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E-raamat: Beginnings of Perinatal Medicine

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Beginnings of Perinatal MedicineSuurem pilt
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Viewed from a scientific historical angle, perinatal medicine is a still young special interdisciplinary field of medicine which came into being during the middle of the 20th century. Thanks to the scientific and medical activities of one of the editors of this volume, Professor Erich Saling, who is also called "The Father of Perinatal Medicine", essential impulses and innovations were achieved. With the introduction of fetal blood analysis he made it possible to gain access to the unborn infant, which today is regarded as a milestone at the beginning of Perinatal Medicine. For the first time, human medicine entered the intrauterine space.

With the exception of the collection of articles by Rooth and Saugstad published in 1985, in the history of perinatal medicine there only exist single papers of various sub-disciplines (for example fetal surveillance sub partu, ultrasonography) either as an article in a magazine, or as a chapter in an appropriate text book. Up to now there has been no publication that presents in an integrative way the history of the still young speciality. The main emphasis will be on the time period up to the early 70s (that means the early stages of Perinatal Medicine), however, both scientific precursors and later developments are mentioned shortly, when opportune.

The authors of this volume are qualified specialists and some of them have decades of experience in the field they describe.
1 Preface and introduction
1(4)
Erich Saling
Monika Drager
Jens H. Stupin
2 Fetal heart activity and measurements of labor activities
5(18)
Erich Saling
Monika Drager
2.1 Scientific precursors
5(6)
2.1.1 Development of the stethoscope
5(1)
2.1.2 Recognition of the existence of fetal heart sounds
5(1)
2.1.3 First attempts to register the fetal heart beats
6(2)
2.1.4 Measurement of the intrauterine pressure during labor
8(3)
2.2 Early stages: "modern" cardiotocogram (CTG)
11(7)
2.3 Later developments
18(5)
3 Fetal blood analysis (FBA)
23(6)
Erich Saling
Monika Drager
3.1 Precursors
23(1)
3.2 Fetal blood analysis (FBA)
23(1)
3.3 Further developments
24(1)
3.3.1 Pulse oxymetry
25(1)
3.4 Excursion: Physiological concepts in connection with fetal blood analysis
25(4)
3.4.1 "Brain sparing effect"
25(1)
3.4.2 "Maternogenic" increase of metabolic acidity in the fetus
25(4)
4 Amniotic fluid interventions and examinations
29(6)
Monika Drager
Erich Saling
4.1 Knowledge about the significance of meconium In the amniotic fluid
29(1)
4.2 Amniocentesis
30(1)
4.3 Amnioscopy
31(4)
5 Prevention of Rh-immunization
35(6)
J. Bennebroek Gravenhorst
5.1 History
35(1)
5.1.1 First descriptions and discovery of the pathogenesis
35(1)
5.1.2 First exchange transfusions
36(1)
5.2 Attempts to affect the immune system
36(1)
5.3 Intrauterine transfusion
37(1)
5.4 Rh-immune prophylaxis
37(1)
5.5 Later developments
38(3)
6 Sonography
41(18)
Asim Kurjak
6.1 Ian Donald - Pioneer of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology
41(4)
6.2 Parallel early developments in the USA, Japan, and Russia
45(1)
6.3 The ultrasonic boom in the 1960s
46(6)
6.3.1 The development and use of new ultrasound devices: the Vidoson® real-time scanner and articulated-arm compound contact scanner SSD-10
46(2)
6.3.2 The work of Alfred Kratochwil
48(1)
6.3.3 The Kossoff group: first use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of fetal malformation and further technical innovations
49(1)
6.3.4 Ultrasound in the diagnostics of pregnancy assessment
50(2)
6.4 The implementation of Doppler ultrasound
52(1)
6.5 Later developments and future perspectives
53(6)
6.5.1 The founding of the International Society of Ultrasound In Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) and the first journal in this field
53(1)
6.5.2 From the scan of fetal movements to the diagnosis of fetal well-being due to Doppler ultrasound
53(1)
6.5.3 The implementation of 3D ultrasound
54(1)
6.5.4 Use of ultrasound in the diagnostics of malformation and preterm delivery
55(4)
7 Measures in cases of threatened prematurity
59(10)
Amos Grunebaum
7.1 Tocolysis
59(3)
7.1.1 Introduction
59(1)
7.1.2 Medications for tocolysis
59(2)
7.1.3 Later developments - tocolysis today
61(1)
7.1.4 Conclusions
62(1)
7.2 History of Induction of lung maturation
62(7)
7.2.1 Antecedent of fetal lung maturation
62(1)
7.2.2 Early stages of fetal lung maturation 1940s--1960s
63(1)
7.2.3 From 1970s till today
63(2)
7.2.4 Conclusion
65(4)
8 Diagnosis of genetic defects
69(10)
Noelia Zork
Mary E. D'Alton
8.1 Introduction
69(1)
8.2 Early stages of clinical diagnostics: Fetoscopy versus ultrasound
69(1)
8.3 The Implementation of amniocentesis (AC)
70(1)
8.4 The implementation of chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
70(1)
8.5 Later developments in diagnostics: Ultrasound guided CVS and amniocentesis (AC)
71(2)
8.6 Alpha-fetoprotein In maternal serum as non-Invasive diagnostic tool
73(1)
8.7 The triple and quadruple screens
74(1)
8.8 The return of ultrasound
74(1)
8.9 The combined screening
74(1)
8.10 New directions: Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing in maternal blood and chromosomal mlcroarray
75(4)
9 Assessment of the newborn immediately after delivery
79(8)
Monika Drager
Erich Saling
9.1 Apgar-score
79(3)
9.1.1 Precursors
79(1)
9.1.2 Apgar-score
79(3)
9.2 Assessment of the biochemical state of the newborn
82(1)
9.2.1 Precursors -- chemical and physiological scientific background
82(1)
9.2.2 Blood gas analysis and pH-measurement in the newborn
82(1)
9.2.3 Stanley James and Virginia Apgar
83(1)
9.3 Attempts to modify the Apgar-score and completion of the assessment of the newborn
83(4)
10 Neonatological part of perinatal medicine
87(18)
Anne Greenough
Anthony D. Milner
10.1 Introduction
87(1)
10.2 Resuscitation
87(5)
10.2.1 Precursors In the eighteenth and nineteenth century
87(2)
10.2.2 Beginnings of current neonatal resuscitation practices
89(1)
10.2.3 "Alternative" approaches
90(1)
10.2.4 Scientific comparison of different methods
90(1)
10.2.5 Supplementary oxygen
90(1)
10.2.6 Refilling anesthetic bag
91(1)
10.2.7 Change In pressure limiting valves
91(1)
10.2.8 Later developments and recommendations
91(1)
10.3 Mechanical ventilation
92(5)
10.3.1 Intermittent positive airway pressure
92(1)
10.3.2 Negative external inhalation
93(1)
10.3.3 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
94(1)
10.3.4 Outcomes of mechanical ventilation
94(1)
10.3.5 Altering inflation times and rates
94(2)
10.3.6 Later developments
96(1)
10.4 Exogenous surfactant therapy
97(3)
10.4.1 Physiological background
97(1)
10.4.2 Identification of the chemical structure of surfactant
97(1)
10.4.3 Methods for assessing surfactant
98(1)
10.4.4 Hormones and the surfactant system
99(1)
10.4.5 Surfactant therapy
99(1)
10.5 Conclusions
100(5)
11 History of clinical structures and development of the Perinatal Care System
105(10)
Jens H. Stupin
11.1 Introduction
105(1)
11.2 Historical precursors of a structural reform
105(3)
11.2.1 The need for the establishment of antenatal care at the end of the 19th century
105(1)
11.2.2 John William Ballantyne's plea for a pro-maternity hospital
106(2)
11.3 Erich Saling's proposals for reforms In obstetrics: Early attempts to a structural reform
108(1)
11.4 International developments as the answer to Saling's proposals
109(3)
11.5 Later developments and evolution of an integrative Perinatal Care System
112(3)
12 History of first activities such as training, publications, foundation of very first congresses and societies
115(6)
Erich Saling
Monika Drager
12.1 New section in medicine: First activities
115(1)
12.2 First local educational activities
116(4)
12.3 Later developments
120(1)
13 History of the International Academy of Perinatal Medicine (IAPM)
121(6)
Jose M. Carrera
13.1 Introduction
121(1)
13.2 The first steps
121(1)
13.3 The roots of the Academy
122(1)
13.4 Foundation of the IAPM
123(1)
13.5 Identity, mission, and objectives of IAPM
124(2)
13.5.1 Mission
124(1)
13.5.2 Objectives of the IAPM
125(1)
13.6 Activities of the IAPM
126(1)
Index of Names and cited Authors 127(4)
Subject Index 131
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