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E-raamat: Bacterial Survival in the Hostile Environment

Edited by (Tripura University (A Central University), Department of Microbiology, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura , India), Edited by (Project Scientist, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA)
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Variety of bacteria are present in our environment but only a few of these bacteria causes diseases in their hosts including humans. These bacteria face different stresses in the environment as well as inside the host and adapt number of strategies for their survival. In 5 parts Bacterial Survival in the Hostile Environment covers all tactics and strategies adopted by bacteria for their survival under stressed conditions and will be focused on mechanistic insights of pathogenic adaptations to host environments (acidic environment, microaerobic conditions, immune system stress, metal stress etc., modulation of host pathways by pathogens for survival, dormancy, drug tolerance and resistance, proteins for stress survival). The content also includes different adaptation mechanisms of extremophiles to extreme environment, provides a complete and globally available advance knowledge related to bacterial survival from different perspectives and reviews the knowledge gaps and future prospects in the field of microbial adaptation for sustainable development of in the field of infection biology and pharmaceutics.
  • Provides in depth knowledge about pathogen biology and microbial adaptations, microbe-host interactions, impact of pathogens on host physiology, virulent factors produced by pathogens and pharmaceutical applications, mechanism of pathogenic virulent factors
  • Covers all tactics and strategies adopted by bacteria for their survival under stressed conditions
  • Focuses on mechanistic insights of pathogenic adaptations to host
  • Includes different adaptation mechanisms of extremophiles to extreme environment
List of contributors
xv
1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis adaptation to host environment
1(14)
Aniruddha Banerjee
Shatabdi Sengupta
Nishant Nandanwar
Monika Pandey
Deeksha Tripathi
Saurabh Pandey
Ashutosh Kumar
Vidyullatha Peddireddy
Introduction
1(2)
M. tuberculosis adaptation to host immune system and oxidative stress
3(1)
Strategies to counter microbicidal effect of myeloid cells
4(1)
Microenvironment modulation by M. tuberculosis
5(1)
M. tuberculosis adaptations to acidic environment of phagolysosomes
6(1)
Mycobacterial adaptations to hypoxic environment
7(1)
M. tuberculosis adaptations to subsist heat shock
8(1)
M. tuberculosis adaptation to metal stress
9(1)
Conclusion
10(1)
References
11(4)
2 Modulation of host pathways by Mycobacterium tuberculosis for survival
15(20)
Shatabdi Sengupta
Aveepsa Sengupta
Arif Hussain
Jayshree Sarma
Aniruddha Banerjee
Saurabh Pandey
Deeksha Tripathi
Vidyullatha Peddireddy
Ashutosh Kumar
Introduction
15(2)
Modulation of glycolytic flux
17(2)
Endoplasmic reticulum stress
19(1)
Modulation in host mitochondria
20(2)
Apoptosis
22(2)
Necrosis
24(1)
Phagosome maturation
25(2)
Autophagy Regulation
27(1)
Conclusion
28(1)
References
29(6)
3 Signaling nucleotides in bacteria
35(14)
Kuldeepkumar Ramnaresh Gupta
Gunjan Arora
Andaleeb Sajid
Introduction
35(2)
Cyclic-di-AMP
37(3)
C-di-AMP signaling
37(2)
Regulation of potassium uptake by c-di-AMP
39(1)
(P)ppGpp
40(2)
(P)ppGpp signaling
40(1)
Regulation of antibiotic resistance by (p)ppGpp
41(1)
Cyclic-di-GMP
42(2)
C-di-GMP signaling
42(1)
Regulation of biofilm formation by c-di-GMP
42(2)
Conclusions and perspectives
44(1)
References
45(4)
4 The fish immune armaments in response to pathogen invasion---a tour inside the macrophages
49(14)
Chaitali Banerjee
Introduction
49(1)
Immune organs and cell types of teleosts
49(1)
Characteristics of teleosts' macrophages
50(1)
Phagocytosis by macrophages
51(1)
Antigen presentation by macrophages
52(1)
Subcellular crosstalk of teleost macrophages
53(3)
Modalities of cell death
56(2)
Immune evasion strategies of microbial pathogen
58(1)
Conclusion
59(1)
References
59(4)
5 Essential proteins for the survival of bacteria in hostile environment
63(10)
Shivendra Tenguria
Sana Ismaeel
Introduction
63(1)
Hostile environment outside human host: extreme temperature
63(1)
Hostile environment within the human host
64(2)
I Helicobacter pylori
65(1)
Evasion of innate immune response with bacterial proteins {H. pylori)
66(1)
Evasion of adaptive immune response (H. pylori)
67(2)
II Salmonella typhimurium
68(1)
Evasion of innate immune response with bacterial proteins (5. typhimurium)
69(1)
Evasion of adaptive immune response (5. typhimurium)
70(1)
References
70(3)
6 Kinases and phosphatases in bacterial survival in hostile environment
73(8)
Faizan Ahmed
Shivendra Tenguria
Introduction
73(1)
Kinases and phosphatases in abiotic conditions
74(3)
Kinases and phosphatases in biotic conditions
77(1)
Two-component system in host immune evasion
78(1)
References
79(2)
7 Antimicrobial resistance---a serious global threat
81(20)
Keerthi Rayasam
Palkar Omkar Prakash
Rajani Chowdary Akkina
Vidyullatha Peddireddy
Introduction
81(1)
Mechanism of action of probiotics, challenges faced, and their evolution
82(1)
Antimicrobial agents
83(2)
Antiseptics and disinfectants
84(1)
Antibiotics/antibacterial agents
84(1)
Action of antimicrobial agents
85(3)
Intruding with cell wall synthesis
86(1)
Hindrance of bacterial protein synthesis
86(1)
Termination of nucleic acid synthesis
87(1)
Inhibition of microbial metabolic pathways
87(1)
Disruption and increased permeability of cytoplasmic membrane
87(1)
Antimicrobial resistance
88(1)
Causes of antimicrobial resistance
88(1)
Mechanism of antimicrobial resistance
89(4)
Blockage of access to target
90(1)
Alteration and safeguarding the targets
91(2)
Enzymatic degradation of antibiotics
93(1)
Resistance versus persistence
93(1)
Transmission of resistance
94(2)
Transduction
94(1)
Conjugation
95(1)
Transformation
96(1)
Spread of antimicrobial resistance
96(1)
Conclusion and future prospects
97(1)
References
97(4)
8 Combination of virulence and antibiotic resistance: a successful bacterial strategy to survive under hostile environments
101(18)
Arif Hussain
Razib Mazumder
Md. Asadulghani
Taane G. Clark
Dinesh Mondal
Introduction
101(2)
Cross coselection
103(4)
Coselection mediated by horizontal gene transfer
103(4)
Hypermutations
107(2)
Antibiotic tolerance and persistence
109(2)
Compensatory mutations
111(1)
Conclusion
112(2)
Acknowledgments
114(1)
References
114(5)
9 Mechanisms of biofilm-based antibiotic resistance and tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
119(12)
Amit Singh
Anil Kumar Gupta
Arti Singh Katiyar
Divakar Sharma
Introduction
119(1)
What is biofilm?
120(1)
Origins of biofilm hypothesis
120(1)
Characteristics of biofilm
121(1)
How biofilm is formed?
122(1)
Adhesion of microbial cells
122(1)
Proliferation and maturation
123(1)
Biofilm dispersal
123(1)
Quorum sensing
123(1)
Drug resistance mechanisms of biofilm
124(3)
Escape from host defense mechanisms
125(1)
Persistence and drug tolerance: role of mycobacterial biofilms
125(1)
Extracellular polymeric substances: matrix and capsule
125(1)
Horizontal gene transfer
126(1)
Enzyme-mediated resistance
126(1)
Metabolic state of the organisms in the biofilm
126(1)
References
127(4)
10 Biofilms: cities of microorganisms
131(18)
Palkar Omkar Prakash
Keerthi Rayasam
Kolluru Viswanatha Chaitanya
Vidyullatha Peddireddy
Introduction
131(1)
History of biofilms
132(1)
How are biofilms formed?
132(2)
Impact of biofilms on human
134(1)
Biofilms and food sector
135(1)
Mechanisms used by various microorganisms to form biofilm
136(1)
Biofilm by pathogenic microorganisms
136(6)
Pseudomonas
136(2)
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
138(1)
Vibrio cholerae
139(1)
Salmonella
139(1)
Campylobacter jejuni
140(1)
Streptococcus mutans
140(1)
Veillonella parvula
141(1)
Biofilm by beneficial microorganisms (probiotics)
142(1)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
142(1)
Bifidobacterium
143(1)
Strategies or future trends against biofilms
143(2)
Conclusion
145(1)
References
146(3)
11 Biofilm: a coordinated response of bacteria against stresses
149(14)
Roopshali Rakshit
Aayush Bahl
Ashutosh Kumar
Deeksha Tripathi
Saurabh Pandey
Introduction
149(11)
Host-mounted stresses against bacteria
149(3)
Host immune challenges and coordinated microbial response
152(3)
Biofilms
155(1)
Quorum sensing
156(1)
Expression of toxins, specialized secretion systems
157(1)
Responses from extracellular bacteria
157(1)
Responses from intracellular bacteria
158(2)
Conclusion
160(1)
References
161(2)
12 The bacterial communication system and its interference as an antivirulence strategy
163(30)
Suruchi Aggarwal
Pallavi Mahajan
Payal Gupta
Alka Yadav
Gagan Dhawan
Uma Dhawan
Amit Kumar Yadav
Introduction
163(2)
Quorum-sensing and quorum quenching
165(2)
The architecture of quorum-sensing circuits
167(10)
Quorum-sensing systems in bacteria
171(5)
Connecting the dots between interspecies and interkingdom circuits
176(1)
Quorum quenching
177(1)
Antivirulence strategies based on quorum quenching
178(4)
Controlling biofilms
178(1)
Prophylactic use
179(1)
Cocktail of quorum-sensing inhibitors (quorum-sensing inhibitor combination therapy)
180(1)
Combination of quorum-sensing inhibitors with antibiotics
180(1)
Immunotherapy as quorum-quenching agent
181(1)
Quorum-sensing inhibitor molecules as nutritional supplements
181(1)
Social cheaters as therapy
182(1)
Is there resistance to quorum-sensing inhibitors?
182(3)
Conclusion
185(2)
Acknowledgments
187(1)
Conflict of interest
187(1)
Author contributions
187(1)
References
187(6)
13 Microbial adaptations in extreme environmental conditions
193(14)
Jayshree Sarma
Aveepsa Sengupta
Mani Kankana Laskar
Shatabdi Sengupta
Shivendra Tenguria
Ashutosh Kumar
Introduction
193(6)
Mechanism of adaptation of extremophiles
194(5)
Applications of extremophiles/extremozymes
199(5)
Conclusion
204(1)
References
204(3)
14 Adaptation strategies of piezophilic microbes
207(12)
Somok Banerjee
Swatilekha Pati
Aveepsa Sengupta
Shakila Shaheen
Jayshree Sarma
Palla Mary Sulakshana
Shivendra Tenguria
Ashutosh Kumar
Introduction
207(1)
Effects of pressure on microbial cells and macromolecules
208(2)
Effect on the nucleic acids
208(1)
Effect on proteins
209(1)
Effect on membrane lipids
209(1)
Effect on the cells
209(1)
Effect on microbial motility
210(1)
Adaptation mechanisms in the piezophiles
210(4)
Genome
211(1)
Protein
212(1)
Membrane modification
213(1)
Metabolic adaptation
214(1)
Biotechnological applications
214(2)
Conclusion
216(1)
References
216(3)
15 Survival and adaptation strategies of microorganisms in the extreme radiation
219(12)
Soumyadip Ghosh
Shukla Banerjee
Aveepsa Sengupta
Vidyullatha Peddireddy
Anitha Mamillapalli
Aniruddha Banerjee
Bipin Kumar Sharma
Ashutosh Kumar
Introduction
219(1)
Radiation and radio-resistance
220(1)
Role of ions in the radiation resistance
221(1)
DNA repair for the radiation survival
222(1)
Production of mycosporine-like amino acids
223(1)
Scytonemin biosynthesis and UV neutralization
223(1)
Bacterioruberin
224(1)
Radiation resistance in D. radiodurans
224(2)
Radiation resistance in eukaryotes
226(1)
Conclusion
227(1)
References
227(4)
16 Adaptation strategies of thermophilic microbes
231(20)
Swatilekha Pati
Somok Banerjee
Aveepsa Sengupta
Jayshree Sarma
Shakila Shaheen
Shivendra Tenguria
Ashutosh Kumar
Introduction
231(12)
Taxonomical diversity
232(1)
Bacteria
232(1)
Archaea
233(1)
Eukarya
233(1)
Effect of temperature on microbial cells
233(1)
Adaptation mechanism of thermophiles
234(2)
Protein modification
236(1)
Genomic modification
237(2)
Modification of DNA and RNA
239(1)
Application of thermophiles and their enzymes
240(1)
Role in bioremediation
240(1)
Role in biotransformation
241(1)
Role in bioproduction
242(1)
Role in the medical field
242(1)
Conclusion
243(8)
References
244(7)
Index 251
Dr. Ashutosh Kumar is an active researcher and scientific writer in his field for over 14 years and presently working at Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, India. He received MSc and PhD degree in Biotechnology from University of Hyderabad, India. He did his postdoctoral research at TIFR-National Centre for Biological Sciences Bangalore, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India. He also worked as a Visiting Research Scientist at Robert Koch Institute Berlin, Germany. He has made significant contributions to the study of virulence mechanisms and strategies of survival, adaptation, and persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. He was involved in identification of an enzyme from M. tuberculosis that promote biofilm formation and drugs that enhanced the potency of two current anti-tuberculosis antibiotics. He received many scholarships, awards, and fellowship during his education. He has many publications in international journals and books. Dr. Tenguria is an active researcher and currently working as Project Scientist in Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA. He has been actively involved in research and training of graduate and undergraduate students. He received his MSc in Life Sciences from University of Rajasthan, Jaipur and PhD in Biotechnology from University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India. He received his postdoctoral training from Purdue University, Indiana, USA and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA. Currently, he is working in the area of molecular innate immunity to unravel molecular signaling mechanics for sensing danger (infectious pathogens) signals through cytosolic receptors of the innate immune system of human and mouse hosts. With his doctoral and postdoctoral fellowships and research in the area of host-microbe interactions, bacterial survival and pathogenesis, he made seminal contributions by publishing in international Jr (Cell Host-Microbe, Nature Commun, Frontiers).