As a review of the status of biogeography in the West Indies in the 1980s, the first edition of Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, Present, and Future provided a synthesis of our current knowledge of the systematics and distribution of major plant and animal groups in the Caribbean basin. The totally new and revised Second Edition, Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives, emphasizes recent ideas and hypotheses in the field and includes many new chapters and contributions. The authors use the broadest possible interpretations of the concepts of biogeography, consider anthropological and geological factors, and discuss the conservation of endemic species.
Drawing together contributions from the leading experts in biogeography and biodiversity, this book introduces new patterns and developments that add to our understanding of how plants and animals are dispersed throughout the region. Many contributions use new techniques such as molecular systematics to test older studies based strictly on morphological data. Unique in its inclusion of a wide variety of organisms and in its coordination of scientific data and conservation strategies, Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives, Second Edition provides the only encyclopedic discussion available on the biogeography of the Antilles.
Introduction and Historical Overview of Patterns of West Indian Biogeography 1(14) Charles A. Woods Historical Overview 1(5) Acknowledgments 6(2) Literature Cited 8(4) Conservation Posters 12(1) Environmental Education and Activity Books 12(1) General Information 13(1) Conservation Exhibits 14(1) Biogeography of the West Indies: An Overview 15(20) S. Blair Hedges Introduction 15(1) West Indian Biota 16(1) Geological History 17(2) Overwater Dispersal 19(2) Proto-Antillean Vicariance 21(1) The Land Bridge Model of MacPhee and Iturralde-Vinent 22(7) Divergence Times 23(1) Number of Lineages Analyzed 23(1) Mixture of Morphological and Immunological Data 24(1) Taxa Are Not Discriminated in Terms of Interpretative Significance 24(1) Overrepresentation and Ambiguous Significance of Nonendemics 25(1) Low Number of Nonendemic Lineages in the Greater Antilles 25(1) Unknown Shaping Influence of Extinction 25(1) Water Currents 26(2) Inconsistencies and Problems in Model of MacPhee and Iturralde-Vinent 28(1) Evidence against a Mid-Cenozoic Land Bridge 29(1) Discussion and Conclusions 29(1) Acknowledgments 30(1) Literature Cited 30(5) Climate Change in the Circum-Caribbean (Late Pleistocene to Present) and Implications for Regional Biogeography 35(20) Jason H. Curtis Mark Brenner David A. Hodell Introduction 35(2) Using Oxygen Isotopes in Freshwater Carbonate Shells to Infer Past Climate 37(1) Determining the Timing of Climate Changes 38(3) Late Pleistocene and Holocene Climate Change in the Circum-Caribbean 41(2) Late Pleistocene Aridity 41(1) Early Lake Filling 42(1) Earliest Holocene (˜10,500 to ˜8,500 14C yr BP) 43(1) Early to Middle Holocene (˜8,500 to ˜3,000 14C yr BP) 44(1) Late Holocene (˜3,000 14C yr BP to the Present) 44(1) Summary of Circum-Caribbean Climate 45(4) Long-Term Climate Controls 46(2) Short-Term Climate Controls 48(1) Nonclimatic Controls 48(1) Climate and Biogeography in the Circum-Caribbean 49(1) Summary and Conclusions 50(1) Literature Cited 51(4) Functional Adaptations to Island Life in the West Indies 55(8) Brian K. McNab Introduction 55(1) The Adjustment of Vertebrates to Island Life 56(2) Was the Fauna of the West Indies Resource Limited? 58(2) Conclusion 60(1) Acknowledgments 60(1) Literature Cited 61(2) Phylogeny and Biogeography of Lyonia sect. Lyonia (Ericaceae) 63(14) Walter S. Judd Introduction 63(2) Phylogenetic Relationships within Lyonia sect. Lyonia 65(3) Biogeographical Investigation 68(6) Methods 68(1) Results 69(1) Discussion 70(4) Literature Cited 74(3) Patterns of Endemism and Biogeography of Cuban Insects 77(8) Julio A. Genaro Ana E. Tejuca Introduction 77(1) Discussion 77(4) Conclusions 81(1) Acknowledgments 81(1) Literature Cited 81(4) Patterns in the Biogeography of West Indian Ticks 85(22) Jorge O. de la Cruz Introduction 85(1) Materials and Methods 85(1) Host-Group Specificity 86(1) Structural Niche 86(1) Open Field 86(1) The Nest 86(1) The West Indies Ticks 87(7) Distribution and Relationships 94(6) The Cosmopolitans 97(1) The American Species 97(1) The Caribbeans 97(1) The North American-Antilleans 98(1) The West Indies-South Americans 98(1) The West Indies-Central Americans 98(1) The Endemics 98(2) Ecological Zoogeography 100(3) Cuba 100(1) The Greater Antilles 100(1) The Lesser Antilles 100(1) Venezuela and Panama 100(1) Peru 100(1) Madagascar 100(3) Conclusion 103(1) Acknowledgments 104(1) Literature Cited 104(3) The Contribution of the Caribbean to the Spider Fauna of Florida 107(10) Jonathan Reiskind Introduction 107(1) Methods 107(1) Results 108(4) Potential Sources of the Spider Fauna 108(3) Climatic Constraints 111(1) Several Higher Taxa 112(1) Discussion and Conclusions 112(1) Literature Cited 113(4) Rhysodine Beetles in the West Indies 117(10) Ross T. Bell Introduction 117(1) Dispersal Mechanisms 118(3) Relationships of West Indian Genera within the World Fauna 121(1) Fossil Evidence 122(1) Interpretations of West Indian Distributions 122(1) Conclusion 123(1) Literature Cited 124(3) The Biogeography of the West Indian Butterflies (Lepidoptera): An Application of a Vicariance/Dispersalist Model 127(30) Jacqueline Y. Miller Lee D. Miller Introduction 127(1) Previous Biogeographical Studies of Butterflies 128(2) Endemism of the West Indian Butterfly Fauna 130(2) The Age of Butterflies and Its Biogeographical Implications 132(2) Are All Butterflies Effective Dispersalists? 134(1) Current Studies 134(1) The Dispersalists 135(1) A Vicariance/Dispersal Model for the Biogeography of West Indian Butterflies 136(12) Late Mesozoic to Cretaceous 136(2) Late Cretaceous to Eocene 138(1) Oligocene to Pliocene 139(8) Pliocene to Holocene 147(1) The Lesser Antilles 148(1) Summary 148(1) Acknowledgments 149(1) Literature Cited 150(7) Relationships and Deivergence Times of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles: Insights from Albumin Immunology 157(18) Carla Ann Hass Linda R. Maxson S. Blair Hedges Introduction 157(1) Materials and Methods 157(2) Results 159(6) Bufonidae 159(1) Hylidae 159(2) Amphisbaenidae 161(1) Anguidae 161(1) Iguanidae 162(1) Teiidae 162(1) Colubridae 163(1) Tropidophidae 163(1) Typhlopidae 164(1) Discussion 165(4) Bufonidae 165(1) Hylidae 166(1) Amphisbaenidae 167(1) Anguidae 167(1) Iguanidae 168(1) Teiidae 168(1) Colubridae 168(1) Tropidophidae 168(1) Typhlopidae 169(1) Conclusions 169(1) Acknowledgments 170(1) Literature Cited 170(2) Appendix: Collecting Localities and Voucher Specimens 172(3) The Historic and Prehistoric Distribution of Parrots (Psittacidae) in the West Indies 175(16) Matthew I. Williams David W. Steadman Introduction 175(1) Brief Species Accounts 176(11) Macaws (Ara) 176(1) †Ara tricolor (Bechstein, 1811) - Cuban Macaw 176(3) †Ara gossei (Rothschild, 1905) - Gosses Macaw 179(1) †Ara erythrocephala (Rothschild, 1905) - Red-headed Green Macaw 179(1) †Ara erythrura (Rothschild, 1907) - Red-tailed Blue-and-Yellow Macaw 179(1) †Ara tricolor? or †Ara unknown sp. - Hispaniolan Macaw 179(1) †Ara autochthones (Wetmore, 1937) - St. Croix Macaw 180(1) †Ara undescribed sp. - Montserrat Macaw 180(1) †Ara guadeloupensis (Clark, 1905a) - Guadeloupe Macaw 180(1) †Ara cf. guadeloupensis - Marie Galante (Guadeloupe?) Macaw 181(1) †Ara atwoodi (Clark, 1908) - Dominica Macaw 181(1) †Ara martinica (Rothschild, 1905) - Martinique Macaw 181(1) Macaws (Anodorhynchus) 181(1) †Anodorhynchus purpurascens (Rothschild, 1905) - Guadeloupe Violet Macaw 181(1) †Anodorhynchus martinicus (Rothschild, 1905) - Martinique Macaw 181(1) Parakeets (Aratinga) 181(1) Aratinga euops (Wagler, 1832) - Cuban Parakeet 181(1) †Aratinga chloroptera maugei (Souance, 1856) - Puerto Rican/Mona Parakeet 182(1) †Aratinga undescribed sp. - Barbudan Parakeet 182(1) †Aratinga labati (Rothschild, 1905) - Guadeloupe Parakeet 183(1) †Aratinga undescribed spp. - Dominica, Martinique, and Barbados Parakeets 183(1) Parrots or Amazons (Amazona) 183(1) Amazona leucocephala hesterna (Cory, 1886) - Cayman Parrot 183(1) Amazona leucocephala bahamensis (Bryant, 1867) - Rose-throated (Bahamas) Parrot 183(1) †Amazona undescribed sp. - Turks and Caicos Parrot 183(1) †Amazona vittata gracilipes (Ridgway, 1915) - Culebra Parrot 183(1) †Amazona vittata - Barbuda (Puerto Rican) Parrot 183(2) †Amazona vittata - Antigua (Puerto Rican) Parrot 185(1) †Amazona undescribed sp. - Montserrat Parrot 185(1) †Amazona violacea (Gmelin, 1788) - Guadeloupe Parrot 185(1) †Amazona cf. violacea - Guadeloupe Parrot? 185(1) †Amazona martinicana (Clark, 1905c) - Martinique Parrot 186(1) ?Amazona versicolor (Muller, 1776) - St. Lucia Parrot 186(1) †Amazona undescribed sp. - Grenada Parrot 186(1) Conclusions 187(1) Acknowledgments 187(1) Literature Cited 187(4) Early Tertiary Vertebrate Fossils from Seven Rivers, Parish of St. James, Jamaica, and Their Biogeographical Implications 191(10) Roger W. Portell Stephen K. Donovan Daryl P. Domning Introduction 191(1) Jamaican Tectonics and Paleogeography 192(2) Locality and Vertebrate Fauna 194(2) Discussion 196(2) Acknowledgments 198(1) Literature Cited 198(3) The Sloths of the West Indies: A Systematic and Phylogenetic Review 201(36) Jennifer L. White Ross D. E. MacPhee Introduction 201(1) Brief Overview of Megalonychid Discoveries in the West Indies 202(3) Higher-Level Relationships 205(1) Cladistic Analysis 206(4) Data Set 206(1) Results 207(3) Systematics 210(15) Subfamily Choloepodinae Gray 212(1) Tribe Acratocnini Varona 213(3) Choloepodinae incertae sedis 216(1) Tribe Cubanocnini Varona 217(3) Subfamily Megalocninae Kraglievich 220(1) Tribe Megalocnini Kraglievich 220(2) Tribe Mesocnini Varona 222(2) Megalonychidae, incertae sedis 224(1) Megalonychidae, gen. et sp. indet 225(1) Biogeographical Issues 225(3) Colonization of the Antilles 226(1) Distribution of Fauna across Islands 227(1) Acknowledgments 228(1) Literature Cited 228(4) Note Added in Proof 232(1) Appendix I: Characters and Character States 233(2) Appendix II: List of Taxa Used in Cladistic Analysis 235(2) Outgroup Taxa 235(1) Extant Ingroup Taxa 235(1) Extinct Ingroup Taxa 235(2) The Origin of the Greater Antillean Insectivorans 237(16) Howard P. Whidden Robert J. Asher Introduction 237(1) Recent Phylogenetic Studies 238(5) Molecular Evidence 238(1) Morphological Evidence 239(4) Biogeographical Hypotheses 243(5) McDowell (1958) 246(1) Patterson (1962) 246(1) Hershkovitz (1972) 246(1) MacFadden (1980) 247(1) The Land Span Hypothesis 247(1) Conclusions 248(1) Acknowledgments 249(1) Literature Cited 250(3) Systematics and Biogeography of the West Indian Genus Solenodon 253(78) Jose A. Ottenwalder Introduction 253(1) Evolutionary Relationships of West Indian Insectivores 254(2) Historical Surveys of the Solenodontidae 256(1) Materials and Methods 257(4) Results 261(33) Nongeographical Variation 261(1) Variation with Age 261(1) Secondary Sexual Variation 261(7) Individual Variation 268(1) Specific Relationships (Geographical Variation) 268(1) Univariate Analyses 268(19) Multivariate Analyses 287(3) Variation in Cranial Morphology 290(3) Taxonomic Conclusions 293(1) Systematic Accounts 294(21) Solenodon paradoxus 294(8) Solenodon cubanus 302(4) Solenodon arredondoi 306(2) Solenodon marcanoi 308(7) Late Quaternary and Recent Distribution of Solenodon 315(1) Material and Methods 315(1) Results 316(4) Solenodon paradoxus 316(1) Solenodon cubanus 317(2) Solenodon marcanoi 319(1) Solenodon arredondoi 319(1) Discussion 320(4) Acknowledgments 324(1) Literature Cited 325(6) Characterization of the Mitochondrial Control Region in Solenodon paradoxus from Hispaniola and the Implications for Biogeography, Systematics, and Conservation Management 331(4) Marc W. Allard Scott D. Baker Ginny L. Emerson Jose A. Ottenwalder C. William Kilpatrick Introduction 331(1) Materials and Methods 332(1) Results and Discussion 332(2) Acknowledgments 334(1) Literature Cited 334(1) Insular Patterns and Radiations of West Indian Rodents 335(20) Charles A. Woods Rafael Borroto Paez C. William Kilpatrick Introduction 335(3) Materials and Methods 338(4) Morphological Analysis 338(3) Molecular Analysis (Cytochrome b Gene) 341(1) Specimens Examined 341(1) DNA Sequencing 341(1) Sequence Analysis 342(1) Results 342(1) Discussion 343(4) Implications of Sequencing Data on Biogeographical and Evolutionary Hypotheses 347(2) Summary of West Indian Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Rodents 349(2) Acknowledgments 351(1) Literature Cited 352(3) Biogeography of West Indian Bats: An Ecological Perspective 355(14) Armando Rodriguez-Duran Thomas H. Kunz Introduction 355(1) Biogeography of Antillean Bats 355(4) Geography and Species 355(3) Routes of Invasion 358(1) The Western Route 358(1) The Northern Route 358(1) The Southern Route 359(1) Patterns in Bat Communities 359(5) Body Size and Diet 360(1) Roosts 360(2) Activity 362(2) Community Structuring 364(2) Acknowledgments 366(1) Literature Cited 366(3) Patterns of Extinction in West Indian Bats 369(40) Gary S. Morgan Introduction 370(1) Methods and Materials 370(5) West Indian Fossil Chiropteran Faunas 375(8) Cuba 375(1) Isla de Pinos 376(1) Jamaica 376(1) Hispaniola 377(1) Ile de la Gonave 377(1) Puerto Rico 378(1) Bahamas 378(1) Abaco 378(1) Andros 379(1) Exuma 380(1) New Providence 380(1) Grand Caicos 380(1) Cayman Islands 381(1) Grand Cayman 381(1) Cayman Brac 382(1) Lesser Antilles 382(1) Anguilla 382(1) Antigua 382(1) Barbuda 383(1) Taxonomic and Zoogeographical Review of West Indian Fossil Bats 383(11) Family Noctilionidae 383(1) Noctilio 383(1) Family Mormoopidae 383(1) Mormoops 383(1) Pteronotus 384(2) Family Phyllostomidae 386(1) Subfamily Phyllostominae 386(1) Macrotus 386(1) Tonatia 387(1) Subfamily Brachyphyllinae 387(1) Brachyphylla 387(1) Subfamily Phyllonycterinae 388(1) Erophylla 388(1) Phyllonycteris 388(1) Subfamily Glossophaginae 389(1) Glossophaga 389(1) Monophyllus 389(1) Subfamily Stenodermatinae 389(1) Artibeus 389(1) Stenoderma Group: Ardops/Ariteus/Phyllops/Stenoderma 389(1) Subfamily Desmodontinae 390(1) Desmodus 390(1) Family Natalidae 391(1) Natalus 391(1) Nyctiellus 391(2) Family Vespertilionidae 393(1) Antrozous 393(1) Eptesicus 393(1) Lasiurus 393(1) Myotis 393(1) Family Molossidae 394(1) Molossus 394(1) Nyctinomops 394(1) Tadarida 394(1) Chiropteran Extinctions in the West Indies 394(4) Causes of Extinctions 394(4) Island Extinction Patterns 398(4) Bahamas 398(3) Cayman Islands 401(1) Greater Antilles 401(1) Northern Lesser Antilles 402(1) Bat Extinctions Elsewhere in the Neotropics and in Florida 402(1) Distributional Patterns 403(1) Acknowledgments 404(1) Literature Cited 405(4) The Mongoose in the West Indies: The Biogeography and Population Biology of an Introduced Species 409(16) G. Roy Horst Donald B. Hoagland C. William Kilpatrick Introduction 409(1) Biogeography 410(2) History of Introduction 410(2) Current Distribution 412(1) Population Biology 413(3) Methods 413(3) Sex Ratio and Age Distribution 416(2) Population Densities and Habitat Use 418(3) Summary and Conclusions 421(1) Acknowledgments 422(1) Literature Cited 422(3) Status and Biogeography of the West Indian Manatee 425(50) Lynn W. Lefebvre Miriam Marmontel James P. Reid Galen B. Rathbun Daryl P. Domning Introduction 425(1) Historical Distribution 426(2) Present Distribution, Status, and Habitat Associations 428(31) West Indies 428(1) Puerto Rico 428(3) Jamaica 431(1) Dominican Republic 432(2) Haiti 434(1) Cuba 434(1) Bahamas 435(2) Central America 437(1) Belize 437(2) Guatemala 439(1) Honduras 440(1) Nicaragua 440(1) Costa Rica 441(1) Panama 442(2) South America 444(1) Colombia 444(1) Venezuela 444(3) Trinidad 447(1) Guyana 447(1) Suriname 448(1) French Guiana 449(1) Brazil 449(2) North America 451(1) United States 451(5) Mexico 456(3) Biogeographical Patterns of Trichechus 459(2) Conclusions 461(2) Acknowledgments 463(1) Literature Cited 463(12) Historical Biogeography in Cuba: 19th-Century Interpretations and Misinterpretations 475(6) Pedro M. Pruna Goodgall Introduction 475(1) Enhancing the New World Image 476(2) Summary 478(1) Literature Cited 478(3) Native American Use of Animals in the Caribbean 481(38) Elizabeth S. Wing Introduction 481(1) Material and Methods 482(8) Results 490(1) Terrestrial Component of West Indian Faunal Samples 490(5) Native Terrestrial Species 490(3) Introduced Domestic and Captive Species 493(2) European Introductions 495(1) Aquatic Marine Component of West Indian Faunal Samples 495(8) Coral Reef Habitats 497(2) Marine Species Living in Inshore, Estuarine, and Pelagic Waters 499(4) Total Aquatic Fauna 503(1) Conclusions 504(12) Land Vertebrates and Invertebrates 510(2) Captive and Domestic Animals 512(2) Aquatic Fauna 514(2) Acknowledgments 516(1) Literature Cited 516(3) The Prehistory and Early History of the Caribbean 519(10) Samuel M. Wilson Introduction 519(2) Saladoid Migrations 521(1) Post-Saladoid Changes 522(1) European Conquest 523(1) After the Arrival of Europeans 524(1) Indigenous Legacies in the Caribbean 525(1) Literature Cited 525(4) Impact of Hunting on Jamaican Hutia (Geocapromys brownii) Populations: Evidence from Zooarchaeology and Hunter Surveys 529(18) Laurie Wilkins Introduction 529(2) The Bellevue Site 531(1) Methods 531(4) Measurements of a Known-Age Sample of Hutias 531(1) Zooarchaeological Sample 532(1) Hunter Survey 533(2) Results 535(3) Known-Age Sample 535(1) Zooarchaeological Sample 535(3) Hunter Survey 538(1) Discussion 538(5) Captive Breeding Arguments 539(1) Age-Frequency Distribution 540(1) High-Density Populations 540(1) Island Size and Structural Complexity 541(1) Sustainable Hunting 541(1) Theoretical Constraints 541(1) Optimal Foraging 542(1) Acknowledgments 543(1) Literature Cited 543(4) Status of Conservation in Haiti: A 10-Year Retrospective 547(14) Florence E. Sergile Charles A. Woods Introduction 547(1) Physiography of Haiti 547(2) Biodiversity in Haiti 549(1) Threat to Biodiversity 549(1) Conservation Efforts 550(4) Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 551(1) The NEAP 551(1) Protected Areas 552(1) Conservation Education 552(2) Management Plans 554(1) Nongovernmental Organizations 554(1) Lessons Learned 554(3) Conclusions 557(1) Acknowledgments 557(1) Literature Cited 558(1) Activity Materials 559(1) Conservation Posters 560(1) Index 561
Woods, Charles A.; Sergile, Florence E.
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