with the Snow Cover |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Snow Formation and Growth in the Atmosphere and Snowpack |
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46 | (29) |
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Snow Crystal Formation and Growth in the Atmosphere |
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46 | (3) |
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Classification of Newly Fallen Snow Crystals |
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49 | (3) |
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Surface Hoar: Formation and Growth Conditions |
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52 | (3) |
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Snowpack Temperatures and Temperature Gradients |
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55 | (1) |
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Disappearance of Branches: Initial Changes in Dry, Newly Fallen Snow |
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56 | (2) |
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Dry-Snow Metamorphism in the Seasonal Snow Cover |
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58 | (1) |
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Crystal Forms in Dry, Seasonal Alpine Snow |
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58 | (7) |
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Growth of Crystals around Crusts in Dry Snow |
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65 | (1) |
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Bond Formation in Dry Alpine Snow |
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65 | (3) |
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Persistent and Nonpersistent Weak-Layer Forms |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Snow with High Water Content |
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69 | (1) |
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Snow with Low Water Content |
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70 | (2) |
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Classification of Wet Snow |
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72 | (1) |
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Bond Melting and Formation in Wet Snow |
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72 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Avalanche Formation |
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75 | (44) |
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75 | (1) |
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Deformation in the Alpine Snowpack |
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75 | (16) |
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Components of Shear Strength of Alpine Snow |
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91 | (1) |
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Shear-Failure Properties of Snow |
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92 | (4) |
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Loose-Snow Avalanche Formation |
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96 | (3) |
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Snow-Slab Nomenclature and Fracture Geometry |
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99 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Dry Slab Avalanches |
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100 | (3) |
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Dry Slab Avalanche Formation |
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103 | (5) |
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Snow Temperature Effects in Avalanche Forecasting |
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108 | (1) |
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Note on Mechanics of Human Triggering by Skiers, Snowboarders, and Snowmobiles |
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108 | (2) |
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Wet Slab Avalanche Formation and Forecasting Wet Slabs |
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110 | (3) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Appendix 4A The Applied Rules of Avalanche Formation |
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116 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Avalanche Terrain, Motion, and Effects |
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119 | (40) |
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119 | (1) |
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Starting Zone Characteristics |
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120 | (6) |
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126 | (1) |
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Runout Zone Characteristics |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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Identification of Avalanche Paths |
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131 | (2) |
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Avalanche Motion and Effects |
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133 | (6) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (4) |
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Debris Recognition and Description |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (3) |
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Return Period of Avalanches |
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149 | (1) |
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Avalanche Frequency from Vegetative Clues |
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150 | (1) |
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Influence of Climate and Terrain |
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151 | (4) |
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Terrain Variables Related to Magnitude |
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155 | (1) |
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Hydrological Aspects of Snow Avalanches |
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156 | (1) |
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Effects of Avalanches on Glacier Mass Balance and Glacial Debris |
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156 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 The Elements of Applied Avalanche Forecasting |
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159 | (17) |
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Forecasting and Avalanche Forecasting |
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159 | (1) |
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The Seven Elements of Avalanche Forecasting |
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160 | (12) |
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Appendix 6A Common Biases or Decision Traps in Avalanche Forecasting |
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172 | (4) |
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Chapter 7 Classes of Factors Involved with Evaluation of Instability and Forecasting |
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176 | (48) |
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Evaluation of Instability |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Asymmetry of Usage within the Classes |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Class I Instability Factors |
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181 | (12) |
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Class II Snowpack Factors |
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193 | (15) |
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Class III Meteorological Factors |
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208 | (10) |
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218 | (1) |
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Regional and Local Forecasting |
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218 | (1) |
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Conventional Avalanche Forecasting |
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219 | (1) |
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Numerical Avalanche Prediction |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Example of Avalanche Forecasting |
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222 | (1) |
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General Stability and Hazard Ratings |
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222 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Risk Management for Snow Avalanche Applications |
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224 | (12) |
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224 | (1) |
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Subjective Probability and Bayes' Theorem Applied to Avalanche Forecasting, Hazard, and Risk |
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225 | (2) |
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Schematic for Risk Management |
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227 | (3) |
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230 | (6) |
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Chapter 9 The ABCs for Backcountry Avalanche Forecasting and Decisions |
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236 | (20) |
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Philosophy and Backcountry Avalanche Forecasting |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (16) |
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Appendix 9A Risk-Reduction Factors (Basic Level) |
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254 | (1) |
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Appendix 9B Classes of Forecasts and Their Trend for Backcountry Travel (Intermediate and Basic Levels) |
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255 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Safety Measures and Rescue |
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256 | (33) |
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256 | (2) |
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Avalanche-Safety Programs |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Precautions When Traveling |
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259 | (4) |
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Survival Chance in an Avalanche |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (3) |
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268 | (5) |
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273 | (1) |
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Caring for the Avalanche Victim |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (6) |
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Training Rescue Personnel |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (4) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Avalanche Protection |
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289 | (41) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (2) |
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Preventive Ski Run Closures |
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294 | (1) |
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Avalanche Detection Systems |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (3) |
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Minimizing the Risk by Design |
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298 | (2) |
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Stabilization by Compaction |
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300 | (1) |
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Avalanche Control by Explosives |
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301 | (4) |
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Application of Explosives |
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305 | (11) |
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Other Avalanche Triggering Methods |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (9) |
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325 | (1) |
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Control of Wind-Transported Snow |
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326 | (4) |
| Acknowledgments |
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330 | (1) |
| Appendix A SI Units |
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331 | (3) |
| Appendix B Snow, Avalanche, and Weather Observations |
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334 | (3) |
| Appendix C Advanced Snow Crystal Classification Systems |
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337 | (8) |
| Appendix D Snow Avalanche Size Classification |
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345 | (4) |
| Appendix E Recording Avalanche Events |
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349 | (1) |
| Appendix F Danger, Stability, and Hazard Rating Scales |
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350 | (3) |
| Appendix G International Avalanche Classification |
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353 | (2) |
| Appendix H Examples of Common Explosive Control Procedures |
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355 | (5) |
| Appendix I General References |
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360 | (2) |
| Index |
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362 | |
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