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E-raamat: Basic Fracture Mechanics and its Applications

Ashok Saxena (WireTough Cylinders, USA)

Formaat: 342 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 27-Dec-2022
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781000823769

Teised raamatud teemal:

Stress & fracture

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Formaat: 342 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 27-Dec-2022
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781000823769

Teised raamatud teemal:

Stress & fracture

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"This textbook provides a comprehensive guide to fracture mechanics and its applications. Providing an in-depth discussion of both linear elastic and nonlinear fracture mechanics, it is an essential companion to the study of all types of engineering. Beginning with four foundational chapters, discussing the theory in depth, the book also presents specific aspects of fracture mechanics and fatigue. These chapters include crack growth and fractures in engineering materials under a wide range of loading andenvironmental conditions. Other topics include material testing and selection for damage tolerant design, alongside a discussion of ensuring the structural integrity of components. Alongside a strong focus on the practical applications of fracture mechanics and fatigue, the book will also provide a clear working of the theory and includes appendices with additional background to ensure a comprehensive understanding. Every chapter ends with both solved and unsolved example problems and end of chapter problems, and instructor support materials are also available. This interdisciplinary textbook will be useful to all students in fracture mechanics, in Mechanical, Aerospace, Civil, and Materials Engineering. It will also be useful for professionals in any industry dealing with fracture mechanics and fatigue"--

This textbook provides a comprehensive guide to fracture mechanics and its applications. Providing an in-depth discussion of both linear elastic and nonlinear fracture mechanics, it is an essential companion to the study of all types of engineering. Discussing the theory, the book also presents specific aspects of fracture mechanics and fatigue.

Preface

Author

Chapter 1 Fracture in Structural Components

(18)

1.1 Fracture in Engineering Materials and Structures: Societal Relevance

(2)

1.1.1 Safety Assessments

(1)

1.1.2 Environment and Health Hazards

(1)

1.1.3 Optimizing Costs (Fuel Economy, Material Costs, Opportunity Costs)

(1)

1.1.4 Product Liability

(1)

1.2 Examples of Prominent Fractures and the Underlying Causes

(5)

1.2.1 Failures in Liberty Ships

(1)

1.2.2 Failures of Comet Aircraft

(1)

1.2.3 Cracks in A380 Aircrafts

(1)

1.2.4 Crack in a Structural Member of an Interstate Highway Bridge

(1)

1.2.5 Cracks in Human Bones

(1)

1.2.6 Aneurysms in Human Abdominal Aortas

(2)

1.3 Degradation Phenomena and Fracture in Engineering Materials and Structures

(1)

1.3.1 Crack Initiation/Formation and Growth

(1)

1.4 History of Developments in Understanding Fatigue and Fracture

(8)

1.4.1 Developments in Understanding of Fatigue

(2)

1.4.2 Understanding Brittle and Ductile Fracture

(1)

1.4.3 Early Developments in Fracture Mechanics

(3)

1.4.4 Developments in Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics

(1)

1.4.5 Environment Assisted Cracking

(1)

1.4.6 Developments in Time Dependent Fracture Mechanics

(1)

1.5 Summary

(2)

References

(1)

Chapter 2 Early Theories of Fracture

(34)

2.1 Microscopic Aspects of Brittle Fracture

(3)

2.1.1 Intergranular and Transgranular Fracture

(2)

2.1.2 Equi-Cohesive Temperature

(1)

2.1.3 Ductile and Brittle Fracture

(1)

2.2 Models of Fracture at the Atomic Scale

(2)

2.3 Stress Concentration Effects of Flaws

(2)

2.4 Griffith's Theory of Brittle Fracture

(2)

2.5 Orowan's Modification to Griffith's Theory

(1)

2.6 The Concept of Crack Extension Force, G

(5)

2.6.1 Estimation of Griffith's Crack Extension Force for an Arbitrary Shaped Body

(4)

2.7 Crack Growth Resistance, R

(1)

2.8 Predicting Instability in Cracked Structures

(7)

2.8.1 Predicting Instability Conditions for a General Case

(1)

2.9 Summary

(12)

References

(1)

Homework Problems

(1)

Appendix 2A Review of Solid Mechanics

(1)

2A.1 Stress

(4)

2A.2 Strain

(1)

2A.3 Elasticity

(1)

2A.4 Elastic Strain Energy

(1)

2A.5 Stress Transformation Equations

(1)

2A.6 Stress-Strain Behavior

(1)

Notes

(1)

Chapter 3 Theoretical Basis for Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics

(36)

3.1 Engineering Materials and Defects

(1)

3.2 Stress Analysis of Cracks

(6)

3.2.1 Equations of Elasticity

(1)

3.2.2 Compatibility Equations

(2)

3.2.3 Application of Airy's Stress Function to Crack Problems

(3)

3.3 Stress Intensity Parameter, K, for Various Crack Geometries and Loading Configurations by the Westergaard Method

(6)

3.4 Crack Tip Displacement Fields

(1)

3.5 The Relationship between G and K

(3)

3.6 Determining K for Other Loading and Crack Geometries

(4)

3.7 Use of Linear Superposition Principle for Deriving k-Solutions

(3)

3.8 k-Solutions for 3-D Cracks

(5)

3.9 Summary

(8)

References

(1)

Homework Problems

(1)

Appendix 3A

(1)

3A.1 Cauchy-Reimann Equations

(1)

3A.2 Derivation of the Crack Tip Displacement Fields

(4)

Chapter 4 Crack Tip Plasticity

(12)

4.1 Estimate of the Plastic Zone Size

(3)

4.2 Plasticity Modified Crack Tip Stress Field for SSY

(3)

4.3 Plastic Zone Shape

(2)

4.4 Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD)

(1)

4.5 Summary

(4)

References

(1)

Homework Problems

(1)

Appendix 4A Plastic Yielding Under Uniaxial and Multiaxial Conditions

(1)

4A.1 Uniaxial Stress-Strain Curve

(1)

4A.2 Von Mises Yield Criterion for Multiaxial Loading

(1)

4A.3 Tresca Yield Criterion

100

(1)

Chapter 5 Fracture Toughness and its Measurement

101

(24)

5.1 Similitude and the Stress Intensity Parameter, K

103

(2)

5.2 Fracture Toughness as a Function of Plate Thickness

105

(2)

5.3 Ductile and Brittle Fracture and the LEFM Approach

107

(1)

5.4 Measurement of Fracture Toughness

108

(10)

5.4.1 Measurement of Plane Strain Fracture Toughness, KIc

108

(4)

5.4.2 Fracture Toughness of Thin Panels

112

(6)

5.5 Correlations between Charpy Energy and Fracture Toughness

118

(1)

5.5.1 Charpy Energy versus Fracture Toughness Correlation for Lower-Shelf and Lower Transition Region

118

(1)

5.5.2 Charpy Energy versus Fracture Toughness Correlation in the Upper-Shelf Region

118

(1)

5.6 Summary

119

(6)

References

119

(1)

Homework Problems

120

(1)

Appendix 5A Compliance Relationships for C(T) and M(T) Specimens

121

(1)

5A.1 Compliance Relationships for C(T) Specimen

121

(2)

5A.2 Compliance and Af-Relationships for M(T) Specimens

123

(1)

Notes

124

(1)

Chapter 6 Fatigue Crack Growth

125

(50)

6.1 Introduction

125

(1)

6.2 Fatigue Crack Growth (or Propagation) Rates

126

(10)

6.2.1 Definitions

126

(3)

6.2.2 Mechanisms of Fatigue Crack Growth

129

(2)

6.2.3 Fatigue Crack Growth Life Estimation

131

(5)

6.3 The Effect of Load Ratio, Temperature, and Frequency on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in the Paris Regime

136

(1)

6.4 Wide Range Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior

137

(5)

6.5 Crack Tip Plasticity during Cyclic Loading

142

(4)

6.5.1 Cyclic Plastic Zone

142

(2)

6.5.2 Crack Closure during Cyclic Loading

144

(2)

6.6 Fatigue Cycles Involving Compressive Loading

146

(1)

6.7 Models for Representing Load Ratio Effects on Fatigue Crack Growth Rates

147

(3)

6.8 Fatigue Crack Growth Measurements (ASTM Standard E647)

150

(9)

6.9 Behavior of Small or Short Cracks

159

(5)

6.9.1 Limitations of AK for Characterizing Small Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior

161

(3)

6.10 Fatigue Crack Growth under Variable Amplitude Loading

164

(5)

6.10.1 Effects of Single Overloads/Underloads on Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior

164

(2)

6.10.2 Variable Amplitude Loading

166

(3)

6.11 Summary

169

(6)

References

170

(1)

Homework Problems

171

(2)

Note

173

(2)

Chapter 7 Environment-Assisted Cracking

175

(32)

7.1 Introduction

175

(1)

7.2 Mechanisms of EAC

175

(4)

7.3 Relationship between EAC and K under Static Loads

179

(2)

7.4 Methods of Determining K, EAC

181

(5)

7.5 Relationship between K1EAC and Yield Strength and Fracture Toughness

186

(5)

7.6 Environment Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth

191

(2)

7.7 Models for Environment Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior

193

(9)

7.7.1 Linear Superposition Model

194

(2)

7.7.2 A Model for Predicting the Effects of Hydrogen Pressure on the Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior

196

(6)

7.8 Summary

202

(5)

References

203

(2)

Homework Problems

205

(2)

Chapter 8 Fracture under Mixed-Mode Loading

207

(38)

8.1 Introduction

207

(2)

8.2 Stress Analysis of Cracks under Mixed Mode Loading

209

(2)

8.3 Mixed Mode Considerations in Fracture of Isotropic Materials

211

(12)

8.3.1 Fracture Criterion Based on Energy Available for Crack Extension

211

(4)

8.3.2 Maximum Circumferential Stress Fracture Criterion

215

(3)

8.3.3 Strain Energy Density (SED) as Mixed Mode Fracture Criterion

218

(5)

8.4 Fracture Toughness Measurements under Mixed-Mode Conditions

223

(12)

8.4.1 Fracture in Bones

223

(2)

8.4.2 Measurement of Fracture Toughness under Mode II (KIIc)

225

(4)

8.4.3 Measurement of Interfacial Toughness in Laminate Composites

229

(6)

8.5 Fatigue Crack Growth under Mixed-Mode Loading

235

(5)

8.6 Summary

240

(5)

References

241

(1)

Homework Problems

242

(3)

Chapter 9 Fracture and Crack Growth under Elastic/Plastic Loading

245

(18)

9.1 Introduction

245

(1)

9.2 Rice's J-Integral

246

(3)

9.3 J-Integral as a Fracture Parameter

249

(2)

9.4 Equations for Determining J in C(T) Specimens

251

(3)

9.5 Fatigue Crack Growth under Gross Plasticity Conditions

254

(5)

9.5.1 Experimental Correlation between da/dN and ΔJ

256

(3)

9.6 Summary

259

(4)

References

259

(1)

Homework Problems

260

(3)

Chapter 10 Creep and Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth

263

(26)

10.1 Introduction

263

(3)

10.2 Creep Crack Growth

266

(7)

10.2.1 The C-Integral

266

(2)

10.2.2 C(t) Integral and the Ct Parameter

268

(3)

10.2.3 Creep Crack Growth in Creep-Brittle Materials

271

(2)

10.3 Crack Growth under Creep-Fatigue-Environment Conditions

273

(10)

10.3.1 da/dN versus ΔK Correlations

274

(7)

10.3.2 Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth Rates for Long Cycle Times

281

(2)

10.4 Summary

283

(6)

References

284

(2)

Homework Problems

286

(1)

Note

287

(2)

Chapter 11 Case Studies in Applications of Fracture Mechanics

289

(15)

11.1 Introduction

289

(2)

11.1.1 Integrity Assessment of Structures and Components

290

(1)

11.1.2 Material and Process Selection

290

(1)

11.1.3 Design or Remaining Life Prediction

291

(1)

11.1.4 Inspection Criterion and Interval Determination

291

(1)

11.1.5 Failure Analysis

291

(1)

11.2 General Methodology for Fracture Mechanics Analysis

291

(1)

11.3 Case Studies

292

(12)

11.3.1 Optimizing Manufacturing Costs

293

(1)

11.3.1.1 Problem Statement

293

(1)

11.3.1.2 Approach

294

(5)

11.3.2 Reliability of Service-Degraded Steam Turbine Rotors

299

(3)

11.3.2.1 Analysis of Stresses on the Rotor during Service

302

(1)

11.3.2.2 Flaws in the Rotors and Their Evaluation

303

(1)

4 11.3.2.3 Semi-Elliptical Surface Flaw on the Bore

304

(17)

11.3.2.4 Single and Multiple Co-Planar Embedded Flaws

306

(2)

11.3.2.5 Remaining Life Assessment/Inspection Interval Calculations

308

(1)

11.3.3 Design of Vessels for Storing Gaseous Hydrogen at Very High Pressures

309

(1)

11.3.3.1 k-Expressions for Cracked Pressurized Cylinders

310

(3)

11.3.3.2 FCGR Properties of Pressure Vessel Steels in High Pressure Hydrogen

313

(2)

11.3.3.3 Design Life Calculations

315

(1)

11.4 Summary

315

(6)

References

317

(2)

Notes

319

(2)

Index

321

Dr. Ashok Saxena currently serves as President and CEO of WireTough Cylinders, a position he has held since January of 2018. Dr. Saxena also serves as Dean Emeritus and Distinguished Professor (Retired) in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville and as Adjunct Professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. At University of Arkansas, he had previously served as the Provost and Vice-Chancellor of Academic Affairs, the Dean of Engineering, the Raymond and Irma Giffels Chair, the Head of Biomedical Engineering, and the Billingsley Endowed Chair. At Georgia Tech, he held the position of Regents Professor and Chair of the School of Materials Science and Engineering. Prior to that he was a Fellow Scientist at the Westinghouse Research and Development Center in Pittsburgh. He also served as the Vice-Chancellor of Galgotias University in Greater Noida, India from 2012-2014. Dr. Saxena served the American Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET) as Program Evaluator, member of the Engineering Accreditation Commission, and member of the ABET Board. He was a Director and the Vice-President of the International Congress on Fracture and the Executive Chair of the Fifteenth International Conference on Fracture in Atlanta, Georgia, during June 11 to 14, 2023. He is one of the founders of the Indian Structural Integrity Society (InSIS) and served as its President from 2015 2018. He has also been a Visiting Professor/ Visiting Scientist in several institutions/research organizations around the world over his professional career spanning five decades.

Dr. Saxena received his MS and PhD degrees from University of Cincinnati in 1972 and 1974, respectively in Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and his B. Tech degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur in 1970 in Mechanical Engineering. Dr. Saxenas area of expertise is mechanical behavior of materials. He has published over 250 research papers, authored/edited 10 books. He is the recipient of numerous national and international awards and recognitions in the field of fracture research that include the George Irwin Medal, the Fracture Mechanics Medal from ASTM, the Wohler Fatigue Medal from the European Structural Integrity Society, Outstanding Research Author Award from Georgia Tech, Paul Paris Gold Medal from the International Congress on Fracture. He is a Fellow of American Society for Testing and Materials, ASM International, International Congress of Fracture, and the Indian Structural Integrity Society. He was an elected member of the European Academy of Sciences.

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