Preface |
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ix | |
Editor |
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xi | |
Acknowledgment |
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xiii | |
Contributors |
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xv | |
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PART I ANIMAL BEHAVIORS AND ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONS |
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1 Animal Models for Computing and Communications: Past Approaches and Future Challenges |
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3 | (16) |
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1.1 General Principles of Animal Communication |
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4 | (3) |
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1.2 Current Bio-Inspired Modeling Approaches |
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7 | (3) |
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1.2.1 Insect Models for Communication and Robotics |
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7 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Noninsect, Bio-Inspired Models for Communication and Robotics |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3 Challenges for Future Bio-Inspired Models |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4 Primates and Other Socially Complex Mammals as Biological Models |
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11 | (4) |
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1.4.1 Challenge: Modeling Small vs. Large Groups and Group Heterogeneity |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Challenge: Incorporating Individual Differences or "Personality" |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4.3 Challenge: Robustness to Damage |
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13 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Challenge: Avoiding Eavesdropping |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (4) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (4) |
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2 Social Behaviors of the California Sea Lion, Bottlenose Dolphin, and Orca Whale |
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19 | (24) |
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21 | (3) |
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2.1.1 Introduction to California Sea Lion |
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21 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Classification of the California Sea Lion |
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21 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Social Behaviors of Sea Lions |
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22 | (1) |
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2.1.3.1 Breeding and Perinatal Periods |
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22 | (1) |
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2.1.3.2 Inteactions between California Sea Lions and Humans |
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23 | (1) |
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2.1.3.3 Relationship between California Sea Lions and Dolphins |
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23 | (1) |
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2.1.3.4 Methods of Study of Sea Lions and Dolphins |
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23 | (1) |
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2.1.3.5 Results of Study of Sea Lions and Dolphins |
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24 | (1) |
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2.1.3.6 Discussions from Study of Sea Lions and Dolphins |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (8) |
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2.2.1 Introduction to Bottlenose Dolphin |
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24 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Classification of Bottlenose Dolphin |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Social Behaviors of the Bottlenose Dolphin |
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25 | (2) |
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2.2.3.1 Bottlenose Dolphins and Behavior Imitation |
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27 | (1) |
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2.2.3.2 Further Study of Interactions between Bottlenose Dolphins and Humans |
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27 | (1) |
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2.2.3.3 Life and Social Analysis of Coastal North Carolina Bottlenose Dolphins |
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28 | (1) |
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2.2.3.4 North Carolina Bottlenose Dolphin Societal Structure |
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28 | (1) |
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2.2.3.5 Bottlenose Dolphins and Birth Factors |
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29 | (1) |
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2.2.3.6 Inter-Birth Intervals for Bottlenose Dolphins |
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30 | (1) |
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2.2.3.7 Female Bottlenose Dolphin Social Patterns |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (6) |
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2.3.1 Introduction to the Killer Whale |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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2.3.2.1 Basic Social Tendencies |
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33 | (1) |
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2.3.2.2 Coordinated Attacks on Seals and Penguins in the Antarctic |
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33 | (1) |
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2.3.2.3 North Pacific Killer Wale Aggregations and Fish Hunting |
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34 | (1) |
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2.3.2.4 Killer Whale Interactions with Other Marine Mammals |
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35 | (2) |
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2.3.2.5 Evidence of Cooperative Attacks by Killer Whales |
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37 | (1) |
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2.3.2.6 Killer Whale Vocalization and Foraging |
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37 | (1) |
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2.3.2.7 Effect of Social Affiliation on Vocal Signatures of Resident Killer Whales |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (5) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (5) |
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PART II BIO-INSPIRED COMPUTING AND ROBOTS |
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3 Social Insect Societies for the Optimization of Dynamic NP-Hard Problems |
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43 | (26) |
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44 | (1) |
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3.2 Optimization of Dynamic NP-Hard Problems |
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45 | (2) |
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3.2.1 Approaches to Problem Optimization |
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46 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Meta-Heuristics Inspired in Social Insects |
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46 | (1) |
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3.3 Ant Colonies Keep Supply Lines |
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47 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Representation of the Problem |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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3.4 Termite Hill-Building |
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51 | (4) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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3.5 Wasp Swarms and Hierarchies |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (7) |
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63 | (6) |
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4 Bio-Inspired Locomotion Control of the Hexapod Robot Gregor III |
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69 | (26) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (4) |
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77 | (2) |
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4.4.1 Biological Inspiration |
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77 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Robot Mechanical Design |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (4) |
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80 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Walknet Control on Gregor |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (1) |
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4.8 Hardware Architecture and Robot Experiments |
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84 | (7) |
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91 | (4) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (3) |
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5 Beeclust: A Swarm Algorithm Derived from Honeybees: Derivation of the Algorithm, Analysis by Mathematical Models, and Implementation on a Robot Swarm |
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95 | (44) |
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96 | (5) |
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5.1.1 From Swarm Intelligence to Swarm Robotics |
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96 | (3) |
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5.1.2 From Biological Inspirations to Robotic Algorithms |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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5.2 Our Biological Inspiration |
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101 | (5) |
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5.3 Analyzing Some Basic Results of the Observed Features of the Bee's Behavior |
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106 | (2) |
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5.4 The Robotic Algorithm |
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108 | (3) |
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5.4.1 The Swarm Robot "Jasmine" |
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108 | (1) |
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5.4.2 The Swarm Robot "I-Swarm" |
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109 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Shared and Different Properties of These Two Robots |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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5.5 Swarm Experiments Using a Multi-Agent' Simulation of the Robots |
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111 | (2) |
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5.5.1 Simulating the Swarm Robot "Jasmine" |
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112 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Simulating the Swarm Robot "I-Swarm" |
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112 | (1) |
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5.6 Preliminary Robotic Experiments |
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113 | (3) |
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5.7 Macroscopic Model of the Robots' Collective Behavior |
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116 | (3) |
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5.8 The Compartment Model |
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119 | (4) |
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5.9 Macroscopic Model---Step 3 |
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123 | (3) |
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5.9.1 Macroscopic, Space-Continuous Models for Robot Swarms |
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123 | (1) |
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5.9.2 Modeling the Collision-Based Adaptive Swarm Aggregation in Continuous Space |
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124 | (2) |
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5.10 Results of Our Two Different Modeling Approaches |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (6) |
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134 | (5) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
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6 Self-Organizing Data and Signal Cellular Systems |
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139 | (28) |
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6.1 Bio-Inspired Properties |
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140 | (2) |
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6.1.1 Cellular Architecture |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (5) |
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6.2.1 Structural Configuration Mechanism |
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142 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Functional Configuration Mechanism |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Cicatrization Mechanism |
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145 | (2) |
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6.2.5 Regeneration Mechanism |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (12) |
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147 | (4) |
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6.3.2 Configuration Level |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (3) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (5) |
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6.4.1 Functional Application |
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159 | (3) |
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6.4.2 Multicellular Organism |
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162 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Population of Organisms |
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162 | (2) |
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6.5 Hardware Implementation |
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164 | (3) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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7 Bio-Inspired Process Control |
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167 | (42) |
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7.1 Nature of Industrial Process Control |
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168 | (2) |
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7.2 Bio-Inspired Algorithms in Base Control Layer |
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170 | (1) |
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7.3 Advanced Control Layer |
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171 | (8) |
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7.3.1 Artificial Neural Networks in MPC Controllers |
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174 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Hybrid Process Model |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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7.4 SILO---Immune-Inspired Control System |
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179 | (21) |
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7.4.1 Immune Structure of SILO |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Basic Concept of SILO Operation |
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188 | (2) |
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7.4.3 Optimization Module |
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190 | (3) |
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7.4.3.1 Mixed Model--Based Optimization Layer |
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193 | (4) |
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7.4.3.2 Global Model--Based Optimization Layer |
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197 | (1) |
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7.4.3.3 Stochastic Optimization Layer |
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197 | (1) |
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7.4.3.4 Layers Switching Algorithm |
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198 | (2) |
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7.5 Application of Bio-Inspired Methods in Industrial Process Control |
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200 | (9) |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (5) |
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8 Multirobot Search Using Bio-Inspired Cooperation and Communication Paradigms |
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209 | (16) |
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210 | (2) |
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8.1.1 Successes in Nature |
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211 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Challenges and Problems |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Introduction to Primates |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Communication and Navigation |
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215 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Impact of Environment on Cooperation and Communication |
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216 | (1) |
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8.3 Bio-Inspired Multi-Robot Systems |
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216 | (4) |
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8.3.1 Decentralized, Asynchronous Decision Making |
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217 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Limited Communications Modalities |
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218 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Transient Role Selection |
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220 | (1) |
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8.4 Toward Bio-Inspired Coverage: A Case Study in Decentralized Action Selection |
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220 | (2) |
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8.5 Summary and Conclusions |
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222 | (3) |
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223 | (2) |
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9 Abstractions for Planning and Control of Robotic Swarms |
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225 | (18) |
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9.1 Specification-Induced Hierarchical Abstractions |
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226 | (3) |
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9.2 Continuous Abstractions: Extracting the Essential Features of a Swarm |
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229 | (5) |
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9.2.1 Examples of Continuous Abstractions |
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231 | (3) |
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9.3 Discrete Abstractions: Accommodating Rich Specifications |
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234 | (2) |
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9.4 Hierarchical Abstractions: Automatic Deployment of Swarms from Human-Like Specifications |
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236 | (2) |
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9.5 Limitations of the Approach and Directions for Future Work |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (3) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (3) |
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10 Ant-Inspired Allocation: Top-Down Controller Design for Distributing a Robot Swarm among Multiple Tasks |
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243 | (32) |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (4) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Time-Delayed Model |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (5) |
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252 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Time-Delayed Model |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (2) |
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10.5 Design of Transition Rate Matrix K |
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257 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Time-Delayed Model |
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258 | (1) |
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10.6 Simulation Methodology |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (9) |
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10.7.1 Linear Model vs. Quorum Model |
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261 | (2) |
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10.7.2 Linear Model vs. Time-Delayed Model |
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263 | (6) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (4) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
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11 Human Peripheral Nervous System Controlling Robots |
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275 | (30) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (11) |
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278 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Background and Problem Definition |
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279 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Recording Arm Motion |
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279 | (2) |
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11.2.4 Recording Muscles Activation |
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281 | (1) |
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11.2.5 Dimensionality Reduction |
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281 | (5) |
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11.2.6 Motion Decoding Model |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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11.3 Experimental Results |
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289 | (7) |
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11.3.1 Hardware and Experiment Design |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (4) |
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11.3.3 EMG-Based Control vs. Motion-Tracking Systems |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (9) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (3) |
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300 | (5) |
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PART III BIO-INSPIRED COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS |
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12 Adaptive Social Hierarchies: From Nature to Networks |
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305 | (46) |
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306 | (2) |
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12.2 Social Hierarchies in Nature |
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308 | (3) |
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12.2.1 Formation and Maintenance of Hierarchies |
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308 | (2) |
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12.2.2 Purpose of Social Hierarchies |
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310 | (1) |
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12.3 Using Adaptive Social Hierarchies in Wireless Networks |
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311 | (4) |
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12.3.1 Constructing an Adaptive Social Hierarchy |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (10) |
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12.4.1 Pairwise ASH with Reinforcement |
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321 | (4) |
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325 | (6) |
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326 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Domination Ratio with Switching |
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327 | (4) |
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12.6 Dealing with Mixed Mobility: An Agent-Based Approach |
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331 | (7) |
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332 | (2) |
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12.6.2 Realistic Meetings |
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334 | (4) |
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12.7 Suitable Attributes to Rank |
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338 | (2) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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12.7.4 Functions of Attributes |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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12.8 Example Scenarios of ASH |
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340 | (4) |
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12.8.1 Enhancing Spray and Focus |
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340 | (1) |
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12.8.2 Enhanced Context-Aware Routing |
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341 | (1) |
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12.8.3 A Simple Cross-Layer Protocol |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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12.8.3.2 Routing and Replication |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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12.10 Conclusions and Future Work |
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345 | (6) |
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12.10.1 Future Directions |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (4) |
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13 Chemical Relaying Protocols |
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351 | (18) |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (2) |
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13.2.1 Relaying in Intermittently Connected Witeless Networks |
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353 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Chemical Computing |
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354 | (1) |
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13.3 System Model and Framework |
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355 | (5) |
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13.4 Fraglets Implementation |
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360 | (2) |
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13.5 Performance Evaluation |
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362 | (4) |
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366 | (3) |
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367 | (2) |
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14 Attractor Selection as Self-Adaptive Control Mechanism for Communication Networks |
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369 | (22) |
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370 | (1) |
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14.2 Noise and Fluctuations in Dynamical Systems |
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371 | (5) |
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14.2.1 Dynamic Systems under the Influence of Noise |
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374 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Relationship between Fluctuation and Its Response |
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375 | (1) |
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14.3 Mathematical Models of Attractor Selection |
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376 | (6) |
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14.3.1 Mutually Inhibitory Operon Regulatory Network |
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376 | (2) |
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14.3.2 Sigmoid Gene Activation Model |
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378 | (3) |
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14.3.3 Gaussian Mixture Attractor Model |
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381 | (1) |
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14.4 Application to Self-Adaptive Network Control |
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382 | (5) |
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14.4.1 Differences between Biological Networks and Communication Networks |
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382 | (1) |
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14.4.1.1 Mapping of Growth Rate |
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382 | (1) |
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14.4.1.2 Fluctuations: Ambient or Controllable? |
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383 | (1) |
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14.4.1.3 Centralized vs. Distributed Control |
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383 | (1) |
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14.4.2 Applications to Self-Adaptive Network Control |
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383 | (1) |
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14.4.2.1 Self-Adaptive Overlay Path Selection |
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384 | (2) |
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14.4.2.2 Next Hop Selection in Ad Hoc Network Routing |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (4) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (3) |
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15 Topological Robustness of Biological Systems for Information Networks---Modularity |
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391 | (18) |
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392 | (1) |
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15.2 Topological Robustness of Biological Systems |
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393 | (3) |
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15.2.1 Overview of Biological Systems |
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393 | (1) |
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15.2.2 Resemblance between Biological Systems and Information Networks |
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394 | (1) |
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15.2.3 Topological Characteristic of Biological Networks |
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394 | (1) |
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15.2.3.1 Scale-Free Structure |
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394 | (1) |
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15.2.3.2 Bow-Tie Structure |
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395 | (1) |
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15.2.3.3 Hierarchical Structure |
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395 | (1) |
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15.2.3.4 Modularity Structure |
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396 | (1) |
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15.3 Modularity and Robustness of Systems |
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396 | (9) |
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15.3.1 Attack Vulnerability |
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397 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Isolation and Localization |
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398 | (2) |
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400 | (2) |
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402 | (3) |
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405 | (4) |
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405 | (4) |
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16 Biologically Inspired Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks |
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409 | (18) |
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410 | (2) |
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16.2 Immune System and Cognitive Radio Networks |
|
|
412 | (3) |
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16.2.1 Biological Immune System |
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|
412 | (2) |
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16.2.2 Immune System--Inspired Cognitive Radio Networks |
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|
414 | (1) |
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16.3 Immune System--Inspired Spectrum Sensing and Management in Cognitive Radio Networks |
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|
415 | (4) |
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16.3.1 Immune System--Inspired Spectrum-Sensing Model for Cognitive Radio Networks |
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|
415 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Immune System--Inspired Spectrum Management Model for Cognitive Radio Networks |
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|
416 | (3) |
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16.4 Biological Task Allocation and Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks |
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|
419 | (3) |
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16.4.1 Biological Task Allocation Model |
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|
419 | (1) |
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16.4.2 Biological Task Allocation--Inspired Spectrum-Sharing Model for Cognitive Radio Nerworks |
|
|
420 | (2) |
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16.5 Biological Switching--Inspired Spectrum Mobility Management in Cognitive Radio Nerworks |
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|
422 | (3) |
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|
425 | (2) |
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|
425 | (2) |
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17 Weakly Connected Oscillatory Networks for Information Processing |
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|
427 | (30) |
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|
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
17.2 Networks of Structurally Stable Oscillators |
|
|
429 | (5) |
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17.3 Networks of Oscillators Close to Bifurcations |
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|
434 | (9) |
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17.4 Pattern Recognition by Means of Weakly Connected Oscillatory Networks |
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|
443 | (9) |
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17.4.1 WCON-Based Associative Memories |
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|
446 | (2) |
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17.4.2 WCON-Based Dynamic Memories |
|
|
448 | (4) |
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|
452 | (5) |
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|
453 | (1) |
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|
453 | (4) |
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18 Modeling the Dynamics of Cellular Signaling for Communication Networks |
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|
457 | (24) |
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|
|
|
458 | (2) |
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18.2 The Dynamics of Cellular Signaling |
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|
460 | (5) |
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|
460 | (2) |
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462 | (3) |
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18.2.3 Concluding Remarks |
|
|
465 | (1) |
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18.3 Dynamical Graph Representation of Cellular Signaling |
|
|
465 | (5) |
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18.3.1 Formulating the Structural Variations of Pathway Networks by Graph Rewriting |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
18.3.2 Representation of Cellular Signaling by Graph Automata |
|
|
466 | (3) |
|
18.3.3 Methodologies of Pathway Networking |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
18.4 Graph Rewiring Operations for Self-Configuration of Dynamical Networks |
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|
470 | (4) |
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18.4.1 Self-Configuration in Communication Networks |
|
|
470 | (1) |
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18.4.2 Graph Rewiring Algorithm for Self-Configuring Dynamical Networks |
|
|
471 | (1) |
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18.4.3 Information Theoretic Measures for Cellular Signaling Coding |
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|
472 | (2) |
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18.4.4 Concluding Discussion |
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|
474 | (1) |
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18.5 Robustness of Pathway Networks |
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|
474 | (3) |
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18.5.1 The Heat Shock Response Pathway |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
18.5.2 The MAPK Pathway for Ultrasensitivity |
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|
476 | (1) |
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|
477 | (4) |
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|
478 | (1) |
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|
478 | (3) |
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19 A Biologically Inspired QoS-Aware Architecture for Scalable, Adaptive, and Survivable Network Systems |
|
|
481 | (40) |
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|
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482 | (2) |
|
19.2 Design Principles in SymbioticSphere |
|
|
484 | (3) |
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|
487 | (8) |
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|
487 | (1) |
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|
487 | (2) |
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|
489 | (1) |
|
19.3.3.1 Agent Behavior Policies |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
19.3.3.2 Platform Behavior Policies |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
19.3.5 Constraint-Aware Evolution |
|
|
492 | (3) |
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|
495 | (22) |
|
19.4.1 Simulation Configurations |
|
|
496 | (4) |
|
19.4.2 Evaluation of Energy Exchange |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
19.4.3 Evaluation of Adaptability |
|
|
500 | (9) |
|
19.4.4 Evaluation of Scalability |
|
|
509 | (5) |
|
19.4.5 Evaluation of Survivability |
|
|
514 | (3) |
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|
517 | (1) |
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|
518 | (3) |
|
|
519 | (2) |
Index |
|
521 | |