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E-raamat: Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca, Volume 2

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  • Formaat: 890 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Feb-2020
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781351115230
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Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca, Volume 2Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: 890 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Feb-2020
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781351115230
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This text will provide the first general account of molluscs in decades and will include hundreds of colour figures.



This volume provides individual treatments of the major molluscan taxa. Each chapter provides an overview of the evolution, phylogeny and classification of a group of molluscs, as well as more specific and detailed coverage of their biology (reproduction, feeding and digestion, excretion, respiration etc.), their long fossil record and aspects of their natural history. The book is illustrated with hundreds of colour figures. In both volumes, concepts are summarised in colour-coded illustrations. 



Key selling features:





  • Comprehensively reviews molluscan biology and evolutionary history


  • Includes a description the anatomy and physiology of anatomical systems


  • Up to date treatment with a comprehensive bibliography


  • Reviews the phylogenetic history of the major molluscan lineages

Arvustused

" an immensely useful 'go-to resource' on almost any mollusk-related topic. This is a brilliant work that should be on the desk of any serious 'student' of mollusks, at any career level." - American Malacological Bulletin, 38 (1) 2020.

"The two-volume set is a treasure trove for anyone lucky enough to be teaching malacology, a reference work for investigators in a multitude of fields, and a true companion for students and advanced researchers. It will stand for decades, joining immediately the list of classic volumes covering the Mollusca. A tour dforce that speaks to the knowledge, dedication, and talent of the authors, illustrator, and also the publisher that had the vision to make such an epic possible in todays publishing world." - Sandra E. Shumway in National Shellfisheries Association Quarterly Newsletter 2020 (2).

"The scholarship and deep thought that the authors bring to this monumental work are beyond staggering... It is unlikely that the scientific achievement manifested in the publication of this work will be surpassed in the foreseeable future. Whichever field of molluscan study a student or seasoned researcher is contemplating, this publication is the resource to consult first for an authoritative synthesis. Anyone with an interest in living and extinct molluscs will want to own and consult this landmark set of volumes." - Geerat J. Vermeij in The Quarterly Review of Biology

"In case the rest of my review is not emphatic enough, Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca (hereafter BEM) is the most wonderful molluscan work I have ever seen. It is an intellectual tour de force, truly astounding in its breadth and depth of subject coverage; the sampling of the literature is comprehensive and up to date; and the figures are works of art while simultaneously being like the text exceptionally clear and informative. The authors writers Winston F. Ponder and David R. Lindberg, together with illustrator Juliet M. Ponder reviewers and publisher are all to be congratulated on such an outstanding result. [ BEM] will be the standard reference work about the Mollusca for years to come. It undoubtedly will, but I changed my mind; it can do better! Instead, I would like to think that BEM will stimulate such a flowering of molluscan research that it will soon be seen as a more foundational document." - Hamish G. Spencer in Molluscan Research

About the Authors xvii
Introduction to Volume Two xix
Chapter 12 Molluscan Relationships 1(10)
12.1 The Hypothetical Ancestral Mollusc
1(1)
12.2 Hypotheses of Phylogenetic Relationships of the Major Molluscan Groups
1(7)
12.2.1 Aculifera - Conchifera, Testaria, and Serialia Hypotheses
4(2)
12.2.2 The Search for the Molluscan Sister Group
6(2)
12.3 Repetition of Organs
8(1)
12.4 Ano-Pedal Flexure and a Change in Body Orientation
9(1)
12.5 Reduction and Paedomorphosis
9(2)
Chapter 13 Early History and Extinct Groups 11(56)
13.1 Introduction
11(7)
13.1.1 The First Molluscs?
12(1)
13.1.2 Shell Morphology
13(5)
13.1.2.1 Beyond Shell Morphology
14(2)
13.1.2.2 Muscle Scars
16(2)
13.1.3 Phylogenetics and Fossils
18(1)
13.2 Originations, Extinctions, and Recoveries
18(2)
13.3 The Molluscan Fossil Record
20(47)
13.3.1 Ediacaran
20(2)
13.3.2 Cambrian
22(29)
13.3.2.1 Biomineralisation
24(1)
13.3.2.2 Taxa
25(26)
13.3.3 Ordovician
51(4)
13.3.3.1 Taxa
52(3)
13.3.4 Silurian
55(4)
13.3.4.1 Taxa
55(4)
13.3.5 Devonian
59(2)
13.3.5.1 Taxa
59(2)
13.3.6 Carboniferous
61(3)
13.3.6.1 Taxa
62(2)
13.3.7 Permian
64(3)
13.3.7.1 Extinction
64(1)
13.3.7.2 Taxa
65(2)
Chapter 14 Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora, and Aplacophorans 67(42)
14.1 Introduction
67(1)
14.2 Polyplacophora (Chitons, Placophora, Loricata, Amphineura in Part)
67(17)
14.2.1 Introduction
67(1)
14.2.2 Phylogeny and Classification
67(2)
14.2.2.1 Sister Group Relationships
69(1)
14.2.3 Morphology
69(13)
14.2.3.1 Shell and Girdle
70(1)
14.2.3.2 Head-Foot, Muscles, and Mantle
70(2)
14.2.3.3 Mantle Groove (Mantle Cavity)
72(1)
14.2.3.4 Digestive System
72(3)
14.2.3.5 Renopericardial System
75(1)
14.2.3.6 Reproductive System
76(2)
14.2.3.7 Nervous System and Sense Organs
78(4)
14.2.3.8 Chromosomes
82(1)
14.2.4 Biology, Ecology, and Behaviour
82(2)
14.2.4.1 Habits and Habitats
82(1)
14.2.4.2 Locomotion
82(1)
14.2.4.3 Feeding and Diet
82(1)
14.2.4.4 Reproduction, Development, and Growth
83(1)
14.2.4.5 Associations
84(1)
14.2.4.6 Predators, Defence, and Behaviour
84(1)
14.2.5 Diversity and Fossil History
84(1)
14.3 The Monoplacophora (= Tryblidia, Neopilinida, Tergomya in part)
84(9)
14.3.1 Introduction
84(1)
14.3.2 Phylogeny and Classification
84(2)
14.3.2.1 Sister Group Relationships
85(1)
14.3.3 Morphology
86(5)
14.3.3.1 Shell and Protoconch
86(1)
14.3.3.2 Head-Foot and Mantle
87(1)
14.3.3.3 Mantle Groove (Mantle Cavity)
88(1)
14.3.3.4 Digestive System
89(1)
14.3.3.5 Renopericardial and Reproductive Systems
90(1)
14.3.3.6 Nervous System and Sense Organs
90(1)
14.3.4 Biology, Ecology, and Behaviour
91(2)
14.3.4.1 Habits and Habitats
91(1)
14.3.4.2 Feeding and Diet
92(1)
14.3.4.3 Reproduction, Development, and Growth
92(1)
14.3.4.4 Associations
92(1)
14.3.4.5 Predation, Defence, and Other Behavioural Attributes
93(1)
14.3.5 Diversity and Fossil History
93(1)
14.4 Caudofoveata and Solenogastres: The Aplacophoran Groups
93(6)
14.4.1 Introduction
93(1)
14.4.2 Phylogeny and Classification
94(2)
14.4.3 Morphology
96(3)
14.4.3.1 Head-Foot and Mantle
96(1)
14.4.3.2 Digestive System
97(1)
14.4.3.3 Renopericardial and Reproductive Systems
97(1)
14.4.3.4 Nervous System
97(1)
14.4.3.5 Development
98(1)
14.4.3.6 Habits and Habitats
98(1)
14.5 Caudofoveata (or Chaetodermomorpha, Scutopoda)
99(3)
14.5.1 Introduction
99(1)
14.5.2 Phylogeny and Classification
99(1)
14.5.2.1 Sister Group Relationships
99(1)
14.5.3 Morphology
99(2)
14.5.3.1 Spicules
99(1)
14.5.3.2 Head-Foot and Mantle
99(1)
14.5.3.3 Mantle Cavity
99(1)
14.5.3.4 Digestive System
100(1)
14.5.3.5 Renopericardial and Reproductive Systems
101(1)
14.5.3.6 Nervous System and Sense Organs
101(1)
14.5.4 Biology, Ecology, and Behaviour
101(1)
14.5.4.1 Habits and Habitats
101(1)
14.5.4.2 Feeding and Diet
101(1)
14.5.4.3 Reproduction, Development, and Growth
102(1)
14.5.4.4 Associations
102(1)
14.5.5 Diversity and Fossil History
102(1)
14.6 Solenogastres (or Neomeniomorpha)
102(7)
14.6.1 Introduction
102(1)
14.6.2 Phylogeny and Classification
102(1)
14.6.2.1 Sister Group Relationships
102(1)
14.6.3 Morphology
102(3)
14.6.3.1 Spicules
102(1)
14.6.3.2 Body
102(1)
14.6.3.3 Mantle Cavity
103(1)
14.6.3.4 Digestive System
103(1)
14.6.3.5 Renopericardial and Reproductive Systems
104(1)
14.6.3.6 Nervous System and Sense Organs
105(1)
14.6.4 Biology and Ecology
105(2)
14.6.4.1 Habits and Habitats
105(1)
14.6.4.2 Feeding and Diet
105(1)
14.6.4.3 Reproduction, Development, and Growth
105(2)
14.6.4.4 Associations
107(1)
14.6.5 Diversity and Fossil History
107(2)
Chapter 15 The Bivalvia 109(74)
15.1 Introduction
109(1)
15.2 Classification
109(3)
15.3 Morphology
112(33)
15.3.1 The Shell
113(11)
15.3.1.1 Orientation
113(1)
15.3.1.2 Sculpture
113(1)
15.3.1.3 Shell Structure
113(2)
15.3.1.4 Periostracum
115(2)
15.3.1.5 Ligament
117(2)
15.3.1.6 Hinge
119(1)
15.3.1.7 Pallial Line and Sinus
120(1)
15.3.1.8 Shell Reduction, Accessory Shell Plates, and Secondary Shells
120(4)
15.3.2 Muscles and Their Scars
124(1)
15.3.3 The Foot
124(1)
15.3.4 The Byssus - Structure and Function
125(2)
15.3.5 Mantle and Siphons
127(5)
15.3.6 Mantle Cavity
132(9)
15.3.6.1 The Ctenidia - Their Structure and Ciliation
132(7)
15.3.6.2 The Labial Palps
139(2)
15.3.6.3 Other Features of the Mantle Cavity
141(1)
15.3.7 Digestive System
141(2)
15.3.8 Renopericardial System
143(1)
15.3.9 Reproductive System
143(2)
15.3.10 Nervous System and Sense Organs
145(1)
15.4 Biology and Ecology
145(14)
15.4.1 Habits and Habitats
145(6)
15.4.1.1 Locomotion
145(1)
15.4.1.2 Attachment
146(1)
15.4.1.3 Secondary Soft-Bottom Dwellers
147(2)
15.4.1.4 Burrowers and Borers
149(2)
15.4.2 Feeding
151(1)
15.4.3 Life History and Growth
152(4)
15.4.4 Associations
156(2)
15.4.4.1 Bacterial and Algal Symbionts
156(2)
15.4.5 Relationships with Other Animals
158(1)
15.4.5.1 Predators of Bivalves
159(1)
15.5 Economic Values
159(1)
15.6 Diversity and Fossil History
159(3)
15.6.1 The First Bivalves
159(1)
15.6.2 The Evolutionary Radiation of Bivalves
159(2)
15.6.2.1 Freshwater Bivalves
161(1)
15.6.3 Patterns of Bivalve Diversity
161(1)
15.7 The Protobranch Bivalves
162(2)
15.7.1 Phylogeny and Classification
162(1)
15.7.2 Biology and Ecology
163(1)
15.7.3 Diversity and Fossil History
164(1)
15.8 The Autobranch Bivalves
164(19)
15.8.1 Pteriomorphia
164(3)
15.8.1.1 Phylogeny and Classification
164(1)
15.8.1.2 Biology and Ecology
165(2)
15.8.1.3 Diversity and Fossil History
167(1)
15.8.2 Heteroconchia
167(1)
15.8.3 Palaeoheterodonta
168(2)
15.8.3.1 Trigoniida
168(1)
15.8.3.2 Unionida
168(2)
15.8.4 Heterodonta
170(2)
15.8.4.1 Archiheterodonta
172(1)
15.8.5 Euheterodonta
172(6)
15.8.5.1 Phylogeny and Classification
173(1)
15.8.5.2 Biology and Ecology
174(1)
15.8.5.3 Diversity and Fossil History
175(1)
15.8.5.4 The Rudists
175(3)
15.8.6 Anomalodesmata (= Poromyata)
178(5)
Chapter 16 The Scaphopoda 183(12)
16.1 Introduction
183(1)
16.2 Phylogeny and Classification
183(1)
16.2.1 Sister Group Relationships
183(1)
16.3 Morphology
184(6)
16.3.1 Shell
184(1)
16.3.2 Head-Foot, Captacula, and Mantle
185(1)
16.3.3 Mantle Cavity
186(2)
16.3.4 Digestive System
188(1)
16.3.5 Renopericardial System
189(1)
16.3.6 Reproductive System
189(1)
16.3.7 Nervous System and Sense Organs
189(1)
16.4 Biology and Ecology
190(3)
16.4.1 Habits and Habitats
190(1)
16.4.2 Locomotion
190(1)
16.4.3 Feeding and Diet
190(2)
16.4.4 Reproduction, Development, and Growth
192(1)
16.4.5 Associations
192(1)
16.4.6 Predation, Defence, and Other Behavioural Attributes
193(1)
16.5 Diversity and Fossil History
193(1)
16.5.1 The Major Groups of Scaphopods
193(1)
16.6 Human Uses
193(2)
Chapter 17 The Cephalopoda 195(94)
17.1 Introduction
195(5)
17.2 Phylogeny and Classification
200(2)
17.3 Morphology
202(16)
17.3.1 Shell
202(3)
17.3.2 Head, Arms, and Funnel
205(3)
17.3.2.1 Embryological Evidence for the Derivation of Head Structures
208(1)
17.3.3 Epidermis (Skin)
208(1)
17.3.4 Head and Funnel Retractor Muscles
209(3)
17.3.4.1 Muscular Attachments, Shell Growth and the Addition of Septa
210(2)
17.3.5 The Fossil Record of Soft Tissues
212(1)
17.3.6 Mantle Wall
213(1)
17.3.7 Mantle Cavity
214(4)
17.4 Biology and Ecology
218(15)
17.4.1 Habits and Habitats
218(2)
17.4.1.1 The Habits and Habitats of Extinct Ectocochleate Cephalopods
218(2)
17.4.2 Locomotion and Buoyancy
220(8)
17.4.2.1 Locomotion
220(2)
17.4.2.2 Buoyancy
222(1)
17.4.2.3 The Shell as a Buoyancy Device
222(5)
17.4.2.4 Other Buoyancy Strategies
227(1)
17.4.3 The Ink Sac and Inking
228(1)
17.4.4 Colour Changes - Chromatophores and Other Special Skin Structures
228(3)
17.4.4.1 Chromatophores
229(1)
17.4.4.2 Structural Reflectors (Iridophores, Silvery Reflectors, and Leucophores)
229(2)
17.4.5 Luminescent Organs
231(2)
17.5 Digestive System
233(3)
17.5.1 The Jaws
233(1)
17.5.2 The Radula
233(1)
17.5.3 Feeding
233(3)
17.6 Renopericardial System
236(3)
17.7 Courtship, Reproduction, Development, and Growth
239(12)
17.7.1 Reproductive System
239(4)
17.7.1.1 Sexual Characters and Sexual Dimorphism
242(1)
17.7.2 Courtship and Mating
243(1)
17.7.3 Life History
244(3)
17.7.3.1 Spawn and Parental Care
245(1)
17.7.3.2 Development
245(2)
17.7.4 The Nervous System, Sense Organs, and Behaviour
247(2)
17.7.5 The Endocrine System
249(1)
17.7.6 Learning and Intelligence
249(1)
17.7.7 Behaviour
249(1)
17.7.8 Symbiotic Relationships
250(1)
17.7.9 Predators
251(1)
17.8 Economic Values
251(1)
17.9 The Origin of Cephalopods
251(5)
17.10 Diversity and Fossil History
256(2)
17.10.1 The Ordovician Radiation and Beyond
256(2)
17.11 The Major Groups of Cephalopoda
258(4)
17.11.1 The Nautiliforms
258(4)
17.11.1.1 Ellesmeroceratia and Plectronoceratia
259(1)
17.11.1.2 Orthoceratia
260(1)
17.11.1.3 Di scosorida
261(1)
17.11.1.4 Endoceratia
261(1)
17.11.1.5 Actinoceratia
261(1)
17.11.1.6 Nautilia
262(1)
17.12 Bactrita and Ammonitia (= Ammonoidea)
262(11)
17.12.1 Bactrita Bactritoidea)
262(2)
17.12.2 Ammonitia (Ammonites)
264(9)
17.12.2.1 The Embryonic Shell (Ammonitella)
267(1)
17.12.2.2 Ammonite Sutural Patterns
267(1)
17.12.2.3 Life Habits
268(1)
17.12.2.4 Aptychus and Jaws
269(2)
17.12.2.5 Phylogeny, Classification, Diversity, and Fossil History of Ammonites
271(1)
17.12.2.6 The Major Groups of Ammonites
272(1)
17.13 Coleoida
273(16)
17.13.1 Phylogeny, Classification, Diversity, and Fossil History
275(14)
17.13.1.1 Belemnitidia (The Belemnites)
279(1)
17.13.1.2 Decabrachia
279(5)
17.13.1.3 Squid - A Grade Not a Clade - The Myopsida, Oegopsida, Bathyteuthoidea ('Teuthida')
284(1)
17.13.1.4 Octobrachia (= Octopodiformes)
285(2)
17.13.1.5 Giant Squid and Octopuses
287(2)
Chapter 18 Gastropoda I - Introduction and the Stem Groups 289(76)
18.1 Introduction to the Gastropoda
289(14)
18.1.1 Phylogeny and Classification
289(1)
18.1.2 Morphology
290(10)
18.1.2.1 Shell, Operculum and External Body
293(1)
18.1.2.2 Shell Muscles
294(1)
18.1.2.3 Operculum
294(1)
18.1.2.4 Head-Foot
294(2)
18.1.2.5 Mantle Cavity and Its Organs
296(1)
18.1.2.6 Digestive System
296(1)
18.1.2.7 Renopericardial System
297(3)
18.1.2.8 Reproductive System
300(1)
18.1.2.9 Nervous System and Sense Organs
300(1)
18.1.3 Biology, Ecology, and Behaviour
300(3)
18.1.3.1 Habits and Habitats
300(1)
18.1.3.2 Locomotion and Behaviour
301(1)
18.1.3.3 Life History
301(1)
18.1.3.4 Feeding
301(1)
18.1.3.5 Associations
302(1)
18.1.4 Economic Values
303(1)
18.1.5 Diversity and Fossil History
303(1)
18.2 The Initial Radiation - Eogastropods and Orthogastropods
303(9)
18.2.1 Hypothetical Reconstructions
303(9)
18.2.1.1 A Hypothetical Ancestral Gastropod
307(1)
18.2.1.2 Eogastropoda
308(2)
18.2.1.3 Orthogastropoda
310(2)
18.3 The Lower Groups of Gastropods
312(1)
18.4 Patellogastropoda (= Docoglossa, Cyclobranchia, Eogastropoda in Part)
312(12)
18.4.1 Introduction
312(1)
18.4.2 Phylogeny and Classification
312(1)
18.4.2.1 Sister Group Relationships
313(1)
18.4.2.2 Outline of Classification
313(1)
18.4.3 Morphology
313(9)
18.4.3.1 Shell and Protoconch
313(2)
18.4.3.2 Head-Foot, Mantle, and Operculum
315(1)
18.4.3.3 Mantle Cavity
315(2)
18.4.3.4 Digestive System
317(3)
18.4.3.5 Reproductive System
320(1)
18.4.3.6 Renopericardial System
320(1)
18.4.3.7 Nervous System and Sense Organs
321(1)
18.4.4 Biology, Ecology, and Behaviour
322(1)
18.4.4.1 Habits and Habitats
322(1)
18.4.4.2 Locomotion and Behaviour
322(1)
18.4.4.3 Life History
322(1)
18.4.4.4 Feeding and Diet
322(1)
18.4.4.5 Associations
323(1)
18.4.5 Diversity and Fossil History
323(1)
18.5 Vetigastropoda
324(23)
18.5.1 Introduction
324(1)
18.5.2 Phylogeny and Classification
324(9)
18.5.2.1 Outline of Classification
326(6)
18.5.2.2 Deep-Sea Enigmas; The Neomphaloidean and Cocculinoidean Taxa
332(1)
18.5.3 Morphology
333(12)
18.5.3.1 Shell and Protoconch
333(4)
18.5.3.2 Head-Foot, Mantle, Operculum, and Locomotion
337(1)
18.5.3.3 Mantle Cavity
338(1)
18.5.3.4 Digestive System
338(5)
18.5.3.5 Reproductive System
343(1)
18.5.3.6 Renopericardial System
344(1)
18.5.3.7 Nervous System and Sense Organs
344(1)
18.5.4 Biology, Ecology, and Behaviour
345(1)
18.5.4.1 Habits and Habitats
345(1)
18.5.4.2 Feeding and Diet
345(1)
18.5.4.3 Life History
346(1)
18.5.4.4 Associations
346(1)
18.5.4.5 Behaviour
346(1)
18.5.5 Diversity and Fossil History
346(1)
18.6 Neritimorpha (= Neritopsina)
347(18)
18.6.1 Introduction
347(1)
18.6.2 Phylogeny and Classification
347(3)
18.6.2.1 Sister Group Relationships
349(1)
18.6.2.2 Outline of Classification
349(1)
18.6.3 Morphology
350(10)
18.6.3.1 Shell and Protoconch
350(1)
18.6.3.2 Head-Foot, Mantle, Operculum, and Locomotion
351(2)
18.6.3.3 Mantle Cavity
353(1)
18.6.3.4 Digestive System
354(1)
18.6.3.5 Renopericardial System
355(1)
18.6.3.6 Reproductive System
355(5)
18.6.3.7 Nervous System and Sense Organs
360(1)
18.6.4 Biology and Ecology
360(3)
18.6.4.1 Habits and Habitats
360(1)
18.6.4.2 Feeding and Diet
361(1)
18.6.4.3 Life History
361(1)
18.6.4.4 Associations
362(1)
18.6.4.5 Behaviour
362(1)
18.6.5 Diversity and Fossil History
363(2)
Chapter 19 Gastropoda II - The Caenogastropoda 365(54)
19.1 Introduction
365(1)
19.2 Phylogeny and Classification
365(1)
19.2.1 Sister Group Relationships
365(1)
19.2.2 Outline of Classification
365(1)
19.3 Morphology
366(37)
19.3.1 Shell and Protoconch
377(2)
19.3.2 Head-Foot, Mantle, and Operculum
379(1)
19.3.2.1 Head Structures
379(1)
19.3.2.2 The Foot
379(1)
19.3.2.3 The Operculum
380(1)
19.3.2.4 Mantle Edge
380(1)
19.3.3 Mantle Cavity
380(1)
19.3.4 Digestive System
381(13)
19.3.5 Renopericardial System
394(1)
19.3.6 Reproductive System
394(6)
19.3.6.1 The Female System
395(1)
19.3.6.2 The Male System
396(4)
19.3.7 Nervous System and Sense Organs
400(3)
19.4 Biology, Ecology, and Behaviour
403(9)
19.4.1 Habits and Habitats
403(1)
19.4.2 Locomotion
403(1)
19.4.3 Feeding and Diet
404(1)
19.4.4 Life History and Growth
405(5)
19.4.4.1 Spawn, Development, and Larvae
405(5)
19.4.5 Associations
410(2)
19.4.5.1 The Evolution of Parasitism in Eulimidae
410(2)
19.4.6 Predators and Defence
412(1)
19.4.7 Other Behavioural Attributes
412(1)
19.5 Economic and Ecological Values
412(1)
19.6 Diversity and Fossil History
413(1)
19.7 Major Groups within Caenogastropoda
414(5)
19.7.1 The Architaenioglossans
414(1)
19.7.1.1 Campanilida
415(1)
19.7.2 Sorbeoconcha
415(4)
19.7.2.1 Cerithi imorpha
415(1)
19.7.2.2 Hypsogastropoda
416(3)
Chapter 20 Gastropoda III - The Heterobranchia 419(108)
20.1 Introduction
419(1)
20.2 Phylogeny and Classification
419(10)
20.2.1 Sister Group Relationships
421(1)
20.2.2 Chromosome Numbers
422(7)
20.3 Morphology
429(74)
20.3.1 Shell and Operculum
435(6)
20.3.1.1 Shell Structure
439(1)
20.3.1.2 Larval or Embryonic Shell
439(1)
20.3.1.3 Shell Reduction and Loss
439(1)
20.3.1.4 Shell Variation
440(1)
20.3.1.5 Operculum
440(1)
20.3.2 External Body Morphology
441(6)
20.3.2.1 Head Tentacles
441(1)
20.3.2.2 Cephalic (Head) Shield
442(1)
20.3.2.3 Epithelial Modifications
442(2)
20.3.2.4 Oral Veil
444(1)
20.3.2.5 The Foot, Pedal Glands, and Parapodia
444(1)
20.3.2.6 The Mantle
445(2)
20.3.3 Mantle Cavity and Associated Structures
447(5)
20.3.3.1 Heterobranch Gills
450(1)
20.3.3.2 Opposed Ciliary Ridges (Raphes) and Mantle Tentacles
451(1)
20.3.3.3 The Hypobranchial Gland
451(1)
20.3.3.4 The Pigmented Mantle Organ (PMO)
452(1)
20.3.3.5 Other Glands Associated with the Mantle Cavity
452(1)
20.3.4 Digestive System
452(20)
20.3.5 The Renopericardial System
472(2)
20.3.6 Nervous System and Sense Organs
474(5)
20.3.6.1 Sense Organs
477(2)
20.3.7 Reproductive System
479(24)
20.3.7.1 Terminology
479(2)
20.3.7.2 The Ovotestis and Gametes
481(1)
20.3.7.3 The Reproductive System of 'Lower Heterobranchs'
482(3)
20.3.7.4 Some Small Euthyneurans Previously Thought to Be Lower Heterobranchs
485(1)
20.3.7.5 Euthyneuran Reproductive Systems
486(17)
20.4 Biology, Ecology, and Behaviour
503(17)
20.4.1 Habits and Habitats
503(1)
20.4.2 Locomotion
503(1)
20.4.3 Food and Feeding
504(3)
20.4.3.1 Herbivory
505(1)
20.4.3.2 Fungivory
505(1)
20.4.3.3 Active Carnivory
505(2)
20.4.3.4 Parasitism
507(1)
20.4.3.5 Suspension Feeding
507(1)
20.4.3.6 Coprophagy
507(1)
20.4.4 Reproduction, Development, and Growth
507(8)
20.4.4.1 Self-Fertilisation
508(1)
20.4.4.2 Hypodermic Insemination
508(1)
20.4.4.3 Aphally
508(1)
20.4.4.4 Asexual Reproduction
509(1)
20.4.4.5 Life Cycles
509(1)
20.4.4.6 Reproductive Behaviour
509(1)
20.4.4.7 Development
509(1)
20.4.4.8 Spawn
510(4)
20.4.4.9 Larvae and Larval Shells
514(1)
20.4.5 Behaviour
515(1)
20.4.6 Predation and Defence
515(5)
20.4.6.1 The Shell as a Means of Defence
515(1)
20.4.6.2 Mucus
516(1)
20.4.6.3 Defence without a Shell
516(1)
20.4.6.4 Use of Nematocysts
517(1)
20.4.6.5 Aposematic (Warning) Colouration and Batesian and Mullerian Mimicry
518(1)
20.4.6.6 Autotomy
519(1)
20.4.6.7 Predators of Heterobranchs
519(1)
20.4.7 Associations
520(1)
20.4.8 Economic and Ecological Values
520(1)
20.5 Diversity and Fossil History
520(7)
20.5.1 Major Groups within the Heterobranchia
521(6)
20.5.1.1 'Lower Heterobranchs'
521(1)
20.5.1.2 Euthyneura
521(6)
Chapter 21 Molluscan Research - Present and Future Directions 527(16)
21.1 Molluscan Research Publications
527(3)
21.1.1 Provision of Basic Information
527(5)
21.1.1.1 Use of Museum Collections
529(1)
21.1.1.2 Research Workshops
529(1)
21.1.1.3 DNA Barcoding
529(1)
21.1.1.4 Genetics
529(1)
21.2 Palaeobiology
530(1)
21.3 Taphonomy
531(1)
21.4 Systematics
532(1)
21.5 Systematic, Phylogenetic, and Evolutionary Studies
532(3)
21.5.1 Different Datasets
532(3)
21.5.1.1 Molecular Datasets
533(2)
21.6 Biogeography
535(1)
21.7 Discovery
535(1)
21.8 The Future
535(8)
21.8.1 Text Mining
536(1)
21.8.2 New Technology
536(1)
21.8.3 Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Research
536(2)
21.8.4 Biodiversity
538(2)
21.8.5 Citizen Science
540(3)
Appendix Higher Classification of the Extant Classes of Mollusca 543(182)
References 725(92)
Index 817
Winston Frank Ponder, David R. Lindberg, Juliet Mary Ponder
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta
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