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E-raamat: Biofuel Cells: Materials and Challenges

Edited by , Edited by (University of Tehran (UT)), Edited by (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing)), Edited by (Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India)
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  • ISBN-13: 9781119725053
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Biofuel Cells: Materials and ChallengesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119725053
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Rapid industrialization and urbanization associated with the environment changes calls for reduced pollution and thereby least use of fossil fuels. Biofuel cells are bioenergy resources and biocompatible alternatives to conventional fuel cells. Biofuel cells are one of the new sustainable renewable energy sources that are based on the direct conversion of chemical matters to electricity with the aid of microorganisms or enzymes as biocatalysts. The gradual depletion of fossil fuels, increasing energy needs, and the pressing problem of environmental pollution have stimulated a wide range of research and development efforts for renewable and environmentally friendly energy. Energy generation from biomass resources by employing biofuel cells is crucial for sustainable development. Biofuel cells have attracted considerable attention as micro-  or even nano-power sources for implantable biomedical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, implantable self-powered sensors, and biosensors for monitoring physiological parameters.

This book covers the most recent developments and offers a detailed overview of fundamentals, principles, mechanisms, properties, optimizing parameters, analytical characterization tools, various types of biofuel cells, all-category of materials, catalysts, engineering architectures, implantable biofuel cells, applications and novel innovations and challenges in this sector. This book is a reference guide for anyone working in the areas of energy and the environment.

Preface xvii
1 Bioelectrocatalysis for Biofuel Cells 1(52)
Casanova-Moreno Jannu
Arjona Noe
Cercado Bibiana
1.1 Introduction: Generalities of the Bioelectrocatalysis
2(1)
1.2 Reactions of Interest in Bioelectrocatalysis
3(6)
1.2.1 Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions
3(5)
1.2.2 Reactions Catalyzed by Microorganisms
8(1)
1.3 Immobilization of Biocatalyst
9(8)
1.3.1 Immobilization of Enzymes on Electrodes
9(6)
1.3.2 Preparation of Microbial Bioelectrodes
15(2)
1.4 Supports for Immobilization of Enzymes and Microorganisms for Biofuel Cells
17(8)
1.4.1 Buckypaper Bioelectrodes for BFCs
20(1)
1.4.2 Carbon Paper Bioelectrodes for BFCs
21(1)
1.4.3 Nitrogen-Doped Carbonaceous Materials as Bioelectrodes for BFCs
22(1)
1.4.4 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Carbonaceous Materials as Bioelectrodes for BFCs
23(1)
1.4.5 Flexible Bioelectrodes for Flexible BFCs
24(1)
1.5 Electron Transfer Phenomena
25(9)
1.5.1 Enzyme-Electrode Electron Transfer
25(6)
1.5.2 Microorganism-Electrode Electron Transfer
31(3)
1.6 Bioelectrocatalysis Control
34(2)
1.6.1 Control of Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalysis
34(1)
1.6.2 Microbiological Catalysis Control
35(1)
1.7 Recent Applications of Bioelectrocatalysis
36(3)
1.7.1 Biosensors
36(1)
1.7.2 Microbial Catalyzed CO2 Reduction
37(2)
References
39(14)
2 Novel Innovations in Biofuel Cells 53(16)
Muhammet Samet Kilic
Seyda Korkut
2.1 Introduction to Biological Fuel Cells
53(10)
2.1.1 Implantable BFCs
55(4)
2.1.2 Wearable BFCs
59(4)
2.2 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
63(1)
Acknowledgment
64(1)
References
64(5)
3 Implantable Biofuel Cells for Biomedical Applications 69(28)
Arushi Chauhan
Pramod Avti
3.1 Introduction
70(2)
3.2 Biofuel Cells
72(3)
3.2.1 Microbial Biofuel Cells
72(3)
3.2.1.1 Design and Configuration
73(2)
3.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
75(5)
3.3.1 Design and Configurations
75(2)
3.3.2 Factors Affecting
77(3)
3.4 Mechanism of Electron Transfer
80(1)
3.5 Energy Sources in the Human Body
81(2)
3.6 Biomedical Applications
83(4)
3.6.1 Glucose-Based Biofuels Cells
84(1)
3.6.2 Pacemakers
85(1)
3.6.3 Implanted Brain-Machine Interface
86(1)
3.6.4 Biomarkers
87(1)
3.7 Limitations
87(1)
3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
88(1)
References
88(7)
Abbreviations
95(2)
4 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 97(26)
Rabisa Zia
Ayesha Taj
Sumaira Younis
Haq Nawaz Bhatti
Waheed S. Khan
Sadia Z. Bajwa
4.1 Introduction
98(1)
4.2 Enzyme Used in EBFCs
99(4)
4.3 Enzyme Immobilization Materials
103(8)
4.3.1 Physical Adsorption Onto a Solid Surface
105(1)
4.3.2 Entrapment in a Matrix
106(1)
4.3.3 Sol-Gel Entrapment
106(1)
4.3.4 Nanomaterials as Matrices for Enzyme Immobilization
107(2)
4.3.5 Covalent Bonding
109(1)
4.3.6 Cross-Linking With Bifunctional or Multifunctional Reagents
110(1)
4.4 Applications of EBFCs
111(3)
4.4.1 Self-Powered Biosensors
111(1)
4.4.2 EBFCs Into Implantable Bioelectronics
111(1)
4.4.3 EBFCs Powering Portable Devices
112(2)
4.5 Challenges
114(2)
4.6 Conclusion
116(1)
References
116(7)
5 Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC): Waste Matter to Electricity 123(22)
Rustiana Yuliasni
Abudukeremu Kadier
Nanik Indah Setianingsih
Junying Wang
Nani Harihastuti
Peng-Cheng Ma
5.1 Introduction
124(1)
5.2 Operating Principles of MFC
125(1)
5.3 Main Components and Materials of MFCs
126(10)
5.3.1 Anode Materials
126(8)
5.3.2 Cathode Materials
134(1)
5.3.3 Substrates or Fed-Stocks
135(1)
5.3.4 MFC Cell Configurations
135(1)
5.4 Current and Prospective Applications of MFC Technology
136(2)
5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
138(1)
Acknowledgement
138(1)
References
138(7)
6 Flexible Biofuel Cells: An Overview 145(26)
Gayatri Konwar
Debajyoti Mahanta
6.1 Introduction
145(4)
6.1.1 Working Principle of Fuel Cell
146(2)
6.1.2 Types of Fuel Cells
148(1)
6.2 Biofuel Cells (BFCs)
149(4)
6.2.1 Working Principle
149(3)
6.2.1.1 Microbial Fuel Cell
150(1)
6.2.1.2 Photomicrobial Fuel Cell
151(1)
6.2.1.3 Enzymatic Fuel Cell
151(1)
6.2.2 Applications of Biofuel Cells
152(1)
6.3 Needs for Flexible Biofuel Cell
153(11)
6.3.1 Fuel Diversity
153(1)
6.3.2 Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells
154(2)
6.3.3 Fabrication of Bioelectrodes
156(1)
6.3.4 Recent Advances and New Progress for the Development of Flexible Biofuel Cell
156(6)
6.3.4.1 Carbon-Based Electrode Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells
157(3)
6.3.4.2 Textile and Polymer-Based Electrode Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells
160(2)
6.3.4.3 Metal-Based Electrode Materials
162(1)
6.3.5 Challenges Faced by Flexible Biofuel Cell
162(2)
6.4 Conclusion
164(1)
References
164(7)
7 Carbon Nanomaterials for Biofuel Cells 171(48)
Udaya Bhat K.
Devadas Bhat P.
List of Abbreviations
172(1)
7.1 Introduction
173(1)
7.2 Types of Biofuel Cells
174(2)
7.2.1 Enzyme-Based Biofuel Cell (EBFC)
175(1)
7.2.2 Microbial-Based Biofuel Cells (MBFCs)
176(1)
7.3 Carbon-Based Materials for Biofuel Cells
176(17)
7.3.1 Cellulose-Based Biomass Fuel Cells
176(1)
7.3.2 Starch and Glucose-Based Fuel Cells
177(1)
7.3.3 Carbon Nanoparticles (NPs)
178(1)
7.3.4 Graphite
179(1)
7.3.5 Nanographene
179(3)
7.3.5.1 N-Doped Graphene
182(1)
7.3.6 Carbon Nanotubes
182(7)
7.3.6.1 Buckypapers
187(1)
7.3.6.2 Hydrogenases
188(1)
7.3.6.3 N-Doped CNTs
189(1)
7.3.6.4 Biphenylated CNTs
189(1)
7.3.7 Nanohorns
189(1)
7.3.8 Nanorods
190(1)
7.3.9 Carbon Nanofibers
191(1)
7.3.10 Nanoballs
191(1)
7.3.11 Nanosheets
192(1)
7.3.12 Reticulated Vitreous Carbon (RVC)
192(1)
7.3.13 Porous Carbon
192(1)
7.4 Applications of Biofuel Cells Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
193(4)
7.4.1 Living Batteries/Implantable Fuel Cells
193(4)
7.4.1.1 Animal In Vivo Implantation
194(1)
7.4.1.2 Energy Extraction From Body Fluids
195(2)
7.4.2 Energy Extraction From Fruits
197(1)
7.5 Conclusion
197(1)
References
198(21)
8 Glucose Biofuel Cells 219(10)
Srijita Basumallick
8.1 Introduction
219(1)
8.2 Merits of BFC Over FC
220(1)
8.3 Glucose Oxidize (GOs) as Enzyme Catalyst in Glucose Biofuel Cells
221(1)
8.4 General Experimental Technique for Fabrication of Enzyme GOs Immobilized Electrodes for Glucose Oxidation
222(1)
8.5 General Method of Characterization of Fabricated Enzyme Immobilized Working Electrode
223(1)
8.6 Determination of Electron Transfer Rate Constant (ks)
224(1)
8.7 Denaturation of Enzymes
225(1)
8.8 Conclusions
225(1)
Acknowledgments
226(1)
References
226(3)
9 Photochemical Biofuel Cells 229(32)
Mohd Nur Ikhmal Salehmin
Rosmahani Mohd Shah
Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed
Ibdal Satar
Siti Mariam Daud
9.1 Introduction
230(3)
9.1.1 Various Configuration of PBEC-FC
231(2)
9.2 Photosynthetic Biofuel Cell (PS-BFC)
233(5)
9.2.1 Various Configurations of PS-BFC
234(4)
9.3 Photovoltaic-Biofuel Cell (PV-BFC)
238(2)
9.4 Photoelectrode Integrated-Biofuel Cell (PE-BFC)
240(7)
9.4.1 The Basic Mechanism of Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Reaction
241(1)
9.4.2 Photoelectrode-Integrated BFC
242(1)
9.4.3 Various Configuration of PE-BFC
243(2)
9.4.4 Materials Used in PE-BFC
245(2)
9.5 Potential Fuels Generation and Their Performance From PEC-BFC
247(5)
9.5.1 Hydrogen Generation
247(2)
9.5.2 Contaminants Removal and Waste Remediation
249(2)
9.5.3 Sustainable Power Generation
251(1)
9.6 Conclusion
252(1)
References
253(8)
10 Engineering Architectures for Biofuel Cells 261(38)
Udaya Bhat K.
Devadas Bhat P.
Abbreviations
261(2)
10.1 Introduction
263(1)
10.1.1 Biofuel Cell
263(1)
10.1.2 General Configuration of a Biofuel Cell
263(1)
10.2 Role as Miniaturized Ones
264(2)
10.3 Attractiveness
266(4)
10.3.1 Biological Sensors
266(1)
10.3.2 Implantable Medical Devices
267(2)
10.3.2.1 Invertebrates
268(1)
10.3.2.2 Vertebrates
269(1)
10.3.3 Electronics
269(1)
10.3.4 Building Materials
270(1)
10.4 Architecture
270(12)
10.4.1 Fabrication and Design
270(5)
10.4.1.1 Modeling
271(1)
10.4.1.2 Sol-Gel Encapsulation
272(1)
10.4.1.3 3D Electrode Architecture
272(1)
10.4.1.4 Multi-Enzyme Systems (Enzyme Cascades)
273(1)
10.4.1.5 Linear Cascades
273(1)
10.4.1.6 Cyclic Cascades
274(1)
10.4.1.7 Parallel Cascades
274(1)
10.4.1.8 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
274(1)
10.4.2 Single Compartment Layout
275(1)
10.4.3 Two-Compartment Layout
275(1)
10.4.4 Mechanisms
275(2)
10.4.4.1 Direct Electron Transfer
275(1)
10.4.4.2 Mediated Electron Transfer
276(1)
10.4.5 Materials
277(2)
10.4.5.1 Carbon Nanomaterials
277(1)
10.4.5.2 H2/O2 Biofuel Cells
277(1)
10.4.5.3 Hydrogenases
278(1)
10.4.5.4 Fungal Cellulases
279(1)
10.4.6 Characterization
279(1)
10.4.6.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
279(1)
10.4.6.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
279(1)
10.4.6.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
280(1)
10.4.6.4 Fluorescence Microscopy
280(1)
10.4.7 Metagenomic Techniques
280(2)
10.4.7.1 Pre-Treatment of Environmental Samples
281(1)
10.4.7.2 Nucleic Acid Extraction
281(1)
10.4.8 Integrated Devices
282(1)
10.5 Issues and Perspectives
282(1)
10.6 Future Challenges in the Architectural Engineering
283(1)
10.7 Conclusions
283(1)
References
284(15)
11 Biofuel Cells for Commercial Applications 299(18)
Mohan Kumar Anand Raj
Rajasekar Rathanasamy
Moganapriya Chinnasamy
Sathish Kumar Palaniappan
Abbreviations
299(1)
11.1 Introduction
300(3)
11.1.1 History of Biofuel Cell
300(3)
11.2 Classification of Electrochemical Devices Based on Fuel Confinement
303(4)
11.2.1 Process of Electron Shift From Response Site to Electrode
303(1)
11.2.2 Bioelectrochemical Cells Including an Entire Organism
303(1)
11.2.3 Entire Organism Product Biofuel Cells Producing Hydrogen Gas
304(1)
11.2.4 Entire Organism Non-Diffusive Biofuel Cells
305(2)
11.3 Application of Biofuel Cells
307(5)
11.3.1 Micro- and Nanotechnology
308(1)
11.3.2 Self-Powered Biofuel Sensor
309(1)
11.3.3 Switchable Biofuel Cells and Logic Gates
310(1)
11.3.4 Microbial Energy Production
310(1)
11.3.5 Transport and Energy Generation
311(1)
11.3.6 Infixable Power Sources
312(1)
11.3.7 Aqua Treatment
312(1)
11.3.8 Robots
312(1)
11.4 Conclusion
312(1)
References
313(4)
12 Development of Suitable Cathode Catalyst for Biofuel Cells 317(28)
Mehak Munjal
Deepak Kumar Yadav
Raj Kishore Sharma
Gurmeet Singh
12.1 Introduction
317(4)
12.2 Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction
321(1)
12.3 Techniques for Evaluating ORR Catalyst
322(4)
12.4 Cathode Catalyst in BFCs
326(1)
12.5 Chemical Catalyst
327(5)
12.5.1 Metals-Based Catalyst
327(4)
12.5.1.1 Metals and Alloys
327(1)
12.5.1.2 Metal Oxide
328(3)
12.5.2 Carbon Materials
331(1)
12.6 Microbial Catalyst
332(1)
12.7 Enzymatic Catalyst for Biofuel Cell
333(1)
12.8 Conclusion
334(1)
Acknowledgements
335(1)
References
335(10)
13 Biofuel Cells for Water Desalination 345(32)
Somakraj Banerjee
Ranjana Das
Chiranjib Bhattacharjee
13.1 Introduction
345(2)
13.2 Biofuel Cell
347(3)
13.2.1 Basic Mechanism
347(1)
13.2.2 Types of Biofuel Cells
348(2)
13.2.2.1 Enzymatic Fuel Cell
349(1)
13.2.2.2 Microbial Fuel Cell
349(1)
13.3 Biofuel Cells for Desalination: Microbial Desalination Cell
350(16)
13.3.1 Working Mechanism
351(2)
13.3.2 Microbial Desalination Cell Configurations
353(13)
13.3.2.1 Air Cathode MDC
353(1)
13.3.2.2 Biocathode MDC
354(1)
13.3.2.3 Stacked MDC (sMDC)
355(2)
13.3.2.4 Recirculation MDC (rMDC)
357(1)
13.3.2.5 Microbial Electrolysis Desalination and Chemical Production Cell (MEDCC)
358(1)
13.3.2.6 Capacitive MDC (cMDC)
359(1)
13.3.2.7 Upflow MDC (UMDC)
360(1)
13.3.2.8 Osmotic MDC (OMDC)
361(1)
13.3.2.9 Bipolar Membrane Microbial Desalination Cell
362(1)
13.3.2.10 Decoupled MDC
363(1)
13.3.2.11 Separator Coupled Stacked Circulation MDC (c-SMDC-S)
364(1)
13.3.2.12 Ion-Exchange Resin Coupled Microbial Desalination Cell
365(1)
13.4 Factors Affecting the Performance and Efficiency of Desalination Cells
366(4)
13.4.1 Effect of External Resistance
366(1)
13.4.2 Effect of Internal Resistance
367(1)
13.4.3 Effect of pH
367(1)
13.4.4 Effect of Microorganisms
368(1)
13.4.5 Effect of Operating Conditions
369(1)
13.4.6 Effect of Membrane Scaling and Fouling
370(1)
13.4.7 Effect of Desalinated Water Contamination
370(1)
13.5 Current Challenges and Further Prospects
370(1)
Acknowledgment
371(1)
References
372(5)
14 Conventional Fuel Cells vs Biofuel Cells 377(46)
Naila Yamin
Wajeeha Khalid
Muhammad Altaf
Raja Shahid Ashraf
Munazza Shahid
Amna Zulfiqar
14.1 Bioelectrochemical Cell
378(1)
14.2 Types
378(17)
14.2.1 Fuel Cells
378(6)
14.2.1.1 Conventional Fuel Cell (FC)
378(1)
14.2.1.2 History
378(2)
14.2.1.3 Principle of FC
380(1)
14.2.1.4 Construction/Designs
380(3)
14.2.1.5 Stacking of Fuel Cell
383(1)
14.2.1.6 Importance of Conventional FC
384(1)
14.2.2 Types of FC
384(10)
14.2.2.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
385(1)
14.2.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
386(2)
14.2.2.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
388(1)
14.2.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
389(1)
14.2.2.5 Alkaline FC (AFC)
390(1)
14.2.2.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
391(3)
14.2.3 Advantages of Fuel Cells
394(1)
14.2.3.1 Efficiency
394(1)
14.2.3.2 Low Emissions
394(1)
14.2.3.3 Noiseless
394(1)
14.2.4 Applications
394(1)
14.3 Biofuel Cells
395(4)
14.3.1 Introduction
395(1)
14.3.2 Categories of Biofuel
395(4)
14.3.2.1 First-Generation Biofuel
395(4)
14.3.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuel
399(1)
14.3.2.3 Third-Generation Biofuel
399(1)
14.3.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuel
399(1)
14.3.3 Advantages of Biofuels
399(1)
14.4 Types of Biofuel Cells
399(14)
14.4.1 Microbial Fuel Cell
399(8)
14.4.1.1 Basic Principles of MFC
401(2)
14.4.1.2 Types of MFCs
403(1)
14.4.1.3 Mechanism of Electron Transfer
404(1)
14.4.1.4 Uses of MFCs
405(1)
14.4.1.5 Advantages of MFCs
406(1)
14.4.1.6 Disadvantage of MFCs
407(1)
14.4.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells (EBCs)
407(2)
14.4.2.1 Principle/Mechanism
407(1)
14.4.2.2 Working of EBCs
407(1)
14.4.2.3 Immobilization of an Enzyme
408(1)
14.4.3 Glucose Biofuel Cells (GBFCs)
409(2)
14.4.4 Photochemical Biofuel Cell
411(1)
14.4.5 Flexible or Stretchable Biofuel Cell
412(1)
14.5 Conclusion
413(1)
References
413(10)
15 State-of-the-Art and Prospective in Biofuel Cells: A Roadmap Towards Sustainability 423(26)
Biswajit Debnath
Moumita Sardar
Khushbu K. Birawat
Indrashis Saha
Ankita Das
15.1 Introduction
423(2)
15.2 Membrane-Based and Membrane-Less Biofuel Cells
425(4)
15.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
429(3)
15.4 Wearable Biofuel Cells
432(2)
15.5 Fuels for Biofuel Cells
434(1)
15.6 Roadmap to Sustainability
434(4)
15.7 Conclusion and Future Direction
438(1)
Acknowledgement
439(1)
References
439(10)
16 Anodes for Biofuel Cells 449(16)
Naveen Patel
Dibyajyoti Mukherjee
Ishu Vansal
Rama Pati Mishra
Vinod Kumar Chaudhary
16.1 Introduction
450(1)
16.2 Anode Material Properties
451(1)
16.3 Anode
452(1)
16.3.1 Non-Carbon Anode Materials
452(1)
16.3.2 Carbon Anode Materials
453(1)
16.4 Anode Modification
453(3)
16.4.1 Anode Modification With Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
453(1)
16.4.2 Graphite-Based Material for Anode Electrode Modification
454(1)
16.4.3 Anode Modification With Nanocomposite of Metal Oxides
454(1)
16.4.4 Anode Modification With Conducting Polymer
455(1)
16.4.5 Chemical and Electrochemical Anode Modifications
456(1)
16.5 Challenge and Future Perspectives
456(1)
16.6 Conclusion
457(1)
Acknowledgements
457(1)
References
457(8)
17 Applications of Biofuel Cells 465(18)
Joel Joseph
Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy
Ashish Kapoor
Prabhakar Sivaraman
17.1 Introduction
465(2)
17.2 Fuel Cell
467(1)
17.3 Biofuel Cells
468(5)
17.3.1 Microbial Biofuel Cell
469(2)
17.3.1.1 At Anode Chamber
470(1)
17.3.1.2 At Cathode Chamber
471(1)
17.3.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cell
471(1)
17.3.3 Mammalian Biofuel Cell
472(1)
17.4 Implantable Devices Powered by Using Biofuel Cell
473(3)
17.4.1 Implantable Biofuel Cell for Pacemakers or Artificial Urinary Sphincter
473(1)
17.4.2 Implantable Medical Devices Powered by Mammalian Biofuel Cells
474(1)
17.4.3 Medical Devices Using PEM Fuel Cell
475(1)
17.4.4 Implantable Brain Machine Interface Using Glucose Fuel Cell
475(1)
17.5 Single Compartment EBFCs
476(1)
17.6 Extracting Energy from Human Perspiration Through Epidermal Biofuel Cell
476(1)
17.7 Mammalian Body Fluid as an Energy Source
477(1)
17.8 Implantation of Enzymatic Biofuel Cell in Living Lobsters
477(1)
17.9 Biofuel Cell Implanted in Snail
477(1)
17.10 Application of Biofuel Cell
478(1)
17.11 Conclusion
479(1)
References
479(4)
Index 483
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 120 edited books with multiple well-known publishers.

Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, is a research associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in various international scientific journals and has co-edited multiple books. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment, and analysis, bending actuator and electrospinning.

Rajender Boddula, PhD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences Presidents International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He is also serving as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored over 20 book chapters.

Mashallah Rezakazemi, PhD, received his doctorate from the University of Tehran (UT) in 2015. In his first appointment, he served as associate professor in the Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering at Shahrood University of Technology. He has co-authored in more than 140 highly cited journal publications, conference articles and book chapters. He has received numerous major awards and grants from various funding agencies in recognition of his research. Notable among these are Khwarizmi Youth Award from the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), and the Outstanding Young Researcher Award in Chemical Engineering from the Academy of Sciences of Iran. He was named a top 1% most Highly Cited Researcher by Web of Science (ESI).
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