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E-raamat: Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca, Volume 1

(University of California, USA), ,
  • Formaat: 924 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Nov-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781351115643
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Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca, Volume 1Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: 924 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Nov-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781351115643
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The phylum Mollusca is the second largest group of animals (after Arthropoda) and they occur in virtually all habitats. In this volume general chapters draw from a diverse and extensive literature on molluscan physiology, natural history (including ecology), and interactions with humans.



Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry diseases, while many non-marine molluscs are threatened by human impacts which have resulted in more extinctions than all tetrapod vertebrates combined. This book and its companion volume provide the first comprehensive account of the Mollusca in decades. Illustrated with hundreds of colour figures, it reviews molluscan biology, genomics, anatomy, physiology, fossil history, phylogeny and classification. This volume includes general chapters drawn from extensive and diverse literature on the anatomy and physiology of their structure, movement, reproduction, feeding, digestion, excretion, respiration, nervous system and sense organs. Other chapters review the natural history (including ecology) of molluscs, their interactions with humans, and assess research on the group.





Key features of both volumes:







  • up to date treatment with an extensive bibliography;






  • thoroughly examines the current understanding of molluscan anatomy, physiology and development;






  • reviews fossil history and phylogenetics;






  • overviews ecology and economic values; and






  • summarises research activity and suggests future directions for investigation.






Winston F Ponder was a Principal Research Scientist at The Australian Museum in Sydney where he is currently a Research Fellow. He has published extensively over the last 55 years on the systematics, evolution, biology and conservation of marine and freshwater molluscs, as well as supervised post graduate students and run university courses.



David R. Lindberg is former Chair of the Department of Integrative Biology, Director of the Museum of Paleontology, and Chair of the Berkeley Natural History Museums, all at the University of California. He has conducted research on the evolutionary history of marine organisms and their habitats on the rocky shores of the Pacific Rim for more than 40 years.



The numerous elegant and interpretive illustrations were produced by Juliet Ponder.

Arvustused

" an immensely useful "go-to resource" on almost any mollusk-related topic. this is a brilliant work that should be on the desk of any serious "student" of mollusks, at any career level." - American Malacological Bulletin, 38 (1) 2020.

"The two-volume set is a treasure trove for anyone lucky enough to be teaching malacology, a reference work for investigators in a multitude of fields, and a true companion for students and advanced researchers. It will stand for decades, joining immediately the list of classic volumes covering the Mollusca. A tour dforce that speaks to the knowledge, dedication, and talent of the authors, illustrator, and also the publisher that had the vision to make such an epic possible in todays publishing world." - Sandra E. Shumway in National Shellfisheries Association Quarterly Newsletter 2020 (2).

"The scholarship and deep thought that the authors bring to this monumental work are beyond staggering... It is unlikely that the scientific achievement manifested in the publication of this work will be surpassed in the foreseeable future. Whichever field of molluscan study a student or seasoned researcher is contemplating, this publication is the resource to consult first for an authoritative synthesis. Anyone with an interest in living and extinct molluscs will want to own and consult this landmark set of volumes." - Geerat J. Vermeij in The Quarterly Review of Biology

"In case the rest of my review is not emphatic enough, Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca (hereafter BEM) is the most wonderful molluscan work I have ever seen. It is an intellectual tour de force, truly astounding in its breadth and depth of subject coverage; the sampling of the literature is comprehensive and up to date; and the figures are works of art while simultaneously being like the text exceptionally clear and informative. The authors writers Winston F. Ponder and David R. Lindberg, together with illustrator Juliet M. Ponder reviewers and publisher are all to be congratulated on such an outstanding result. [ BEM] will be the standard reference work about the Mollusca for years to come. It undoubtedly will, but I changed my mind; it can do better! Instead, I would like to think that BEM will stimulate such a flowering of molluscan research that it will soon be seen as a more foundational document." - Hamish G. Spencer in Molluscan Research

Foreword xix
Acknowledgements xxi
About the Authors xxiii
Chapter 1 Introducing Molluscs 1(20)
1.1 The Mollusca: An Introduction
1(4)
1.1.1 A Brief Early History of Malacology - The Study of Molluscs
3(1)
1.1.2 Some Major Treatments of the Mollusca
4(1)
1.2 What Makes a Mollusc? An Outline of Their Diagnostic Features
5(1)
1.3 The Major Groups of Molluscs
5(6)
1.3.1 Relationships of the Molluscan Classes
6(5)
1.4 Molluscan Diversity
11(4)
1.4.1 Adaptation, Adaptive, and Non-adaptive Radiations
11(1)
1.4.2 Taxon Diversity
12(1)
1.4.3 Diversity in Habitat
12(1)
1.4.4 Diversity in Feeding Types
13(1)
1.4.5 Morphological Diversity
14(1)
1.5 Some General Information
15(4)
1.5.1 Classification
15(3)
1.5.2 Ecology
18(1)
1.5.3 Genetics
18(1)
1.6 How to Use This Book
19(2)
Chapter 2 Overview of Molluscan Physiology and Genomics 21(34)
2.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.2 Physiology
21(12)
2.2.1 External Factors
21(2)
2.2.1.1 Temperature
22(1)
2.2.1.2 Salinity
23(1)
2.2.1.3 Oxygen
23(1)
2.2.2 Cell Structure and Cellular Metabolism
23(1)
2.2.3 Energy Sources - Food Substrates
24(3)
2.2.3.1 Carbohydrates
24(2)
2.2.3.2 Lipids
26(1)
2.2.3.3 Proteins
26(1)
2.2.3.4 Lipid and Protein Metabolism
27(1)
2.2.4 Aerobic and Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
27(4)
2.2.4.1 Glycolysis
27(1)
2.2.4.2 Aerobic Metabolism
27(1)
2.2.4.3 Anaerobic Metabolism
28(2)
2.2.4.4 Specialisations for High Energy Work
30(1)
2.2.5 The Role of Metal Ions
31(2)
2.2.5.1 Calcium
31(1)
2.2.5.2 Sodium and Potassium
31(1)
2.2.5.3 Phosphorus
31(1)
2.2.5.4 Iron and Copper
31(1)
2.2.5.5 Zinc and Cobalt
32(1)
2.2.5.6 Molybdenum
33(1)
2.2.5.7 Sulphur
33(1)
2.2.5.8 Magnesium and Manganese
33(1)
2.3 Cell Signalling and Chemical Messengers
33(7)
2.3.1 Hormones, Endocrine, and Neuroendocrine Systems
34(4)
2.3.1.1 Molluscan Endocrine Systems
35(1)
2.3.1.2 Neurosecretion, Neurosecretory Cells, Neurohormones, and Neurotransmitters
36(2)
2.3.1.3 Hormonal Control of Shell Growth
38(1)
2.3.2 Neuropeptides
38(1)
2.3.3 Pheromones
39(1)
2.3.4 Receptors
40(1)
2.3.5 Growth Factors
40(1)
2.4 Molluscan Physiological Defences
40(6)
2.4.1 Stress Proteins
40(1)
2.4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS)
40(1)
2.4.3 The Immune System
41(4)
2.4.3.1 Cellular Defences (Immunocytes, Amoebocytes, and Haemocytes)
41(2)
2.4.3.2 The Humoral Component - Antimicrobial Peptides and the Complement System
43(1)
2.4.3.3 Diverse Responses to Infection
44(1)
2.4.3.4 Encapsulation or Nodule Formation
44(1)
2.4.3.5 Environmental Considerations
45(1)
2.4.4 Repair Mechanisms in Molluscs
45(1)
2.4.5 Secondary Metabolites
45(1)
2.4.6 Aestivation (Dormancy, Hibernation)
45(1)
2.5 Genomics, Including Chromosomes and Molecular Studies
46(7)
2.5.1 Chromosome Studies
46(3)
2.5.1.1 Endopolyploidy
48(1)
2.5.2 Early Molecular Work
49(1)
2.5.3 Mitochondrial Genomes
50(1)
2.5.4 Nuclear Genomes
50(2)
2.5.5 Proteomics
52(1)
2.5.6 RNA Editing
53(1)
2.5.7 Horizontal Gene Transfer
53(1)
2.6 Non-genomic Molecules
53(2)
Chapter 3 Shell, Body, and Muscles 55(78)
3.1 Body Symmetry and Axes
55(2)
3.2 Shells and Spicules
57(28)
3.2.1 Comparison with Outgroups
58(1)
3.2.2 Shell Geometry
58(4)
3.2.2.1 The Direction of the Coil (Handedness)
60(2)
3.2.3 Shell Shape and Habit
62(1)
3.2.4 Gastropod Shell Orientation in Life
63(2)
3.2.5 Larval Shells and Their Formation
65(1)
3.2.6 Shell Formation/Secretion
65(6)
3.2.6.1 Periostracum
67(1)
3.2.6.2 The Role of Other Organic Compounds in Shell Formation
67(1)
3.2.6.3 Shell Secretion at the Mantle Edge
68(1)
3.2.6.4 Addition of Shell to the Interior of the Shell by the Dorsal Mantle
69(1)
3.2.6.5 Shell Repair
70(1)
3.2.6.6 Pearl Formation
71(1)
3.2.7 Shell Microstructure
71(5)
3.2.8 Shell Colour, Patterns, and Pigments
76(4)
3.2.9 Shell Pores
80(1)
3.2.10 Shell Ornament and Its Function
80(1)
3.2.11 Shell Windows
81(1)
3.2.12 Secondary Shell Structures
81(1)
3.2.13 Agglutination
81(1)
3.2.14 Other Shell Structures
81(1)
3.2.15 Shell Reduction and Loss
81(1)
3.2.15.1 Consequences and Opportunities
82(1)
3.2.16 Growth
82(1)
3.2.16.1 Shell Growth and Its Record
82(1)
3.2.17 Internal Septa
83(1)
3.2.18 Stable Isotopes and Trace Elements in Shells
84(1)
3.2.19 Shell Resorption
85(1)
3.3 The Body
85(7)
3.3.1 The Epidermis
85(1)
3.3.1.1 Cilia
85(1)
3.3.2 Mucus
86(3)
3.3.2.1 The Role of Pedal Mucus in Locomotion and Adhesion in Gastropods
88(1)
3.3.3 Epithelial and Subepithelial Gland Cells
89(1)
3.3.4 Modifications for Terrestrial Life
90(1)
3.3.5 Acid-Secreting Tissues
91(1)
3.4 Muscular Hydrostat
92(1)
3.5 Attachment of the Body to the Shell
93(1)
3.6 Pigments in Tissues
94(1)
3.7 Non-Calcareous Structural Elements in the Body
94(1)
3.7.1 Chitin - A Structural Polysaccharide
94(1)
3.7.2 Cartilage - Structure and Homology
94(1)
3.8 Head-Foot
94(5)
3.8.1 The Head Region
95(1)
3.8.2 The Foot
95(1)
3.8.2.1 Pedal Glands
96(1)
3.8.3 Operculum
96(3)
3.9 The Mantle
99(2)
3.9.1 Dorsal Mantle
99(1)
3.9.2 Mantle Skirt
99(1)
3.9.3 Mantle Edge
99(2)
3.10 Locomotion
101(15)
3.10.1 Ciliary and Muscular Locomotion Using a Creeping Foot Sole
101(1)
3.10.2 Ciliary and Arrhythmic Locomotion, Including Leaping
101(2)
3.10.3 Rhythmic Muscular Locomotion and Adhesion
103(3)
3.10.4 Adhesion and Tenacity
106(2)
3.10.5 Speed of Locomotion
108(2)
3.10.6 The Effect of Substratum and Topography on the Locomotion of Gastropods
110(1)
3.10.7 Correlation with Habitat
111(2)
3.10.7.1 Burrowing in Soft Sediments
112(1)
3.10.7.2 Burrowing in Hard Substrata
113(1)
3.10.8 Bipedal Locomotion
113(1)
3.10.9 Swimming
113(3)
3.10.9.1 Jet Propulsion, Including 'Flight'
114(2)
3.11 Permanent Attachment to the Substratum
116(1)
3.11.1 Byssal Attachment
116(1)
3.11.2 Cementation
116(1)
3.12 Muscles and the Muscle Systems
116(17)
3.12.1 Muscle Cell Morphology
117(4)
3.12.1.1 Smooth Muscle Cells
118(1)
3.12.1.2 Transverse Striated Muscle Cells
119(1)
3.12.1.3 Oblique Striated Muscle Cells
119(2)
3.12.2 Metabolism of Contraction
121(2)
3.12.2.1 Catch Muscle and Twitchin
121(2)
3.12.2.2 Muscle Activation and Control
123(1)
3.12.3 Some Muscular Systems in Molluscs
123(10)
3.12.3.1 Retractor Muscles
123(1)
3.12.3.2 Antagonistic Muscles
124(1)
3.12.3.3 Body Wall Musculature
124(1)
3.12.3.4 Foot (Pedal) Musculature
125(1)
3.12.3.5 Shell Muscles
125(2)
3.12.3.6 Adductor Muscles
127(1)
3.12.3.7 Odontophoral Muscles
127(1)
3.12.3.8 Specialised Hydrostatic Muscular Systems in Coleoids
128(5)
Chapter 4 The Mantle Cavity and Respiration 133(34)
4.1 Introduction
133(1)
4.2 The Mantle Cavity
133(34)
4.2.1 Mantle Cavity Structures
135(21)
4.2.1.1 Ctenidia
135(8)
4.2.1.2 Reduction and Loss of Ctenidia
143(3)
4.2.1.3 Secondary Gills and Plicatidia
146(3)
4.2.1.4 Opposed Ciliated Ridges
149(1)
4.2.1.5 Modification as a Lung
149(2)
4.2.1.6 Hypobranchial Glands
151(2)
4.2.1.7 Pigmented Mantle Organ (PMO)
153(1)
4.2.1.8 Sensory Structures
154(1)
4.2.1.9 Openings to the Mantle Cavity
155(1)
4.2.2 Respiration, Ventilation, and Waste Management
156(9)
4.2.2.1 Respiration
156(6)
4.2.2.2 Ventilation
162(3)
4.2.2.3 Waste Removal
165(1)
4.2.3 Symbionts
165(2)
Chapter 5 Feeding and Digestion 167(104)
5.1 General Introduction
167(1)
5.2 Feeding
167(30)
5.2.1 Major Feeding Innovations
168(29)
5.2.1.1 Microphagous Feeding on Biofilms
168(1)
5.2.1.2 Particle-Feeding
169(7)
5.2.1.3 Scraping Hard Surfaces
176(1)
5.2.1.4 Omnivorous Feeding
176(1)
5.2.1.5 Herbivorous Feeding
176(1)
5.2.1.6 Fungal-Feeding
177(1)
5.2.1.7 Carnivorous Feeding
177(7)
5.2.1.8 Kleptoparasitism
184(3)
5.2.1.9 Coprophagy
187(1)
5.2.1.10 Specialised Feeding on Deep-Sea Biogenic Substrata
188(1)
5.2.1.11 The Use of Solar Power and Chemoautotrophy
188(3)
5.2.1.12 Bacterial Symbionts
191(4)
5.2.1.13 Dietary Diversification
195(1)
5.2.1.14 Some Behavioural Aspects of Feeding
196(1)
5.3 Digestive System
197(58)
5.3.1 Development and Evolution of the Molluscan Digestive System
198(1)
5.3.2 The Foregut
198(40)
5.3.2.1 The Mouth, Jaws, Buccal Cavity, and the Acquisition and Ingestion of Food
198(9)
5.3.2.2 Sublingual (Subradular) Pouches and Associated Structures
207(2)
5.3.2.3 The Buccal Mass
209(5)
5.3.2.4 Radula and Radular Sac
214(15)
5.3.2.5 Foregut Glands
229(4)
5.3.2.6 Buccal and Oesophageal Pouches
233(1)
5.3.2.7 The Oesophagus
233(5)
5.3.3 The Midgut
238(13)
5.3.3.1 The Stomach and Style Sac
238(9)
5.3.3.2 Digestive Glands
247(3)
5.3.3.3 Digestive Duct Appendages (Pancreas) of Coleoid Cephalopods
250(1)
5.3.4 The Hindgut - The Intestine and Rectum
251(2)
5.3.4.1 Aplacophorans
251(1)
5.3.4.2 Polyplacophora
251(1)
5.3.4.3 Monoplacophora
251(1)
5.3.4.4 Scaphopoda
252(1)
5.3.4.5 Bivalvia
252(1)
5.3.4.6 Gastropoda
252(1)
5.3.4.7 Cephalopoda
252(1)
5.3.4.8 Faecal Material
253(1)
5.3.4.9 Rectal Gland of Scaphopods
253(1)
5.3.4.10 Anal (= Rectal) Gland of Gastropods
253(1)
5.3.4.11 Ink Gland of Cephalopods
253(1)
5.3.5 Overview of the Evolution of the Molluscan Digestive System
253(2)
5.4 Physiological Processes
255(13)
5.4.1 Food Detection
255(1)
5.4.2 Digestion and Assimilation
255(11)
5.4.2.1 The Gut Environment
255(1)
5.4.2.2 Extracellular and Intracellular Digestion
256(1)
5.4.2.3 Digestive Enzymes
257(6)
5.4.2.4 Absorption
263(1)
5.4.2.5 Digestion in Aplacophorans
263(1)
5.4.2.6 Digestion in Polyplacophorans
263(1)
5.4.2.7 Digestion in Bivalves
263(1)
5.4.2.8 Digestion in Monoplacophorans and Scaphopods
264(1)
5.4.2.9 Digestion in Gastropods
264(2)
5.4.2.10 Digestion in Cephalopods
266(1)
5.4.3 Storage of Food Reserves
266(1)
5.4.4 Intrinsic and Environmentally Induced Feeding Rhythms
266(5)
5.4.4.1 Cyclical Feeding and Digestion
266(2)
5.5 Absorption of Exogenous Dissolved and Particulate Carbon
268(3)
Chapter 6 Circulatory and Excretory Systems 271(64)
6.1 Introduction
271(1)
6.2 Maintaining Salt and Water Balance
271(6)
6.2.1 Osmosis and the Movement of Molecules across Cell Membranes
271(1)
6.2.2 Salinity and Its Importance in Aquatic Habitats
272(4)
6.2.2.1 Cell Volume Regulation
273(1)
6.2.2.2 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulation
273(1)
6.2.2.3 Marine Environment
273(2)
6.2.2.4 Upper Littoral and Supralittoral Environment
275(1)
6.2.2.5 Estuarine Environment
275(1)
6.2.2.6 Hypersaline and Hydrothermal Environments
275(1)
6.2.2.7 Fresh-Water Environments
276(1)
6.2.3 The Terrestrial Environment
276(1)
6.2.3.1 Amphibious Molluscs
277(1)
6.3 The Vascular System
277(21)
6.3.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System and Circulation Patterns
279(9)
6.3.2 Heart Structure and Function
288(6)
6.3.2.1 Heart Musculature
291(1)
6.3.2.2 Heart Regulation and Control
292(1)
6.3.2.3 Heart Metabolism
292(1)
6.3.2.4 Heart Performance
293(1)
6.3.3 The Branchial Hearts of Cephalopods
294(1)
6.3.4 The Aortic System and Aortic Bulb
294(1)
6.3.4.1 Blood Flow through the Arteries
295(1)
6.3.4.2 Arterial Haemocoels
295(1)
6.3.5 Exchange Vessels - Capillaries
295(1)
6.3.6 The Venous System and Haemocoelic Spaces
296(1)
6.3.7 Blood Flow to the Respiratory Surface(s) and Kidney(s)
296(1)
6.3.8 Compensation Mechanisms
296(1)
6.3.9 Blood Release Mechanisms and the Addition of Seawater
297(1)
6.3.10 Comparison of Vertebrate and Coleoid Cephalopod Vascular Systems
297(1)
6.4 Molluscan Blood
298(3)
6.4.1 Respiratory Pigments
298(3)
6.4.1.1 Haemocyanin
298(1)
6.4.1.2 The Globins: Myoglobin and Haemoglobin
299(2)
6.4.2 Haemocytes
301(1)
6.4.2.1 Erythrocytes
301(1)
6.4.2.2 Immune Response and Other Functions
301(1)
6.5 Pore Cells (Rhogocytes)
301(1)
6.6 The Excretory System
302(9)
6.6.1 Filtration
306(1)
6.6.2 Podocytes
306(2)
6.6.3 The Nephridial Gland
308(1)
6.6.4 Excretory Challenges
308(2)
6.6.4.1 Estuarine, Fresh-Water, Supralittoral, and Terrestrial Molluscs
308(1)
6.6.4.2 Nitrogen Metabolism
309(1)
6.6.5 Heavy Metal Uptake and Excretion/Detoxification
310(1)
6.6.6 Excretion via the Digestive Gland
311(1)
6.7 Comparative Kidney Morphology, the Site of Filtration and Excretion
311(24)
6.7.1 Aplacophorans
311(1)
6.7.2 Polyplacophora
311(1)
6.7.3 Monoplacophora
312(1)
6.7.4 Bivalvia
312(1)
6.7.4.1 Estuarine and Fresh-Water Bivalves
312(1)
6.7.5 Scaphopoda
313(1)
6.7.6 Cephalopoda
313(4)
6.7.6.1 Nautiloid Pericardial Appendages and Their Symbiotic Bacteria
315(1)
6.7.6.2 The Branchial Heart Appendages in Coleoids
315(1)
6.7.6.3 The Renal Appendages in the 'Kidneys'
316(1)
6.7.6.4 The Digestive Gland Duct Appendages (Pancreas) of Coleoids
317(1)
6.7.6.5 Utilisation of Ammonia for Buoyancy in Cephalopods
317(1)
6.7.7 Gastropoda
317(18)
6.7.7.1 Patellogastropoda
318(1)
6.7.7.2 Vetigastropoda
319(1)
6.7.7.3 Neritimorpha
319(2)
6.7.7.4 Caenogastropoda
321(6)
6.7.7.5 Heterobranchia
327(8)
Chapter 7 Nervous System, Sense Organs, Learning and Behaviour 335(86)
7.1 General Introduction
335(1)
7.2 The Molluscan Nervous System
335(19)
7.2.1 Polyplacophorans and Monoplacophorans
337(1)
7.2.2 Aplacophorans
338(1)
7.2.2.1 Caudofoveata
338(1)
7.2.2.2 Solenogastres
338(1)
7.2.3 Bivalves
338(2)
7.2.4 Scaphopods
340(1)
7.2.5 Gastropods
340(6)
7.2.5.1 Streptoneury and Euthyneury
346(1)
7.2.6 Cephalopods
346(8)
7.2.6.1 The Cephalopod Brain
347(7)
7.3 Molluscan Neurosecretory Cells and the Neuroendocrine System
354(6)
7.3.1 Neurosecretory Cells in the CNS
354(1)
7.3.2 Neurotransmitters
355(1)
7.3.3 Neuroendocrine System
355(5)
7.3.3.1 Aplacophorans and Polyplacophorans
356(1)
7.3.3.2 Scaphopods
356(1)
7.3.3.3 Bivalves
356(1)
7.3.3.4 Gastropods
356(4)
7.4 Sensory Structures
360(2)
7.4.1 Epidermal Receptors
361(1)
7.4.2 Ampullae or Ciliary Bottles
362(1)
7.5 Sense Organs
362(12)
7.5.1 Larval Sense Organs
362(3)
7.5.1.1 Water Pressure Reception
362(1)
7.5.1.2 Apical Sensory Organs in Larval Gastropods and Some Bivalves
363(2)
7.5.1.3 Ampullary System in Polyplacophoran Larvae
365(1)
7.5.2 Nociception
365(1)
7.5.3 Mechanoreceptor Organs
365(1)
7.5.4 The Statocysts - Gravity, Balance, and Direction
365(7)
7.5.4.1 Cephalopod Statocysts
367(5)
7.5.4.2 Sound Reception
372(1)
7.5.5 Cephalopod Arms and Suckers
372(2)
7.5.6 Pressure Receptors
374(1)
7.5.7 Scaphopod Captaculae
374(1)
7.5.8 Coleoid Cephalopod Lateral Line Analogue
374(1)
7.6 Chemosensory Structures
374(7)
7.6.1 Osphradia and Posterior Sense Organs
374(2)
7.6.1.1 Osphradial Structure and Function
376(1)
7.6.2 Lip Receptors
376(1)
7.6.3 Adoral Sense Organ
376(1)
7.6.4 Preoral Sense Organ
376(1)
7.6.5 Ctenidial Sense Organs (Bursicles) of Vetigastropods
376(1)
7.6.6 Cruciform Muscle Sense Organ in Tellinoidean Bivalves
377(1)
7.6.7 Cephalic Tentacles
378(1)
7.6.7.1 Cephalic Tentacles in Gastropods
378(1)
7.6.8 Specialised Olfactory Organs
378(2)
7.6.8.1 Cephalic Sense Organs of Euthyneuran Heterobranch Gastropods
378(2)
7.6.8.2 Olfactory Organs in Cephalopods
380(1)
7.6.9 Subradular Organ (Licker)
380(1)
7.7 Temperature - Thermoreception
381(1)
7.8 Perception of Magnetic and Electrostatic Fields
381(1)
7.9 Eyes and Other Light Receptors
382(13)
7.9.1 Dermal Receptors
382(1)
7.9.2 Nerve Cells as Photoreceptors
382(1)
7.9.3 Larval Eyes
383(1)
7.9.4 Adult Eyes
383(1)
7.9.5 The Cornea and Lens
383(1)
7.9.6 The Main Types of Eye
384(1)
7.9.7 Chiton Shell Eyes
385(1)
7.9.8 Bivalve Eyes
385(3)
7.9.8.1 Bivalve Mantle Eyes
385(3)
7.9.8.2 Bivalve Branchial or 'Cephalic' Eyes
388(1)
7.9.9 Gastropod Light Receptor Organs
388(3)
7.9.9.1 Cephalic Eyes in Gastropods
388(2)
7.9.9.2 Other Eyes in Gastropods
390(1)
7.9.10 Cephalopod Light Receptor Organs
391(3)
7.9.10.1 Cephalic Eyes
391(1)
7.9.10.2 Photosensitive Vesicles
392(2)
7.9.11 Cephalic Eyes - Comparison of Gastropods, Cephalopods and Vertebrates
394(3)
7.9.11.1 Development of the Cephalopod Eye and a Comparison with Vertebrates
395(1)
7.10 Gene Expression and Eye Development
395(2)
7.11 Visual Ability
397(8)
7.11.1 Vision in Coleoid Cephalopods
397(2)
7.11.1.1 Discrimination and the Ability to Perceive Polarised Light
397(2)
7.11.2 Photoreceptor Cells and Comparative Retinal Structure
399(3)
7.11.2.1 Visual Pigments
402(1)
7.11.2.2 Comparison of the Receptor Cells and Retinal Structure in Molluscan Classes
402(3)
7.11.3 Visual Processing
405(1)
7.12 Other Sensory Organs
405(4)
7.12.1 Monoplacophora
406(1)
7.12.2 Bivalvia
406(1)
7.12.2.1 Mantle Edge Tentacles
406(1)
7.12.2.2 Stempell's Organ and Stenta's Organ
407(1)
7.12.2.3 Abdominal Sense Organs
407(1)
7.12.3 Patellogastropoda
407(1)
7.12.4 Vetigastropoda
407(2)
7.12.4.1 Sensory Papillae
407(1)
7.12.4.2 Cephalic Lappets and Tentaculate Neck Lobes
407(1)
7.12.4.3 Epipodial Skirt and Tentacles
407(1)
7.12.4.4 Epipodial Sense Organs
407(2)
7.12.5 Heterobranch Gastropods
409(1)
7.12.5.1 Semper's Organ in Stylommatophorans
409(1)
7.12.6 Cephalopods
409(1)
7.13 Rhythmic Activity, Pacemakers, and Biological Clocks
409(1)
7.14 Pacemakers
409(2)
7.15 Behaviour
411(6)
7.15.1 Neural Networks and Behaviour
411(1)
7.15.2 Central Pattern Generators
412(1)
7.15.3 Summary of Behaviour in Each Class
412(5)
7.15.3.1 Chitons
412(1)
7.15.3.2 Bivalves
412(1)
7.15.3.3 Scaphopods
412(1)
7.15.3.4 Gastropods
412(3)
7.15.3.5 Cephalopods
415(2)
7.16 Learning
417(2)
7.16.1 Differences within Coleoids
418(1)
7.16.2 Memory
418(1)
7.16.3 Cognition and Intelligence in Cephalopods
419(1)
7.17 The Molluscan Nervous System in Experimental Physiology
419(2)
Chapter 8 Reproduction and Development 421(88)
8.1 General Introduction
421(1)
8.2 Reproductive Anatomy
422(5)
8.2.1 Polyplacophora
422(1)
8.2.2 Caudofoveata and Solenogastres
422(1)
8.2.3 Monoplacophora
423(1)
8.2.4 Bivalvia
423(1)
8.2.5 Scaphopoda
423(1)
8.2.6 Cephalopoda
423(1)
8.2.7 Gastropoda
424(2)
8.2.7.1 Heterobranchs
425(1)
8.2.8 Comparisons with Outgroups
426(1)
8.3 The Molluscan Gonad
427(11)
8.3.1 Gametes and Gametogenesis
427(11)
8.3.1.1 Spermatozoa
427(5)
8.3.1.2 Spermatophores and Spermatozeugmata
432(3)
8.3.1.3 Eggs
435(3)
8.4 Sexes
438(4)
8.4.1 Sex Determination
438(1)
8.4.2 Hermaphroditism
438(3)
8.4.2.1 Simultaneous Hermaphroditism
439(1)
8.4.2.2 Sequential Hermaphroditism
440(1)
8.4.3 Asexual Reproduction
441(1)
8.4.3.1 Schizogamy
441(1)
8.5 Fertilisation
442(13)
8.5.1 Broadcast Spawning
444(2)
8.5.1.1 Doubly Uniparental Inheritance in Bivalves
445(1)
8.5.2 Internal Fertilisation
446(3)
8.5.2.1 Sperm-Casting
446(1)
8.5.2.2 Copulation
447(1)
8.5.2.3 Multiple Paternity and Sperm Competition
448(1)
8.5.2.4 Self-Fertilisation
449(1)
8.5.3 Mating Aggregations
449(3)
8.5.3.1 Eggs, Capsules, and Egg Masses
449(3)
8.5.4 Oviducal Glands
452(1)
8.5.5 Encapsulation
452(1)
8.5.6 Parental Care
453(2)
8.5.6.1 Brooding
454(1)
8.6 Sexual Dimorphism
455(3)
8.6.1 Dwarf Males
458(1)
8.7 Reproductive Behaviour
458(6)
8.7.1 Mate Choice
462(2)
8.7.1.1 The Role of Body Size in Reproductive Behaviour
462(2)
8.8 Endocrine Control of Reproduction
464(6)
8.8.1 Morphology, Messengers, and Responses
464(1)
8.8.2 Gastropods
465(4)
8.8.2.1 Heterobranchs
468(1)
8.8.3 Bivalves
469(1)
8.8.4 Cephalopoda
470(1)
8.9 Development
470(31)
8.9.1 Spiral Cleavage
471(1)
8.9.2 Cleavage and Early Development
471(4)
8.9.3 Development of Germ Layers
475(1)
8.9.3.1 Germ Cells
476(1)
8.9.4 Gene Expression
476(3)
8.9.4.1 Signalling Pathways
476(2)
8.9.4.2 Hox, ParaHox, and Other Developmental Homeobox Clusters
478(1)
8.9.5 Larvae
479(13)
8.9.5.1 Larval Organs
482(1)
8.9.5.2 Ano-Pedal Flexure
482(3)
8.9.5.3 Left-Right Asymmetry
485(1)
8.9.5.4 Initial Shell Formation
485(1)
8.9.5.5 Control of Shell Coiling
486(1)
8.9.5.6 Torsion in Gastropods
487(5)
8.9.5.7 Asymmetry in Gastropods
492(1)
8.9.6 Metamorphosis
492(1)
8.9.7 Heterochrony
493(1)
8.9.8 Ecological Development (Eco-Devo)
493(1)
8.9.9 Organogenesis
494(7)
8.9.9.1 Ectoderm-Derived Organs
494(2)
8.9.9.2 Endoderm-Derived Organs
496(1)
8.9.9.3 Mesoderm-Derived Organs
497(4)
8.10 Life History Evolution
501(8)
8.10.1 Developmental Strategies
501(2)
8.10.2 Classification of Larval Strategies
503(8)
8.10.2.1 Larval Dispersal, Morphology, and Ecology
503(3)
8.10.2.2 Larval Nutrition
506(3)
Chapter 9 Natural History and Ecology 509(110)
9.1 Introduction
509(1)
9.2 Longevity and Growth Rates
509(2)
9.3 Dispersal, Recruitment, and Migration
511(5)
9.3.1 Recruitment
513(1)
9.3.2 Non-Larval Dispersal
513(1)
9.3.3 Teleplanic Larvae
514(1)
9.3.4 Gene Flow as a Measure of Dispersal
515(1)
9.4 Biological Interactions
516(67)
9.4.1 Predation
516(16)
9.4.1.1 Molluscs as Prey
516(15)
9.4.1.2 Molluscs in Food Webs
531(1)
9.4.2 Trophic Status
532(1)
9.4.3 Defence Mechanisms
533(19)
9.4.3.1 The Shell in Defence
534(1)
9.4.3.2 Responses to the Chemical Defences of Food Items
535(1)
9.4.3.3 Chemical Signalling
535(1)
9.4.3.4 Molluscan Chemical Defences
536(11)
9.4.3.5 Antimicrobial Secondary Metabolites and Sunscreens Associated with Gastropod Spawn
547(1)
9.4.3.6 Luminescence
547(1)
9.4.3.7 Aggressive Movements, Speed and Agility
547(1)
9.4.3.8 Autotomy
547(1)
9.4.3.9 Crypsis
548(1)
9.4.3.10 Warning Colours and Behaviour - Aposematism
549(1)
9.4.3.11 Spreading the Threat: Polymorphisms
550(1)
9.4.3.12 Associations with Cnidarians to Ward Off Threats
551(1)
9.4.4 Relationships with Other Organisms
552(29)
9.4.4.1 Symbionts of Molluscs (Including Parasites)
552(1)
9.4.4.2 Associations with Viruses
552(1)
9.4.4.3 Associations with 'Bacteria'
553(8)
9.4.4.4 Associations with 'Protists'
561(1)
9.4.4.5 Alveolata
561(3)
9.4.4.6 Associations with Fungi
564(1)
9.4.4.7 Associations with 'Plants', Including Red and Green 'Algae'
565(1)
9.4.4.8 Associations with Animals
566(11)
9.4.4.9 Associations with Arthropoda
577(4)
9.4.5 Cancer-Like Diseases
581(1)
9.4.6 Transfer of Symbionts to the Host
581(1)
9.4.7 Parasitic Molluscs
581(1)
9.4.8 Bioluminescence
582(1)
9.5 Ecology
583(7)
9.5.1 Ecological Functions
584(1)
9.5.2 Biological Interactions
584(2)
9.5.2.1 Niche Specialisation
585(1)
9.5.2.2 Aggressive Conspecific and Intraspecific Behaviour
586(1)
9.5.2.3 Parasites
586(1)
9.5.3 Populations and Communities
586(1)
9.5.3.1 Some Factors Involved in the Maintenance of Molluscan Populations
587(1)
9.5.4 Chance Environmental Impacts
587(1)
9.5.5 Sea Shore Ecological Studies
587(1)
9.5.6 Deep-Sea Ecological Studies
588(1)
9.5.7 Fresh-Water Ecological Studies
588(1)
9.5.8 Terrestrial Ecological Studies
588(1)
9.5.9 Keystone Species
589(1)
9.5.9.1 Molluscs as Habitat Generators and Ecosystem Engineers
589(1)
9.6 Abiotic Interactions - The Physio-Chemical Environment
590(4)
9.6.1 Temperature
590(1)
9.6.2 Salinity
590(1)
9.6.3 Physical Force-Wave Action etc.
590(1)
9.6.4 Habitats
591(1)
9.6.5 Substrata
591(2)
9.6.5.1 Hard Substrata
591(1)
9.6.5.2 Living on and in Soft Substrata
592(1)
9.6.5.3 Gravel, Cobble, and Boulder Substrata and Interstitial Habitats
593(1)
9.6.6 Into the Water Column-Swimmers and Floaters
593(1)
9.7 The Major Domains
594(18)
9.7.1 Marine Habitats-Living in the Comfort Zone
594(11)
9.7.1.1 Intertidal Zone
594(4)
9.7.1.2 Coral Reefs
598(1)
9.7.1.3 Continental Shelf
599(1)
9.7.1.4 Deep-Sea
599(1)
9.7.1.5 Hypoxic and Anoxic Habitats
599(1)
9.7.1.6 Hydrothermal Vents and Seeps
600(1)
9.7.1.7 Deep-Sea Biogenic Substrata
601(4)
9.7.2 Estuaries and Other Brackish-Water Environments
605(1)
9.7.2.1 Inland Seas
606(1)
9.7.3 Hypersaline Environments
606(1)
9.7.3.1 Hypersaline Coastal Lagoons
606(1)
9.7.3.2 Inland Hypersaline Salt Lakes
607(1)
9.7.3.3 Deep-Sea Brine Pools and Lakes
607(1)
9.7.4 Fresh Water
607(2)
9.7.4.1 Ancient Lakes
608(1)
9.7.4.2 Springs and Spring-Fed Streams
609(1)
9.7.5 Terrestrial
609(3)
9.8 Molluscan Diversity
612(4)
9.8.1 Marine Molluscan Diversity
612(1)
9.8.2 Non-Marine Molluscan Diversity
612(7)
9.8.2.1 Fresh-Water Molluscs
612(2)
9.8.2.2 Terrestrial Molluscs
614(2)
9.9 Putting It All Together - Evolutionary Trade-Offs
616(3)
Chapter 10 Molluscs and Humans 619(48)
10.1 Introduction
619(1)
10.2 Molluscs as Food
619(9)
10.2.1 Some Commercially Important Species Caught in Wild Fisheries
620(4)
10.2.2 Aquaculture and Mariculture
624(4)
10.2.2.1 Stock Enhancement by 'Seeding'
624(1)
10.2.2.2 Oyster Mariculture
624(2)
10.2.2.3 Mussel Mariculture
626(1)
10.2.2.4 Pearl Oyster Mariculture
626(1)
10.2.2.5 Scallop Mariculture
626(1)
10.2.2.6 'Clam' Mariculture
626(1)
10.2.2.7 Abalone Mariculture
627(1)
10.2.2.8 Cephalopod Mariculture
627(1)
10.2.2.9 Heliciculture
627(1)
10.2.2.10 Some Diseases Affecting Farmed Molluscs
627(1)
10.3 Molluscs in Culture and Society
628(7)
10.3.1 Pearls and Pearl Shell
628(1)
10.3.2 Cultural Objects and Ornaments
629(4)
10.3.3 Molluscs and Religion
633(1)
10.3.4 Myths, Fables, and Legends
633(2)
10.3.5 Molluscs in Paintings
635(1)
10.3.6 Recreational Activities
635(1)
10.3.7 Shell Collecting
635(1)
10.3.8 Mollusc Photography
635(1)
10.4 Some Medical and Commercial Applications
635(2)
10.4.1 Medicines and Medical Applications
635(1)
10.4.2 Other Practical Uses, Including Biomaterials
636(1)
10.4.3 Molluscs as Experimental Animals
637(7)
10.4.3.1 Animal Welfare Issues When Working with Molluscs
637(1)
10.5 Molluscs as Disease Vectors
637(5)
10.6 Pollution and Heavy Metal Indicators/Monitoring
642(2)
10.7 Molluscs as Pests
644(10)
10.7.1 Molluscan Invaders
644(9)
10.7.1.1 Some Characteristics That Make a Successful Invader
644(1)
10.7.1.2 Terrestrial Invasive Species
644(5)
10.7.1.3 Fresh-Water Invasive Species
649(2)
10.7.1.4 Marine Invasive Species
651(2)
10.7.1.5 Homogenisation of Faunas
653(1)
10.7.2 Biological Control
653(1)
10.7.3 Marine Fouling and Boring
654(1)
10.8 Poisonous and Venomous Molluscs
654(1)
10.8.1 Molluscs and Pathogens
654(1)
10.8.1.1 Shellfish Poisoning
655(1)
10.8.2 Infections Caused by Eating Molluscs
655(1)
10.8.3 Poisoning due to Toxins
655(1)
10.9 Human Impacts on Molluscs and Their Conservation
655(12)
10.9.1 Impacts on Non-Marine Molluscs
656(3)
10.9.1.1 Fresh-Water Mussels (Unionoidea)
658(1)
10.9.1.2 Overharvesting of Non-Marine Molluscs
658(1)
10.9.2 Impacts on Marine Molluscs
659(1)
10.9.2.1 Overharvesting of Marine Molluscs
659(1)
10.9.3 The Shell Trade and Shell Collecting
660(1)
10.9.4 Narrow-Range Taxa
661(1)
10.9.5 Pollution and Its Impacts
662(3)
10.9.5.1 Endocrine Disruption
662(2)
10.9.5.2 Acidification
664(1)
10.9.5.3 Climate Change
664(1)
10.9.6 Oxygen Depletion
665(1)
10.9.7 Lack of Knowledge and Unequal Effort
665(2)
Chapter 11 Research on Molluscs - Some Historical, Present, and Future Directions 667(8)
11.1 Malacology
667(1)
11.1.1 Technology
667(1)
11.1.2 Molluscan Research Productivity
667(1)
11.2 Some Areas of Research Focus, Now and in the Future
668(4)
11.2.1 Provision of Basic Knowledge
668(1)
11.2.2 Genomics
669(1)
11.2.3 Evolutionary and Ecological Development
669(1)
11.2.4 Ecology
669(1)
11.2.5 Physiology Studies
669(2)
11.2.6 Endocrine System
671(1)
11.3 Molluscs as Model Organisms
672(1)
11.4 Molluscan Ontology
672(1)
11.5 The Future
672(3)
References 675(172)
Index 847
Winston F. Ponder (Ph.D, D.Sc, FRZSNSW) was educated in New Zealand, and employed as a curator at the Australian Museum in 1968, where he was a Principal Research Scientist in 1980 to his retirement in 2005. He has held honorary appointments at several universities through co-supervision of post graduate students and running courses on systematics and on Mollusca. He is currently a Senior Research Fellow of the Australian Museum. He has been actively involved with several societies, in particular, the Malacological Society of Australasia, and edited their journal, Molluscan Research, for 13 years (until last Dec.). He has served on several committees, including the Australian Biological Resources Survey (ABRS) Advisory Committee for six years. His research interests centre on molluscan morphology, systematics, and phylogenetics, especially of gastropods. He has also been involved in the conservation of invertebrates, and his recent research is focused on the biology and systematics of freshwater and estuarine molluscs of Australia and the region as well as the aquatic invertebrate fauna of springs associated with the Australian Great Artesian Basin. He co-edited a book on the phylogeny of molluscs with D. Lindberg (2008) and has edited three other books and, to date, is the author of 247 reviewed publications. He is also involved in the production of interactive keys to marine and freshwater molluscs.

David R. Lindberg is Professor Emeritus of Integrative Biology, Curator Emeritus in the UC Museum of Paleontology, and a former member of the Center for Computational Biology at UC Berkeley. He is a former Chair of the Department of Integrative Biology, Director of the UC Museum of Paleontology, and Chair of the UC Berkeley Natural History Museums. He has authored over 125 peer-reviewed papers and edited or authored 3 books on the evolutionary history of nearshore marine organisms and their habitats. At Berkeley, he served as major advisor to 21 Ph.D graduate students and 6 post-doctoral researchers. In addition to providing graduate seminars in evolution and organismal biology, he regularly taught a marine mammal course, an invertebrate zoology course with laboratories, and 2 semester principals of phylogenetics course. Prof. Lindberg has conducted research and fieldwork along the rocky shores of the Pacific Rim for over 40 years. In addition to his research and teaching, Prof. Lindberg was actively involved in K16 outreach projects at the UC Museum of Paleontology, and focused on the use of the Internet to increase access to scientific resources, and the training of teachers in principles of evolutionary biology, science, and global change.
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