Klienditugi: 7440010 (E-R 10-18)

E-raamat: Bacterial Fish Diseases

Edited by Gowhar Hamid Dar (Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Sri Pratap College, Cluster University Srinagar, India), Edited by Khalid M. Al-Ghamdi, Edited by Rouf Ahmad Bhat (Renowned Researcher and Instructor in Environmental Sciences, Department of School Education, Jammu and Kashmir, India), Edited by Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Edited by Humaira Qadri

Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 24-Mar-2022
Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780323856256

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Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 24-Mar-2022
Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780323856256

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Bacterial Fish Diseases: Environmental and Economic Constraints will be useful for researchers and academics who need to understand the nature and consequences of bacteria-related disease in fishes. It has in-depth information on the complete genome of various bacterial species and identifies an essential number of virulence genes that affect the pathogenic potential of the bacteria in fish. Users will find the most relevant information derived from the available bacterial genomes concerning virulence and the diverse virulence factors that actively participate in host adherence, colonization and infection, including structural components, extracellular factors, secretion systems, iron acquisition and quorum sensing mechanisms.

This reference is beneficial for understanding economic losses due to bacterial pathogens in fish fauna and its impact on the economy. It addition, it provides information on good aquaculture practices and how to scientifically manage aquaculture and fishery sectors.

Presents bacteria-related diseases in fish species, highlighting problems associated with the culturing of fish
Discusses pollution contamination in freshwater ecosystems to provide insights into the sustainable management of fish species
Provides fundamental research concepts of fish health, along with practical research methods

List of contributors

xix

About the editors

xxv

Foreword

xxix

Preface

xxxiii

Acknowledgments

xxxv

Chapter 1 Aquatic pollution and marine ecosystems

(30)

Monica Butnariu

1.1 Background

(4)

1.2 Sources of contamination in aquatic ecosystems

(3)

1.3 Causes of aquatic ecosystem pollution by hydrocarbons

(2)

1.4 The effects of water pollution

(10)

1.4.1 Aluminum

(1)

1.4.2 Ammonia

(1)

1.4.3 Arsenic

(1)

1.4.4 Barium

(1)

1.4.5 Benzene

(1)

1.4.6 Cadmium

(1)

1.4.7 Calcium

(1)

1.4.8 Chlorine

(1)

1.4.9 Chromium

(1)

1.4.10 Copper

(1)

1.4.11 Magnesium

(5)

1.5 The repercussions of pollution of aquatic ecosystems with hydrocarbons

(3)

1.6 Other sources of water pollution spread

(1)

1.6.1 Spray drift

(1)

1.6.2 Leakage

(1)

1.6.3 Drainage

(1)

1.7 Conclusions and recommendations

(7)

References

(6)

Chapter 2 Heavy metals as pollutants in the aquatic Black Sea ecosystem

(28)

Monica Butnariu

2.1 Background

(1)

2.2 Heavy metal poisoning

(4)

2.2.1 General properties of metals

(1)

2.2.2 Fish species with "toxic" flesh

(1)

2.2.3 Toxicity of various organs/tissues of fish

(3)

2.2.4 Bioaccumulation factor

(1)

2.3 The role of heavy metals as pollutants

(3)

2.3.1 Peculiarities of heavy metals found in aquatic ecosystems

(2)

2.4 Bioavailability of heavy metals for aquatic organisms

(3)

2.5 Effects of heavy metal pollution on aquatic ecosystems

(2)

2.6 Methods of taking heavy metals from the bodies of organisms

(3)

2.7 Methods of accumulation and disposal of metals

(3)

2.7.1 Bioconcentration: applications in toxicology

(1)

2.7.2 Biological factors

(1)

2.7.3 Environmental parameters

(1)

2.7.4 The effects of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation on the aquatic ecosystem

(2)

2.8 Identification and adjustment of concentrations of metals in tissue

(1)

2.9 Conclusions

(8)

References

(7)

Chapter 3 Effects of heavy metals and pesticides on fish

(28)

Raksha Rani

Preeti Sharma

Rajesh Kumar

Younis Ahmad Hajam

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Toxicity due to pesticides in fish

(2)

3.3 Disadvantages of pesticides

(1)

3.4 Routes of pesticide exposure in fish

(1)

3.5 Effects of pesticides on fish

(2)

3.5.1 Residual effects of insecticides

(1)

3.5.2 Bioaccumulation of insecticides

(1)

3.5.3 Biotransformation of insecticides and the toxic mechanisms

(1)

3.6 Acute toxicity of insecticides

(1)

3.6.1 Sublethal toxicity of insecticides

(1)

3.7 Chronic toxicity of insecticides

(1)

3.7.1 Effects of insecticides on different parameters in fish

(1)

3.7.2 Tissue and organ damage

(1)

3.8 Reproductive dysfunction

(1)

3.9 Developmental disorders

(3)

3.9.1 Neurotoxicity

(1)

3.9.2 Behavioral alterations

(1)

3.9.3 Genotoxicity

(1)

3.9.4 Immunosuppression

(1)

3.9.5 Effect on growth of fish

(1)

3.9.6 Histopathological alterations due to insecticide toxicity

(1)

3.9.7 Herbicides

(1)

3.9.8 Fungicides

(1)

3.10 Toxicity due to heavy metals in fish

(17)

3.10.1 Effects of cadmium on fish

(1)

3.10.2 Effects of mercury in fish

(1)

3.10.3 Effects of lead in fish

(1)

3.10.4 Effects of aluminum in fish

(1)

3.10.5 Effects of arsenic in fish

(1)

3.10.6 Effects of chromium in fish

(1)

3.10.7 Effects of copper in Fish

(1)

3.10.8 Effects of nickel in fish

(1)

3.10.9 Effects of zinc in fish

(1)

References

(10)

Chapter 4 Pesticide toxicity and bacterial diseases in fishes

(16)

Afrozah Hassan

Shabana Gulzar

Hanan Javid

Irshad A. Nawchoo

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Fish: an important resource

(1)

4.3 Fish as indicators of pollution

(1)

4.4 The impact of pesticides on fish

(3)

4.5 Mitigation of the impact of pesticides

(1)

4.6 Bacterial diseases in fishes

(1)

4.7 Major bacterial diseases in fish

(1)

4.7.1 Bacterial enteritis of flounder

(1)

4.7.2 Abdominal swelling of sea bream and studies on intestinal flora

(1)

4.7.3 Gliding bacterial infection

(1)

4.8 Control of bacterial fish diseases

(2)

4.8.1 Improving water quality

(1)

4.8.2 Nanobioencapsulated vaccine

(1)

4.8.3 Quorum sensing

(1)

4.8.4 Injection vaccination

(1)

4.8.5 Prebiotics

(1)

4.8.6 Plant product application

(1)

4.9 Conclusion

(8)

References

(7)

Chapter 5 Impact of aquatic pollution on fish fauna

103

(1)

Arizo Jan

Tasaduq Hussain Shah

Nighat Un Nissa

5.1 Introduction

103

(1)

5.2 Sources of pollution

104

(1)

5.3 Impacts of heavy metal pollution on fish health

104

(2)

5.4 Heavy metal hazards

106

(1)

5.5 Fishes as biomarkers

106

(1)

5.6 Impact on fish reproduction

106

(3)

5.6.1 Impacts on male reproductive systems

108

(1)

5.6.2 Impacts on female reproductive system

108

(1)

5.7 Effects of pollution on disease outbreak

109

(1)

5.8 Role of heavy metals

109

(1)

5.9 Role of hydrocarbons and nitrogenous compounds

110

(1)

5.10 Role of pesticides

110

(1)

5.11 Conclusion

110

(1)

References

111

(1)

Chapter 6 Bacterial diseases in fish with relation to pollution and their consequences--A Global Scenario

112

(1)

J. Immanuel Suresh

M.S. Sri Janani

R. Sowndharya

6.1 Introduction

113

(1)

6.2 The major sources of marine pollution

113

(1)

6.3 Bacterial pathologic processes in fish fauna

114

(1)

6.4 Impacts of pollution and act

115

(1)

6.5 Contaminants in the marine environment

116

(1)

6.6 Symbiotic microflora in fish

116

(1)

6.7 The marine environment and its issues in India

117

(1)

6.8 The outcomes of pollution and bacterial infection in fish fauna

118

(1)

6.9 Bacterial pathogens causing diseases in fish due to the effect of marine pollution

118

(3)

6.9.1 Vibrios

119

(1)

6.9.2 Aeromonas

119

(1)

6.9.3 Flavobacterium

119

(1)

6.9.4 Shigella flexneri

120

(1)

6.9.5 Enterobacter amnigenus

120

(1)

6.10 Immune responses in fish

121

(1)

6.11 Fish diseases and their consequences

121

(1)

6.12 Pathogenomics

121

(1)

6.13 Plastic pollution cause adverse effects in the marine environment

122

(1)

6.14 The impact of plastic pollution in urban India

123

(2)

6.15 Substitutive uses

125

(1)

6.16 The Gulf of Mannar

125

(1)

6.17 Impact on marine environment: pollution in the Bay of Bengal

125

(1)

6.18 Interaction between pathogens and aquatic environment

126

(1)

6.19 Bacterial fish diseases and their control

126

(1)

6.20 Conclusion

127

(6)

References

127

(3)

Further Reading

130

(3)

Chapter 7 Common bacterial infections affecting freshwater fish fauna and impact of pollution and water quality characteristics on bacterial pathogenicity

133

(22)

Zarka Zaheen

Aadil Farooq War

Shafat Ali

Ali Mohd Yatoo

Md. Niamat Ali

Sheikh Bilal Ahmad

Muneeb U. Rehman

Bilal Ahmad Paray

7.1 Introduction

133

(3)

7.2 Pollution: impact on bacterial infection in fish populations

136

(1)

7.3 Water quality attributes: impact on bacterial pathogenicity in fish populations

136

(1)

7.4 Common bacteria causing infections in freshwater fish

137

(7)

7.4.1 Vibrios

137

(2)

7.4.2 Aeromonads

139

(1)

7.4.3 Flavobacterium

139

(1)

7.4.4 Edwardsiella

140

(1)

7.4.5 Renibacterium salmoninarum

141

(1)

7.4.6 Streptococcus and Lactococcus

142

(1)

7.4.7 Mycobacteria

142

(1)

7.4.8 Pseudomonas

143

(1)

7.4.9 Plesiomonas shigelloides

143

(1)

7.4.10 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

144

(1)

7.4.11 Kocuria rhizophila

144

(1)

7.5 Conclusion

144

(11)

References

145

(10)

Chapter 8 Global status of bacterial fish diseases in relation to aquatic pollution

155

(28)

Rohit Kumar Verma

Mahipal Singh Sankhla

Swapnali Jadhav

Kapil Parihar

Shefali Gulliya

Rajeev Kumar

Swaroop S. Sonone

8.1 Introduction

155

(2)

8.2 Acidification of bacteria in water

157

(1)

8.3 Impact on fish from pollution

158

(1)

8.4 Impact on fish populations from bacterial diseases

159

(1)

8.5 Consequences of bacterial diseases in fish

160

(1)

8.6 Global status of bacterial disease in fishes

161

(2)

8.7 Toxic bacteria in fishes and their occurrence

163

(4)

8.7.1 Aeromonas

163

(1)

8.7.2 Edwardsiella

164

(1)

8.7.3 Mycobacterium

165

(1)

8.7.4 Flavobacterium

166

(1)

8.7.5 Streptococcus

166

(1)

8.8 Adverse effects on human health caused by bacterial fish diseases

167

(5)

8.8.1 Gastrointestinal tract

167

(2)

8.8.2 Cardiovascular system

169

(1)

8.8.3 Kidney

170

(1)

8.8.4 Reproductive system

171

(1)

8.9 Conclusion

172

(11)

References

172

(11)

Chapter 9 Understanding the pathogenesis of important bacterial diseases offish

183

(22)

Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli

Moline Severino Lemos

Fla'via Cristina Policarpo Tonelli

Nubia Alexandre de Melo Nunes

Breno Luiz Sales Lemos

9.1 Introduction

183

(4)

9.1.1 The importance of fisheries

183

(1)

9.1.2 Main bacteria species capable of causing fish diseases

184

(2)

9.1.3 Important diagnosis methods for bacterial fish diseases

186

(1)

9.1.4 Vaccines to prevent fish bacterial diseases

186

(1)

9.2 Main pathogenesis of bacterial diseases in fish

187

(6)

9.3 Conclusions

193

(1)

9.4 Future perspectives

193

(12)

References

194

(11)

Chapter 10 Evaluation of the Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK v2) for pleco fish or devil fish

205

(24)

Nahum Andres Medellin-Castillo

Hilda Guadalupe Cisneros-Ontiveros

Candy Carranza-Alvarez

Cesar Arturo Ilizaliturri-Hernandez

Leticia Guadalupe Ya'nez-Estrada

Andrea Guadalupe Rodn'guez-Lapez

10.1 Introduction

205

(1)

10.2 Invasive risk analysis

206

(1)

10.2.1 Fish invasiveness scoring kit

206

(1)

10.3 Zone of study

207

(2)

10.4 Pleco fish or devil fish (Loricariidae)

209

(8)

10.4.1 Taxonomic category

209

(1)

10.4.2 Native and current distribution

209

(1)

10.4.3 Description of the species

210

(2)

10.4.4 Devil fish in Mexico and the Huasteca potosina

212

(1)

10.4.5 Environmental and socioeconomic effects

213

(4)

10.5 Evaluation of the fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK v2)

217

(6)

10.5.1 Methodology

217

(5)

10.5.2 Results and discussion

222

(1)

10.6 Conclusions

223

(6)

Acknowledgments

224

(1)

References

224

(5)

Chapter 11 Profiling of common bacterial pathogens in fish

229

(28)

Tariq Oluwakunmi Agbabiaka

Ismail Abiola Adebayo

Kamoldeen Abiodun Ajijolakewu

Toyin Olayemi Agbabiaka

11.1 Introduction

229

(1)

11.2 Fish production in Nigeria

230

(1)

11.3 Impact of practice

230

(1)

11.4 Selected common pathogens of fish in Nigeria

231

(9)

11.4.1 Aeromonas hydrophila

231

(5)

11.4.2 Flavobacterium

236

(4)

11.5 Conclusion

240

(17)

References

240

(17)

Chapter 12 Status of furunculosis in fish fauna

257

(12)

Abdul Baset

12.1 Introduction

257

(1)

12.2 Signs of infection

258

(1)

12.3 Diagnosis

259

(1)

12.4 Transmission

260

(1)

12.5 Control of infection

261

(1)

12.6 Selection and breeding

261

(1)

12.7 Immunization

262

(1)

12.8 Treatment

263

(1)

12.9 Conclusion and future prospects

264

(5)

References

265

(4)

Chapter 13 Bacterial gill disease and aquatic pollution: a serious concern for the aquaculture industry

269

(10)

Yahya Bakhtiyar

Tabasum Yousuf

Mohammad Yasir Arafat

13.1 Introduction

269

(1)

13.2 Bacterial gill disease

270

(1)

13.3 History and geographical range

271

(1)

13.4 Causative agents

272

(1)

13.5 Host species of the disease

273

(1)

13.6 Pathology and symptoms

273

(1)

13.7 Diagnosis

274

(1)

13.7.1 Diagnosis by direct observation

274

(1)

13.7.2 Other diagnostic procedures

274

(1)

13.8 Control methods

274

(1)

13.9 Prophylactic measures

274

(1)

13.10 Chemical treatment

275

(1)

13.11 Conclusion

275

(4)

Acknowledgements

275

(1)

References

275

(4)

Chapter 14 Common bacterial pathogens in fish: An overview

279

(28)

Podduturi Vanamala

Podduturi Sindhura

Uzma Sultana

Tanaji Vasavilatha

Mir Zahoor Gul

14.1 Introduction

279

(2)

14.2 Gram-negative bacterial pathogens

281

(9)

14.2.1 Aeromonadaceae

282

(1)

14.2.2 Vibrionaceae

283

(2)

14.2.3 Pseudomonadaceae

285

(2)

14.2.4 Flavobacteriaceae

287

(1)

14.2.5 Photobacteria

288

(2)

14.3 Gram-positive bacterial pathogens

290

(7)

14.3.1 Streptococci

290

(1)

14.3.2 Lactococci

291

(1)

14.3.3 Mycobacteria

292

(2)

14.3.4 Renibacterium

294

(2)

14.3.5 Clostridia

296

(1)

14.4 Conclusion

297

(10)

Acknowledgement

297

(1)

References

297

(10)

Chapter 15 Bacterial diseases in cultured fishes: an update of advances in control measures

307

(30)

Soibam Khogen Singh

Maibam Malemngamba Meitei

Tanmoy Gon Choudhary

Ngasotter Soibam

Pradyut Biswas

Gusheinzed Waikhom

15.1 Introduction

307

(1)

15.1.1 Antibiotics residue

307

(1)

15.2 Preventive measures against diseases: possible outlook

308

(17)

15.2.1 Fish derived antimicrobial peptides

308

(2)

15.2.2 Nanotechnology-assisted delivery systems

310

(2)

15.2.3 Bacterial fish vaccines

312

(1)

15.2.4 Prebiotics

313

(3)

15.2.5 Probiotics

316

(1)

15.2.6 Synbiotic in aquaculture

317

(3)

15.2.7 Paraprobiotics: a new concept

320

(2)

15.2.8 Herbal biomedicines

322

(2)

15.2.9 Bacteriophage therapy

324

(1)

15.3 Conclusion

325

(12)

References

325

(12)

Chapter 16 Ulceration in fish: causes, diagnosis and prevention

337

(14)

Ishtiyaq Ahmad

Imtiaz Ahmed

16.1 Introduction

337

(2)

16.2 Ulceration and its causes in different fish species

339

(3)

16.3 Diagnostic methods

342

(2)

16.4 Preventive measures

344

(1)

16.5 Conclusion

344

(7)

Acknowledgements

344

(1)

Funding

345

(1)

Competing interest

345

(1)

Conflict of interest

345

(1)

Data availability statement

345

(1)

References

345

(6)

Chapter 17 Application of probiotic bacteria for the management of fish health in aquaculture

351

(28)

Sandip Mondal

Debashri Mondal

Tamal Mondal

Junaid Malik

17.1 Introduction

351

(1)

17.2 Probiotics definition

352

(1)

17.3 Routes of administration

352

(1)

17.4 Significant factors governing the advantages of probiotic form of administration

353

(1)

17.5 Rationale for use of probiotics in aquaculture

354

(1)

17.6 Selection criteria for probiotics

354

(1)

17.7 Probiotics formulation and commercialization

355

(2)

17.8 Classification of probiotics in aquaculture

357

(1)

17.8.1 Commercial form

357

(1)

17.8.2 Mode of administration

357

(1)

17.8.3 Based on derivation

357

(1)

17.8.4 Depending upon, the function

357

(1)

17.9 Use of probiotics

358

(7)

17.9.1 Probiotics as a growth enhancer

358

(1)

17.9.2 Probiotics for disease management

358

(6)

17.9.3 Probiotics for water quality management in aquaculture

364

(1)

17.10 Safety and evaluation of probiotics

365

(2)

17.11 Research gaps and future research plans

367

(1)

17.12 Conclusion

368

(11)

References

368

(11)

Chapter 18 Efficacy of different treatments available against bacterial pathogens in fish

379

(20)

Younis Ahmad Hajam

Rajesh Kumar

Raksha Rani

Preeti Sharma

Diksha

18.1 Introduction

379

(1)

18.2 Bacterial infections occurring in freshwater fish

380

(3)

18.2.1 Aeromonas infections

380

(1)

18.2.2 Pseudomonas infections

381

(1)

18.2.3 Flavobacterium infections

381

(1)

18.2.4 Acinetobacter infections

382

(1)

18.2.5 Shewanella putrefaciens infections

382

(1)

18.2.6 Fish infection with gram-positive bacteria

383

(1)

18.3 Emerging potential pathogens of freshwater fish

383

(3)

18.3.1 Infections due to Plesiomonas shigelloides

383

(1)

18.3.2 Infections due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

384

(1)

18.3.3 Infections due to Kocuria rhizophila

384

(1)

18.3.4 Infections caused by myxobacteria

385

(1)

18.4 Treatment of bacterial pathogens in fish

386

(1)

18.4.1 Bacteriocins

386

(1)

18.4.2 Fish gut microbiota

387

(1)

18.5 Treatment with beneficial gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

387

(1)

18.6 Bioremediation (improving water quality)

388

(1)

18.6.1 Disinfectants

388

(1)

18.6.2 Prebiotics

388

(1)

18.7 Vaccination

389

(1)

18.7.1 Biovaccines (living attenuated vaccines)

389

(1)

18.7.2 Encapsulated oral vaccine

390

(1)

18.8 Immunomodulation

390

(1)

18.9 Bacteriophage therapy

391

(1)

18.10 Phage therapy dosage

391

(8)

References

392

(7)

Chapter 19 Summary of economic losses due to bacterial pathogens in aquaculture industry

399

(20)

Juan Jose Maldonado-Miranda

Luis Jesus Castillo-Perez

Amauri Ponce-Hernandez

Candy Carranza-Alvarez

19.1 Introduction

399

(1)

19.2 Principal fish species produced in the aquaculture industry worldwide

400

(1)

19.3 Principal causes of economic loss in the aquaculture industry

400

(2)

19.4 Pathogens that causes economic loss in the aquaculture industry

402

(7)

19.5 Identification of bacterial diseases in fish farms

409

(2)

19.6 Analysis of a fish farm system in Huasteca Potosina, Mexico

411

(2)

19.7 Conclusions

413

(6)

References

414

(5)

Index

419

Dr. Gowhar Hamid Dar currently works as an Assistant Professor in the Higher Education Department Govt. of J&K and is presently posted in Government Degree College Kulgam where he serves as Head, Department of Environmental Science and Coordinator, Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC). He has a Ph. D in Environmental Science with a specialization in Environmental Microbiology. He has been teaching postgraduate and graduate students for the past many years in the Higher Education Department of UT of Jammu and Kashmir. He has more than 80 research articles in international and national journals of repute and more than 25 books with international publishers to his credit. Further, Dr. Dar is Principal Investigator and Co-Principal Investigator for different R&D projects sanctioned by Government of India and Government of Jammu and Kashmir. Dr. Rouf Ahmad Bhat pursued his doctorate at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Kashmir (Division of Environmental Sciences) and is presently working in the Department of School Education, Government of Jammu and Kashmir. Dr. Bhat has been teaching for the past 09 years and is an author of more than 55 research articles (h-index 32; i-index 52; total citation 4000) and 50 chapters and has published more than 50 books with international publishers. Besides, he has worked as an associate environmental expert in World Bank-funded Flood Recovery Project and the environmental support staff in the Asian Development Bank (ADB) funded development projects.

Dr. Humaira Qadri Ph. D is actively involved in teaching post-graduate students of Environmental Science for the past ten years in Sri Pratap College Campus, Cluster University Srinagar, J&K, India. She is also head of the Department of Environment and Water Management. A gold medallist at her masters level, she has earned a number of awards and certificates of merit. Her specialization is in Limnology, Nutrient Dynamics and Phytoremediation. She has published scores of papers in international journals and has more than ten books with national and international publishers. She also has been on the scientific board of various international conferences and holds life memberships of various international organizations. Khalid Mohammed Alghamdi Ph.D., Chairman in the Department of Biological Sciences at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. Dr. Khalid Rehman Hakeem (PhD) is Professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He has more both teaching and research experience in plant eco-physiology, biotechnology and molecular biology, medicinal plant research, plant-microbe-soil interactions as well as in environmental studies. He has served as the visiting scientist at Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. He has more than 110 research publications in peer-reviewed international journals has extensive book publishing experience as well. He is included in the advisory board of Cambridge Scholars Publishing, UK. He is a fellow of Plantae group of the American Society of Plant Biologists, member of the World Academy of Sciences, member of the International Society for Development and Sustainability, Japan, and member of Asian Federation of Biotechnology, Korea.

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