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E-raamat: Basics of Polymer Chemistry

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Basics of Polymer Chemistry is of great interest to the chemistry audience. The basic properties of polymers, including diverse fundamental and applied aspects, are presented. This book constitutes a basis for understanding polymerization, and it presents a comprehensive overview of the scientific research of polymers. The chapters presented can be used as a reference for those interested in understanding the sustainable development in polymers.

Basics of Polymer Chemistry provides a balanced coverage of the key developments in this field and highlights recent and emerging technical achievements. The topics covered present a comprehensive overview of the subject area and are therefore of interest to professors and students. The recent developments in polymerization using catalysts, homo-, and copolymerization are presented, and it contains current efforts in designing new polymer architectures. Improved property performance attributes of the polymers by controlling their molecular-structural characteristics such as molecular weight distribution, comonomer type content distribution, and branching level are also discussed.
Preface xiii
Acknowledgement xv
List of Figures xvii
List of Tables xix
Abstract xxi
1 Introduction 1(4)
1.1 History
2(1)
1.2 Organic Molecules - Polymer Basis
2(1)
1.3 Summary
3(1)
References
4(1)
2 Monomers 5(16)
2.1 Classification of Monomers
5(1)
2.2 Monomers and Their Reactions
6(1)
2.2.1 Unsaturated Monomers
6(1)
2.2.2 Monomers with Hydroxyl Groups
6(1)
2.2.3 Monomers with Acidic Groups
7(1)
2.2.4 Olefinic Monomers
7(1)
2.3 Amine
7(1)
2.3.1 Aniline
7(1)
2.3.2 Acrylamide and N-substituted Acrylamides
8(1)
2.4 Butyl Acrylate
8(1)
2.5 Butadiene
9(1)
2.6 Divinylbenzene
9(1)
2.7 Esters of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acid
10(1)
2.8 Methacrylic Ester Monomers
11(1)
2.9 Ethylene
11(1)
2.10 Ethylene Glycol
12(1)
2.11 Maleic Anhydride (MA)
12(1)
2.12 N-Vinylcarbazole (NVC)
13(1)
2.13 N-Vinylpyrrolidone (NVP)
13(1)
2.14 Propylene
14(1)
2.15 Styrene
14(1)
2.16 alpha-Methylstyrene
15(1)
2.17 Vinyl Arenes
15(1)
2.18 Vinyl Chloride
16(1)
2.19 Vinyl Ethers
16(1)
2.20 Network-Forming Monomers
17(1)
2.20.1 Epoxides
17(1)
2.21 Summary
17(1)
References
18(3)
3 Polymers 21(30)
3.1 Classification of Polymers
21(2)
3.2 Evolution of Polymers
23(1)
3.3 Recyclable and Non-Biodegradable
23(11)
3.3.1 Polyolefin
23(3)
3.3.1.1 Polyethylene (PE)
24(1)
3.3.1.2 Polypropylene (PP)
25(1)
3.3.2 Polystyrene
26(1)
3.3.3 Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
27(1)
3.3.4 Poly(methyl methacryalate) (PMMA)
28(1)
3.3.5 Polyamide
28(2)
3.3.6 Polycarbonate
30(1)
3.3.7 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)
30(1)
3.3.8 Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)
31(1)
3.3.9 Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)
32(1)
3.3.10 Poly(oxy methylene)
33(1)
3.4 Non-Biodegradable and Non-Recycleable Polymers
34(3)
3.4.1 Phenol Formaldehyde
34(1)
3.4.2 Epoxy
34(2)
3.4.3 Urea and Melamine Formaldehyde
36(1)
3.4.4 Unsaturated Polyesters
37(1)
3.5 Copolymers
37(2)
3.5.1 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)
38(1)
3.6 Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymers
39(4)
3.6.1 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
39(1)
3.6.2 Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)
40(1)
3.6.3 Polylactide or poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
41(1)
3.6.4 Poly(caprolactone)
42(1)
3.6.5 Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA)
42(1)
3.7 Summary
43(1)
References
43(8)
4 Polymer Chemistry 51(30)
4.1 Types of Polymers
53(3)
4.1.1 Homopolymers
53(1)
4.1.2 Copolymers
53(4)
4.1.2.1 Random copolymers
54(1)
4.1.2.2 Block copolymers
55(1)
4.1.2.3 Alternating copolymers
55(1)
4.1.2.4 Graft copolymer
55(1)
4.2 Polymer Morphology
56(1)
4.3 Stereochemistry
57(3)
4.3.1 Sequence Isomerism
58(1)
4.3.2 Stereoisomerism
58(1)
4.3.3 Geometric Isomerism
59(1)
4.4 Polymer Architecture
60(2)
4.4.1 Linear Polymers
60(1)
4.4.2 Branched Polymers
61(1)
4.4.3 Network Polymers
61(1)
4.5 Polymer Properties
62(13)
4.5.1 Microscopic Properties
62(1)
4.5.2 Crystallinity
63(1)
4.5.3 Gel Effect
64(1)
4.5.4 Intermolecular Forces
64(1)
4.5.5 Dipole Moment
65(1)
4.5.6 Surface Behaviour
65(1)
4.5.7 Solution Properties
65(1)
4.5.8 Thermodynamics
66(3)
4.5.9 Molecular Weight
69(6)
4.5.9.1 Degree of polymerization
70(1)
4.5.9.2 Number average molecular weight
70(1)
4.5.9.3 Weight-average molecular weight
71(1)
4.5.9.4 Viscosity average molecular weight
72(1)
4.5.9.5 Molecular weight distribution (MWD)
73(1)
4.5.9.6 Polydispersity and their index
74(1)
4.5.10 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
75(1)
4.6 Material Considerations
75(1)
4.7 Summary
76(1)
References
77(4)
5 Step Growth Polymerization 81(16)
5.1 Functional Groups
81(1)
5.2 Reactions
82(1)
5.3 Polymerization
83(1)
5.3.1 Step Growth Polymers
83(1)
5.4 Polyaddition Reactions
84(1)
5.4.1 Transesterification
84(1)
5.4.2 Ester-Interchange
84(1)
5.4.3 Polyesterification
85(1)
5.5 Polycondensation
85(1)
5.6 Characteristics
86(1)
5.7 Elementary Step Growth Polymerization
87(1)
5.8 Kinetics
88(6)
5.8.1 Step Growth Polymerization
89(1)
5.8.2 Uncatalyzed Polymerization
90(1)
5.8.3 Catalyzed Polymerization
91(1)
5.8.4 Polyesterification Using Acid Catalyst
92(6)
5.8.4.1 Slow step rate-determining step
92(1)
5.8.4.2 Catalyst regeneration
93(1)
5.9 Biodegradability
94(1)
5.10 Summary
94(1)
References
95(2)
6 Chain Growth Polymerization 97(16)
6.1 Monomer Type
97(1)
6.2 Reactions
98(1)
6.2.1 Unsaturated Monomers
98(1)
6.2.1.1 The polymerization of ethylene to polyethylene
98(1)
6.2.2 Monomer with End Groups
99(1)
6.3 Polymerization
99(1)
6.4 Initiation
100(1)
6.5 Propagation
101(1)
6.6 Termination Reactions
101(1)
6.7 Chain Growth Polymers
102(3)
6.7.1 Characteristics
103(1)
6.7.2 Classification
104(1)
6.7.3 Growth Centers
105(1)
6.7.4 Structural Variations
105(1)
6.8 Kinetics
105(4)
6.8.1 Initiation
107(1)
6.8.2 Propagation
107(1)
6.8.3 Termination
108(6)
6.8.3.1 Chain transfer reactions
108(1)
6.9 Non-Biodegradability
109(1)
6.10 Summary
110(1)
References
110(3)
7 Polymerization Reactions 113(38)
7.1 Chemistry of Radicals
114(1)
7.1.1 Types of Radicals
114(1)
7.2 Radical Polymerization
115(1)
7.3 Reaction Process
116(4)
7.3.1 Advantages
119(1)
7.3.2 Disadvantages
120(1)
7.4 Ionic Polymerization
120(2)
7.5 Types of Anions
122(1)
7.6 Types of Cations
122(1)
7.6.1 Advantages
123(1)
7.6.2 Disadvantages
123(1)
7.7 Cationic Polymerization
123(1)
7.8 Lewis Acids/Friedel - Crafts Catalysts
124(3)
7.9 Carbonium Ion Salts
127(1)
7.10 Polymerization of Isobutylene
128(1)
7.11 Termination
129(1)
7.12 Ionic Chain Carriers
130(2)
7.13 Chain Transfer
132(1)
7.13.1 Advantages
133(1)
7.13.2 Disadvantages
133(1)
7.14 Anionic Polymerization
133(2)
7.15 Ideal Anionic Polymerization
135(2)
7.16 Reactivity of Initiators
137(1)
7.17 Reaction Process of Polystyrene
138(1)
7.18 Reaction Process with Alkene with Functional Groups
138(2)
7.18.1 Advantages
139(1)
7.18.2 Disadvantages
139(1)
7.19 Ring Opening Polymerization
140(2)
7.19.1 Advantages
142(1)
7.19.2 Disadvantages
142(1)
7.20 Coordination Polymerization
142(1)
7.21 Ziegler-Natta Polymerization
142(2)
7.21.1 Advantages
143(1)
7.21.2 Disadvantages
144(1)
7.22 Summary
144(1)
References
145(6)
8 Polymer Synthesis 151(22)
8.1 Introduction
151(2)
8.1.1 Requirements
152(1)
8.1.2 Essentials of Polymer Synthesis
152(1)
8.2 Synthesis of Polyethylene
153(1)
8.3 Polypropylene
153(1)
8.3.1 Synthesis of Polystyrene
153(1)
8.4 Synthesis of Polyamide
154(4)
8.4.1 Synthesis of Nylon 6
154(1)
8.4.2 Synthesis of Nylon 6,6
155(1)
8.4.3 Synthesis of Polyethylene Terephthalate
156(2)
8.5 Polystyrene
158(1)
8.6 Polyvinylacetate
159(1)
8.7 Polybutadiene
159(1)
8.8 Polyisobutylene
160(1)
8.9 Polymethylmethacrylate
161(4)
8.9.1 Synthesis of Polyurethane
162(1)
8.9.2 Electro-Polymerization of Polypyrrole
163(1)
8.9.3 Synthesis of Polylactide (PLA)
164(1)
8.9.4 Name Reactions and Polymer Synthesis
164(1)
8.10 Reppe Chemistry
165(1)
8.10.1 Poly(N - vinyl carbazole)
165(1)
8.11 Michael Adducts
165(1)
8.11.1 Derivative of N-Vinylformamide and Polymer Synthesis
165(1)
8.12 Polymer Synthesis - Future
166(1)
8.13 Summary
167(1)
References
168(5)
9 Polymerization Processes 173(18)
9.1 Essential Ingredients in Polymerization Process
173(4)
9.1.1 Initiators
174(1)
9.1.2 Surfactants
174(1)
9.1.3 Catalysts
174(2)
9.1.3.1 Ziegler-Natta catalyst
175(1)
9.1.3.2 Phillips catalyst
175(1)
9.1.3.3 Metallocene catalyst
175(1)
9.1.4 Chain Transfer Agents
176(1)
9.1.5 Solvents
176(1)
9.1.6 Suspending Agents
176(1)
9.1.6.1 Water-soluble polymeric compounds
176(1)
9.1.6.2 Inorganic compounds
177(1)
9.1.7 Inhibitors
177(1)
9.2 Polymerization Processes
177(1)
9.3 Reactor Types
178(1)
9.4 Classification
179(5)
9.4.1 Bulk or Mass Polymerization
179(2)
9.4.1.1 Advantages
180(1)
9.4.1.2 Disadvantages
180(1)
9.4.2 Solution Polymerization
181(1)
9.4.2.1 Advantages
181(1)
9.4.2.2 Disadvantages
181(1)
9.4.3 Suspension Polymerization
182(1)
9.4.3.1 Advantages
183(1)
9.4.3.2 Disadvantages
183(1)
9.4.4 Emulsion Polymerization
183(1)
9.4.4.1 Advantages
183(1)
9.4.4.2 Disadvantages
184(1)
9.5 Polymer Manufacturing Processes
184(1)
9.5.1 Slurry Process
184(1)
9.5.2 Gas Phase Process
184(1)
9.5.3 Solvent Process
185(1)
9.6 Summary
185(1)
References
185(6)
10 Future Trends 191(6)
10.1 Advances in Polymer Chemistry
191(1)
10.2 Advances in Polymerization
192(1)
10.3 Environmental Effect
192(1)
10.4 Future Requirements
193(2)
10.4.1 Pollution Free Polymerization Techniques
193(1)
10.4.2 Polymerization with Solvent-Free Conditions
193(1)
10.4.3 Waste Reduction
194(1)
10.4.4 Polymer and Human Beings
194(1)
10.5 Green Polymer Chemistry
195(1)
10.6 Summary
195(1)
References
196(1)
Index 197(16)
About the Author 213
Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta
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