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E-raamat: Between Fair and Rigged. Elections as a Key Determinant of the 'Borderline Political Regime' - Turkey in Comparative Perspective

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At the beginning of the 21st century, there are an increasing number of states in which elections do not meet the standards of liberal democracy due to electoral malpractices. The analysis of the malpractices at all stages of the electoral cycle and their impact on the political regime is the primary objective of this book. The research focuses on Turkey. However, the authors move one step further and try to present the Turkish case from a comparative perspective. They analyse selected countries in Central Europe, the Balkans and Latin America. They investigate an interesting process of mutual reinforcement of increasingly serious electoral malpractices and change in/of the political regime. It leads to the development of ‘borderline regimes’ balancing between two types of political regimes.

List of Abbreviations
9(4)
Introduction 13(16)
1 Theoretical Framework
29(16)
1.1 Electoral Integrity and Electoral Malpractice
29(8)
1.1.1 Definitions
29(4)
1.1.2 Electoral Malpractice: Taxonomies
33(4)
1.2 Political Regimes
37(8)
2 Elections and Travails of Turkish Democracy
45(20)
2.1 Multi-party Democracy and Elections in Turkey 1950-2002
46(7)
2.2 AKP as a (Pre)dominant Party and (De)democratisation of Turkey. Towards Political Hegemony
53(10)
2.3 Conclusion
63(2)
3 Electoral Malpractices and Regime Change in Turkey
65(52)
3.1 General Overview
66(4)
3.2 Review of Electoral Malpractices
70(30)
3.2.1 Manipulation of the Law
70(1)
Gerrymandering
71(2)
Malapportionment
73(1)
Electoral Rights
74(1)
Election Campaign
75(2)
Out-of-Country Voting
77(1)
Voting and Electoral Authorities
78(1)
3.2.2 Manipulation of Vote Choice
79(1)
Manipulation of Genuine Preferences
79(11)
Undue Influence
90(4)
3.2.3 Manipulation of the Voting Act
94(1)
Voter Registration
95(1)
Polling Arrangements
95(1)
Voting
96(1)
Counting and Tabulation of Votes
97(1)
Last Stages of Electoral Cycle
98(2)
3.3 Impact of Electoral Malpractices on Political Regime
100(12)
3.3.1 General Model of Relationship
101(4)
3.3.2 Feedback Mechanism: Process-Tracing Analysis
105(7)
3.4 Conclusion
112(5)
4 Electoral Malpractices and Regime Change in Central Europe and the Balkans - Case Study of Hungary, North Macedonia and Serbia
117(52)
4.1 Introductory Issues
117(8)
4.1.1 Democratisation and Its Retreat in Central Europe and the Balkans: General Context
117(2)
4.1.2 De-democratisation and Electoral Malpractices in Turkey, Central Europe and the Balkans from a Comparative Perspective
119(5)
4.1.3 Comparative Perspective: Methods and Structure of the
Chapter
124(1)
4.2 Hungary and the Fidesz Government
125(13)
4.2.1 Institutional, Political and Social Context Prior to Fidesz Victory in 2010
125(2)
4.2.2 Regime Change and Electoral Malpractices: 2010-2014
127(8)
4.2.3 Regime Change and Electoral Malpractices: 2014-2018
135(2)
4.2.4 Summary
137(1)
4.3 Serbia under the Rule of Aleksandar Vucic and SNS
138(10)
4.3.1 Institutional, Political and Social Context Prior to SNS Victory in 2014
138(3)
4.3.2 Regime Change and Electoral Malpractices: 2014-2016
141(4)
4.3.3 Regime Change and Electoral Malpractices: 2016-2017
145(2)
4.3.4 Summary
147(1)
4.4 North Macedonia: The Rise and Fall of Nikola Gruevski's Government
148(13)
4.4.1 Institutional, Political and Social Context Prior to 2006
148(2)
4.4.2 Regime Change and Electoral Malpractices: De-democratisation in 2006-2014
150(6)
4.4.3 Regime Change and Electoral Malpractices: Re-democratisation in 2014-2016?
156(4)
4.4.4 Summary
160(1)
4.5 Conclusion: Common Patterns in Electoral Malpractices and De-democratisation in Central Europe and the Balkans
161(8)
5 Electoral Malpractices and Regime Change in Latin America: Case Study of Nicaragua and Venezuela
169(36)
5.1 Introductory Issues
169(7)
5.1.1 Democratisation and Its Retreat in Latin America: General Context
169(2)
5.1.2 De-democratisation and Electoral Malpractices in Turkey and Latin America from a Comparative Perspective
171(4)
5.1.3 Comparative Perspective: Methods and Structure of the
Chapter
175(1)
5.2 Nicaragua
176(12)
5.2.1 Institutional, Political and Social Context Prior to Daniel Ortegas Victory in 2006
176(4)
5.2.2 Regime Change and Electoral Malpractices: 2006-2011
180(4)
5.2.3 Regime Change and Electoral Malpractices: 2011-2016
184(4)
5.2.4 Summary
188(1)
5.3 Venezuela
188(14)
5.3.1 Elections and Consolidation of Power by 2010
188(4)
5.3.2 Regime Change and Electoral Malpractices: 2010-2013
192(5)
5.3.3 Regime Change and Electoral Malpractices: 2013-2018
197(4)
5.3.4 Summary
201(1)
5.4 Conclusion: Common Patterns in Electoral Malpractices and De-democratisation in Latin America
202(3)
Conclusions 205(10)
Annex 215(6)
Bibliography 221(32)
Index 253
Adam Szymaski is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Political Science and International Studies, University of Warsaw, Poland.



Jakub Wódka is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Poland.



Wojciech Ufel is a PhD student in the Institute of Political Science, University of Wrocaw, Poland.



Amanda Dziubiska is a PhD student at the Faculty of Political Science and International Studies, University of Warsaw, Poland.