Klienditugi: 7440010 (E-R 10-18)

Abi | Registreeri | Logi sisse

E-raamat: Biomaterials: A Basic Introduction

5.00/5 (4 hinnangut Goodreads-ist)

Qizhi Chen (Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia), George Thouas (Monash University, Australia)

Formaat: 736 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 15-Dec-2014
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781482227703

Teised raamatud teemal:

Formaat - PDF+DRM
Hind: 76,69 €*
* hind on lõplik, st. muud allahindlused enam ei rakendu
Lisa ostukorvi
Lisa soovinimekirja
See e-raamat on mõeldud ainult isiklikuks kasutamiseks. E-raamatuid ei saa tagastada.

Formaat: 736 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 15-Dec-2014
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781482227703

Teised raamatud teemal:

DRM piirangud

Kopeerimine (copy/paste):

ei ole lubatud
Printimine:

ei ole lubatud
Kasutamine:

Digitaalõiguste kaitse (DRM)
Kirjastus on väljastanud selle e-raamatu krüpteeritud kujul, mis tähendab, et selle lugemiseks peate installeerima spetsiaalse tarkvara. Samuti peate looma endale Adobe ID Rohkem infot siin. E-raamatut saab lugeda 1 kasutaja ning alla laadida kuni 6'de seadmesse (kõik autoriseeritud sama Adobe ID-ga).

Vajalik tarkvara
Mobiilsetes seadmetes (telefon või tahvelarvuti) lugemiseks peate installeerima selle tasuta rakenduse: PocketBook Reader (iOS / Android)

PC või Mac seadmes lugemiseks peate installima Adobe Digital Editionsi (Seeon tasuta rakendus spetsiaalselt e-raamatute lugemiseks. Seda ei tohi segamini ajada Adober Reader'iga, mis tõenäoliselt on juba teie arvutisse installeeritud )

Seda e-raamatut ei saa lugeda Amazon Kindle's.

Explores Biomedical Science from a Unique Perspective

Biomaterials: A Basic Introduction is a definitive resource for students entering biomedical or bioengineering disciplines. This text offers a detailed exploration of engineering and materials science, and examines the boundary and relationship between the two. Based on the authors course lecture notes and many years of research, it presents students with the knowledge needed to select and design biomaterials used in medical devices. Placing special emphasis on metallic, ceramic, polymeric, and composite biomaterials, it explains the difference between materials science and materials engineering, introduces basic concepts and principles, and analyzes the critically important properties of biomaterials.

Explains Complex Theories Using Aspects of Daily Life

This text provides an appropriate balance between depth and broadness of coverage, and offers an understanding of the most important concepts and principles to students from a wide academic spectrum. It delivers the science of biomaterials in laymen terms, from a material standpoint, as well as a clinical applications point of view. It equips students majoring in materials science/engineering with knowledge on the fundamentals of how biomaterials behave at a biological level, and provides students majoring in medicine with information that is generally unavailable in traditional medical courses. The authors incorporate learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter, as well as chapter highlights, problems, and exercises at the end of each chapter. In addition, they present objectives, suggested activities, and reference material for further reading.

Contains an overview of medical science vis-ą-vis materials science, describes anatomy, histology, and cell biology Highlights health issues and diseases where biomaterials can easily find medical applications Presents knowledge of the relationship between the biomaterials and the living body Evaluates medical devices and looks into their respective regulations

Biomaterials: A Basic Introduction contains an overview of basic biomaterials and concepts, and is written for upper-division students in the US/Canada, and second-level students in universities worldwide.

Arvustused

"Very comprehensive The text is easy to read and ideal as an introductory text." Anthony McGoron, Florida International University, Miami, USA

"This textbook provides a logically structured approach to understanding biomaterial applications. The diagrams, pictures, and examples allow the reader to easily understand this complex topic." Peter Wawrow, St. Clair College, Windsor, Ontario, Canada

"This book is the most complete and thorough textbook on biomaterials I have had the chance to evaluate/read. It covers the basics of materials science and provide important insights on all the aspects relevant to the biomaterials field. Topics are presented and described in an accessible fashion, making this piece of work a valuable textbook for undergraduate (but also graduate) courses." Fabio Variola, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Preface

xxiii

Acknowledgments

xxvii

Authors

xxix

PART I Biomaterials Science

Chapter 1 Biomaterials Science and Engineering

(24)

Learning Objectives

(1)

1.1 Materials Science and Engineering

(1)

1.2 Multilevel of Structure and Categorization of Materials

(5)

1.3 Four Categories of Materials

(9)

1.3.1 Metallics

(2)

1.3.2 Ceramics

(2)

1.3.3 Polymers

(2)

1.3.4 Composites

(3)

1.4 Definitions of Biomaterials, Biomedical Materials, and Biological Materials

(2)

1.5 Biocompatibility

(3)

1.6
Chapter Highlights

(4)

Activities

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

(1)

Problems and Exercises

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

Chapter 2 Toxicity and Corrosion

(36)

Learning Objectives

(1)

2.1 Elements in the Body

(2)

2.2 Biological Roles and Toxicities of Trace Elements

(1)

2.3 Selection of Metallic Elements in Medical-Grade Alloys

(3)

2.4 Corrosion of Metals

(8)

2.4.1 Why Do Metals Corrode?

(1)

2.4.2 Corrosion Tendencies of Dissimilar Metals: Electrode Potentials

(2)

2.4.3 Factors Affecting Electrode Potentials

(1)

2.4.4 Galvanic Corrosion

(1)

2.4.5 Corrosion Possibility of a Metal under Different Conditions: Pourbaix Diagrams

(3)

2.5 Environment inside the Body

(1)

2.6 Minimization of Toxicity of Metal Implants

(1)

2.7
Chapter Highlights

(20)

Laboratory Practice 1

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

(1)

Problems and Exercises

(2)

Advanced Topic: Biological Roles of Alloying Elements

(8)

Bibliography

(9)

Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials

(24)

Learning Objectives

(1)

3.1 Role of Implant Biomaterials

(1)

3.2 Mechanical Properties of General Importance

(1)

3.3 Hardness

(3)

3.4 Elasticity: Resilience and Stretchability

(1)

3.5 Mechanical Properties Terms Used in the Medical Community

(1)

3.6 Failure

(7)

3.6.1 Fatigue

(3)

3.6.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking

(4)

3.7 Essential Mechanical Properties of Orthopedic Implant Biomaterials

(4)

3.7.1 Mechanical Working Environments of Implants in the Body

(1)

3.7.1.1 Fatigue

(1)

3.7.1.2 Fretting Fatigue and Corrosion Fretting Fatigue

(1)

3.7.2 Wear of Joints

(2)

3.7.3 Osseo-Integration

(1)

3.8
Chapter Highlights

(7)

Activities

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

(1)

Problems and Exercises

(2)

Bibliography

(3)

Chapter 4 Metallic Biomaterials in Orthopedic Implants

(44)

Learning Objectives

(1)

4.1 Development of Metallic Biomaterials

(2)

4.2 Stainless Steels

(16)

4.2.1 Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels

(1)

4.2.1.1 Chromium (Passivity)

(1)

4.2.1.2 Nickel (Passivity and FCC Structure Formation)

(1)

4.2.1.3 Molybdenum (Carbide Formation and Minimization of Pitting Corrosion)

(1)

4.2.1.4 Nitrogen (Enhance Resistance to Pitting and Crevice Corrosion)

(1)

4.2.1.5 Metallurgical Processing Routes That Enhance Corrosion Resistance

(1)

4.2.1.6 Stress Corrosion Cracking

(1)

4.2.1.7 Summary

(1)

4.2.2 Biocompatibility of Stainless Steels

(1)

4.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Implant-Grade Stainless Steels

(1)

4.2.4 Application Principles of Stainless Steels in Orthopedics

(3)

4.2.5 Critical-Sized Defects

(4)

4.2.6 Current Issues and Challenges

103

(2)

4.3 Cobalt-Based Alloys

105

(7)

4.3.1 Corrosion Resistance of Cobalt--Chromium Alloys

105

(1)

4.3.2 Biocompatibility of Cobalt Alloys

106

(1)

4.3.3 Mechanical Properties of Medical-Grade Cobalt Alloys

107

(2)

4.3.4 Medical Applications of Cobalt Alloys

109

(1)

4.3.5 Current Issues and Challenges

110

(1)

4.3.6 Summary

111

(1)

4.4 Titanium Alloys

112

(9)

4.4.1 Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys

112

(1)

4.4.2 Biocompatibility of Titanium Alloys

113

(1)

4.4.3 Bone-Bonding Ability of Ti and Ti Alloys

113

(1)

4.4.4 Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloys

114

(1)

4.4.4.1 Commercial Pure Titanium

114

(2)

4.4.4.2 α--β Titanium Alloys

116

(1)

4.4.4.3 β Titanium Alloys

116

(2)

4.4.5 Wear Resistance

118

(1)

4.4.6 Clinical Applications of Titanium Alloys

119

(1)

4.4.7 Current Issues and Challenges

120

(1)

4.4.8 Summary of Titanium Alloys

121

(1)

4.5 Comparison of Stainless Steels, Cobalt, and Titanium Alloys

121

(3)

4.6 Summary and Remarks

124

(1)

4.7
Chapter Highlights

124

(7)

Activities

125

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

125

(1)

Problems and Exercises

126

(2)

Bibliography

128

(3)

Chapter 5 Metallic Biomaterials: Miscellaneous Others

131

(31)

Learning Objectives

131

(1)

5.1 Dental Materials

131

(9)

5.1.1 HgAgSn Amalgam as Tooth Fillings

135

(1)

5.1.1.1 Corrosion Resistance of Amalgam

135

(1)

5.1.1.2 Special Requirements of Tooth Fillings

136

(1)

5.1.1.3 Properties of HgAgSn Amalgam

136

(1)

5.1.2 Noble Metals

137

(1)

5.1.2.1 Corrosion Resistance

137

(1)

5.1.2.2 Alloying Composition and Properties

137

(1)

5.1.2.3 Dental Applications of Noble Alloys

137

(3)

5.2 NiTi Shape-Memory Alloys

140

(11)

5.2.1 Mechanism of the Shape-Memory Effect

140

(2)

5.2.1.1 One-Way Shape-Memory Effect

142

(2)

5.2.1.2 Two-Way Shape-Memory Effect

144

(1)

5.2.2 Corrosion of NiTi Alloys

144

(1)

5.2.3 Biocompatibility of NiTi Alloys

144

(1)

5.2.3.1 In Vitro Evaluation

144

(1)

5.2.3.2 In Vivo Evaluation in Animals

144

(1)

5.2.3.3 In Vivo Trials of NiTi Implants in Humans

145

(1)

5.2.3.4 Biocompatibility of NiTi Wires as Stents (Filters)

145

(1)

5.2.4 Mechanical Properties of NiTi Alloys

145

(1)

5.2.4.1 General Mechanical Properties

145

(1)

5.2.4.2 Fatigue Properties of NiTi Alloys

146

(1)

5.2.5 Medical Applications of NiTi Alloys

146

(1)

5.2.5.1 Cardiovascular Applications of Self-Expandable Stents

146

(1)

5.2.5.2 Gastrointestinal Applications of Self-Expandable Stents

147

(1)

5.2.5.3 Urological and Other Applications of Self-Expandable Stents

148

(1)

5.2.5.4 Orthopedic and Orthodontic Applications of NiTi Implants

148

(2)

5.2.6 Issues and Challenges of NiTi Implants

150

(1)

5.2.7 Summary

150

(1)

5.3 Other Clinically Applied Metallic Materials

151

(3)

5.3.1 Tantalum

151

(1)

5.3.1.1 Corrosion and Biocompatibility of Tantalum

151

(1)

5.3.1.2 Clinical Applications of Tantalum

151

(1)

5.3.2 Zirconium Alloys

151

(1)

5.3.2.1 Corrosion and Biocompatibility of Zirconium

151

(2)

5.3.2.2 Clinical Application of Zirconium Alloy

153

(1)

5.3.3 Silver

153

(1)

5.3.3.1 Biocompatibility of Silver

153

(1)

5.3.3.2 Medical Application of Ag

153

(1)

5.3.4 Metals Used as Medical Electrodes

154

(1)

5.4 New Metallic Materials: Magnesium Alloys

154

(7)

5.4.1 Three Generations of Biomaterials in Terms of Degradability

154

(1)

5.4.2 Rationale of Developing Mg Alloys as Medical Implants

155

(1)

5.4.3 Corrosion of Mg Alloys

155

(2)

5.4.4 Biocompatibility/Toxicity of Mg Alloys

157

(2)

5.4.5 Mechanical Properties of Mg Alloys

159

(1)

5.4.5.1 Mg--Zn-Based Alloys

160

(1)

5.4.5.2 Mg--Ca-Based Alloys

160

(1)

5.4.6 Potential Applications of Magnesium Alloys and Challenges

160

(1)

5.4.7 Summary

160

(1)

5.5
Chapter Highlights

161

(1)

Laboratory Practice 2

161

(1)

5.A Appendix Data on Corrosion Resistance and Biocompatibility of Niti Alloys

162

(23)

Simple Questions in Class

175

(1)

Problems and Exercises

176

(3)

Bibliography

179

(6)

Chapter 6 Bioinert Ceramics

185

(28)

Learning Objectives

185

(1)

6.1 Overview of Bioceramics

185

(3)

6.1.1 Classification of Bioceramics

185

(1)

6.1.2 Three Generations of Bioceramics

186

(1)

6.1.3 Mechanical Sensitivity of Ceramics to Stress Concentration

187

(1)

6.2 Inert Bioceramics: Al2O3

188

(5)

6.2.1 Corrosion Resistance and Biocompatibility

188

(1)

6.2.2 Mechanical Properties

188

(1)

6.2.3 Medical Applications of Al2O3

189

(2)

6.2.4 Strategies to Minimize the Wear of Bearing Surfaces

191

(2)

6.2.5 Other Applications of Al2O3 as an Implant Material

193

(1)

6.3 Inert Bioceramics: ZrO2

193

(1)

6.4 Two Types of Joints

194

(1)

6.5 Summary and Remarks on Al2O3 and ZrO2

195

(1)

6.6 Dental Ceramics

196

(3)

6.6.1 Dental Implant Ceramics

196

(1)

6.6.2 Dental Porcelains

197

(2)

6.7
Chapter Highlights

199

(14)

Activities

199

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

200

(1)

Problems and Exercises

201

(1)

Advanced Topic: Total Joint Replacement

202

(7)

Bibliography

209

(4)

Chapter 7 Bioactive and Bioresorbable Ceramics

213

(44)

Learning Objectives

213

(1)

7.1 Overview of Surface Bioactive and Bulk Degradable Ceramics

213

(1)

7.2 Calcium Phosphates and Hydroxyapatite

214

(4)

7.2.1 Calcium Phosphate

214

(1)

7.2.2 Apatite

214

(1)

7.2.3 Bone Minerals (Biological Apatite)

214

(1)

7.2.4 Biocompatibility of Synthetic Calcium Phosphates and Hydroxyapatite

215

(1)

7.2.5 Stability of Synthetic Calcium Phosphates and Hydroxyapatites in Physiological Solutions

216

(1)

7.2.6 Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Calcium Phosphates and Hydroxyapatite

217

(1)

7.2.7 Applications of Synthetic Calcium Phosphates and Hydroxyapatites as Implant Materials

217

(1)

7.3 Bioactive Glasses

218

(4)

7.3.1 Bioactive Silicate Glasses

218

(1)

7.3.1.1 Composition and Biodegradability of Bioactive Silicate Glasses

218

(2)

7.3.1.2 Biocompatibility of Bioactive Silicate Glasses

220

(1)

7.3.1.3 Mechanical Properties

220

(1)

7.3.1.4 Medical Applications of Bioactive Glasses

221

(1)

7.4 Bioactive Glass-Ceramics

222

(1)

7.4.1 A--W Glass-Ceramic

222

(1)

7.4.2 Ceravital® Glass-Ceramics

223

(1)

7.4.3 Bioverit® Glass-Ceramics

223

(1)

7.5 Bone-Bonding Mechanisms

223

(6)

7.6 Biodegradable Ceramics

229

(3)

7.6.1 Biodegradation Mechanisms of Amorphous Structures

230

(1)

7.6.2 Biodegradation Mechanisms of Crystalline Structures

230

(1)

7.6.3 Design of Degradation Kinetics of Degradable Biomaterials

230

(2)

7.6.4 How to Tune Bioactivity and Degradation Kinetics of Bioceramics

232

(1)

7.7
Chapter Highlights

232

(25)

Laboratory Practice 3

234

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

234

(1)

Problems and Exercises

235

(1)

Advanced Topic: Bioceramic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

236

(15)

Bibliography

251

(6)

Chapter 8 Polymeric Biomaterials: Fundamentals

257

(38)

Learning Objectives

257

(1)

8.1 Basic Concepts on Polymers

257

(18)

8.1.1 What Are Polymers?

258

(3)

8.1.2 Simplified Illustration of Molecular Structures of Polymers

261

(1)

8.1.3 Why Many Polymers Are Flexible?

261

(2)

8.1.4 Classification of Homo- and Copolymers

263

(1)

8.1.5 Classification of Skeletal Structures

264

(1)

8.1.5.1 Linear or Branched Chain Structures: Thermoplastic Polymers

265

(1)

8.1.5.2 Cross-Linked (Elastomeric) or Networked (Rigid) Structures: Thermoset Polymers

265

(1)

8.1.6 Phase Separation of Polymers

266

(1)

8.1.6.1 Crystallinity of Polymers

266

(1)

8.1.6.2 Segmented Copolymers

266

(1)

8.1.7 Molar Mass (Molecular Weight) of Polymers

267

(1)

8.1.8 Mechanical Properties of Polymers

267

(1)

8.1.8.1 Thermoplastics

267

(2)

8.1.8.2 Thermoset Elastomers

269

(1)

8.1.8.3 Thermoplastic Rubbers

270

(1)

8.1.8.4 Thermoset Resins

270

(2)

8.1.9 Strategies to Strengthen/Harden Polymers

272

(1)

8.1.10 Synthesis of Polymers

272

(2)

8.1.11 Hydrolysis and Chemical Design Principles of Medical Polymers

274

(1)

8.2 Overview of Polymeric Biomaterials

275

(1)

8.2.1 Classification

275

(1)

8.2.2 How to Adjust Degradability of Polymers

275

(1)

8.3
Chapter Highlights

276

(19)

Activities

277

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

277

(2)

Problems and Exercises

279

(1)

Advanced Topic: Polymers and Polymer Scaffolds for Soft Tissue Engineering

280

(10)

Bibliography

290

(5)

Chapter 9 Bioinert Polymers

295

(44)

Learning Objectives

295

(1)

9.1 Polyolefin

295

(4)

9.1.1 Polyethylene

295

(1)

9.1.2 Polypropylene

296

(3)

9.2 Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)

299

(1)

9.3 Acrylate Polymer

300

(3)

9.4 Fluorocarbon Polymers

303

(3)

9.5 Silicone

306

(2)

9.6 Polyurethane

308

(4)

9.6.1 Polymer Chemistry of Polyurethanes

308

(1)

9.6.2 Third Component in PU Synthesis: The Chain Extender

309

(2)

9.6.3 Properties and Medicinal Applications of PUs

311

(1)

9.7
Chapter Highlights

312

(27)

Activities

313

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

313

(1)

Problems and Exercises

314

(1)

Advanced Topic: Properties and Applications of Polyurethane as Biomaterials

315

(17)

Bibliography

332

(7)

Chapter 10 Bioresorbable Polymers

339

(46)

Learning Objectives

339

(1)

10.1 Biodegradation of Polymers

339

(4)

10.1.1 Degradation of Polymers

339

(1)

10.1.2 General Process of Polymer Biodegradation

340

(1)

10.1.3 Cleavage of Polymer Chains

341

(1)

10.1.3.1 Hydrolyzable Polymers

341

(2)

10.2 Polyesters: PGA, PLA, and PCL

343

(4)

10.2.1 Esters

343

(1)

10.2.2 Synthesis of PGA, PLA, and PCL

344

(1)

10.2.3 Properties of PGA, PLA, and PCL

345

(1)

10.2.4 Degradation of Polyesters

345

(2)

10.2.5 Biocompatibility of Polyesters

347

(1)

10.2.6 Biomedical Applications of PGA, PLA, and PCL

347

(1)

10.3 Polyesters: PHA

347

(3)

10.3.1 Synthesis of PHAs

347

(1)

10.3.2 Biocompatibility of PHAs

347

(2)

10.3.3 Biodegradation Rates

349

(1)

10.3.4 Properties of PHAs

349

(1)

10.3.5 Medical Applications of PHAs

349

(1)

10.4 Elastomeric Polyester: Poly(Polyol Sebacate)

350

(4)

10.4.1 Synthesis of Poly(Polyol Sebacate)

350

(1)

10.4.2 Biodegradation and Biocompatibility of PPS

351

(1)

10.4.3 Mechanical Properties of PPS Polymers

351

(1)

10.4.4 Stress--Strain Curves of Synthetic and Biological Elastomers

352

(2)

10.5 Polyether: Poly(Ethylene Glycol)

354

(1)

10.5.1 Synthesis of PEG

354

(1)

10.5.2 Applications of PEG

354

(1)

10.6 Polyamide

354

(1)

10.6.1 Synthesis of Polyamides

354

(1)

10.6.2 Stability of Peptide Bonds in Aqueous Solution at pH 7

355

(1)

10.7 Surface-Erodible Polymers

355

(1)

10.8 Biological Polymers

356

(1)

10.9
Chapter Highlights

356

(29)

Simple Questions in Class

357

(1)

Problems and Exercises

358

(1)

Laboratory Practice 4

359

(1)

Advanced Topic: Natural Polymers: Resilin, Silk, and Gluten

360

(18)

Bibliography

378

(7)

Chapter 11 Composite Biomaterials

385

(26)

Learning Objectives

385

(1)

11.1 Overview of Composites

385

(6)

11.1.1 Definition of Composites

386

(1)

11.1.2 Classification of Composites

387

(1)

11.1.3 General Structure--Property Relationship

388

(1)

11.1.3.1 Effects of Shape

388

(1)

11.1.3.2 Volume Fraction of a Composite

388

(2)

11.1.3.3 Effect of Volume Fraction: The Concept of Load Transfer

390

(1)

11.1.3.4 Prediction of Elastic Properties of Composites

390

(1)

11.1.3.5 Interface Bonding

391

(1)

11.2 Natural Composites: Bone

391

(4)

11.2.1 Constituents of Bone, Dentin, and Enamel (Human)

392

(1)

11.2.1.1 Inorganic Constituents of Bone

392

(1)

11.2.1.2 Organic Constituents of Bone

393

(1)

11.2.1.3 Constituents of Dentine and Enamel

393

(1)

11.2.2 Volume Fraction of Apatite in Bone, Dentin, and Enamel

393

(1)

11.2.3 Prediction of Stiffness of Bone, Dentin, and Enamel

393

(2)

11.3 Dental Composites

395

(2)

11.3.1 Management of Shrinkage

395

(1)

11.3.2 Glass--Ionomer Cement

396

(1)

11.4 Artificial Bone

397

(1)

11.5
Chapter Highlights

398

(13)

Laboratory Practice 5

399

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

399

(1)

Problems and Exercises

400

(1)

Advanced Topic: Development of Artificial Bone: Composites and Scaffolds

401

(4)

Bibliography

405

(6)

PART II Medical Science

Chapter 12 Medicine and Medical Science

411

(14)

Learning Objectives

411

(1)

12.1 Medicine and Medical Science

411

(1)

12.2 Medical Science versus Materials Science

412

(4)

12.3 Learning Goals of Part II

416

(1)

12.4
Chapter Highlights

417

(8)

Activity

418

(1)

Bibliography

418

(2)

Image Links

420

(3)

Simple Questions in Class

423

(1)

Problems and Exercises

423

(2)

Chapter 13 Human Anatomy and Diseases I: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, and Endocrine Systems

425

(34)

Learning Objectives

425

(1)

13.1 Integumentary System

425

(4)

13.1.1 Gross Anatomy of Skin

425

(1)

13.1.2 Functions of Skin

426

(1)

13.1.3 Regenerative Ability of the Skin and Stem Cells

427

(1)

13.1.4 Threatening Skin Injury: Burns

427

(2)

13.1.5 Applications of Biomaterials in Full-Thickness Burns

429

(1)

13.2 Skeletal System

429

(7)

13.2.1 Gross Anatomy of Skeleton

429

(1)

13.2.1.1 Two Subskeletons

429

(1)

13.2.1.2 Types of Bones

430

(1)

13.2.1.3 Gross Structure of an Individual Long Bone

430

(1)

13.2.1.4 Articulations and Articular Cartilage

431

(1)

13.2.2 Functions of Bone

431

(1)

13.2.3 Development of Bone

432

(1)

13.2.4 Regenerative Capacity of Bone

432

(3)

13.2.5 The Most Common Bone Disease: Osteoporosis

435

(1)

13.2.6 Applications of Biomaterials in Skeleton System

436

(1)

13.3 Muscular System

436

(4)

13.3.1 Gross Anatomy of Muscle

436

(1)

13.3.2 Skeletal Muscle

437

(1)

13.3.3 Cardiac Muscle

438

(1)

13.3.4 Smooth (Visceral) Muscle

438

(2)

13.3.5 Regenerative Ability and Cancer Susceptibility

440

(1)

13.4 Nervous System

440

(7)

13.4.1 Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System

440

(3)

13.4.2 Regenerative Capacity of the PNS and CNS

443

(2)

13.4.3 Nerve Disorders: Degeneration of Brain

445

(1)

13.4.4 Surgical Reconnection of PNS

445

(1)

13.4.5 Application of Biomaterials and Challenges to Nerve Damage

445

(1)

13.4.5.1 Nerve-Bridging Device

445

(1)

13.4.5.2 Nonbiodegradable Artificial Nerve Grafts

446

(1)

13.4.5.3 Neural Tissue Engineering: To Address Major PN Injuries

446

(1)

13.4.5.4 Biomaterials for Drug or Cell Delivery

446

(1)

13.5 Endocrine System

447

(2)

13.5.1 Gross Anatomy of the Endocrine System

447

(2)

13.5.2 Functions of the Endocrine System

449

(1)

13.5.3 Cellular/Molecular Therapies and Application of Biomaterials

449

(1)

13.6
Chapter Highlights

449

(10)

Activities

450

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

450

(4)

Problems and Exercises

454

(1)

Advanced Topic: Biomaterial Challenges in Bone Tissue Engineering

454

(2)

Bibliography

456

(3)

Chapter 14 Human Anatomy and Diseases II: Cardiovascular System

459

(30)

Learning Objectives

459

(1)

14.1 Anatomy and Functions of the Cardiovascular System

459

(8)

14.1.1 Blood

460

(1)

14.1.2 Heart

461

(1)

14.1.3 Two Circuits

462

(1)

14.1.4 Blood vessels

462

(1)

14.1.4.1 Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

462

(3)

14.1.4.2 Aorta and Coronary Arteries of the Heart

465

(2)

14.2 Cardiovascular Disease

467

(5)

14.2.1 Coronary Artery Disease

468

(1)

14.2.2 Brain Vessel Diseases

469

(1)

14.2.3 Hypertensive Heart Disease

469

(1)

14.2.4 Cardiomyopathy

469

(2)

14.2.5 Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease

471

(1)

14.2.6 Peripheral Vascular Disease

471

(1)

14.2.7 Congenital Heart Disease

471

(1)

14.3 Cardiac Performance: P--V Loop

472

(1)

14.4 Current Therapies for Heart Disease

472

(3)

14.5 Alternative Treatments and Application of Biomaterials

475

(7)

14.5.1 Cardiomyoplasty

475

(1)

14.5.2 Ventricular Restraint

476

(2)

14.5.3 Stem Cell Therapy

478

(1)

14.5.4 Combinatorial Approach: The Heart Patch

479

(3)

14.6 Artificial Blood Vessels

482

(1)

14.7
Chapter Highlights

482

(7)

Activities

482

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

483

(2)

Problems and Exercises

485

(1)

Bibliography

486

(3)

Chapter 15 Human Anatomy and Diseases III: Respiratory, Lymphatic, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems

489

(30)

Learning Objectives

489

(1)

15.1 Respiratory System

489

(7)

15.1.1 Breathing and Respiration

489

(1)

15.1.2 Gross Anatomy and Functions of the Respiratory System

490

(1)

15.1.2.1 Nose, Pharynx, and Larynx (Upper Respiratory Tract)

491

(1)

15.1.2.2 Trachea and Bronchi (Lower Respiratory Tract)

491

(1)

15.1.3 Gross Structure and Functions of the Lungs

491

(2)

15.1.4 Pneumocytes in Alveoli and the Regenerative Ability of Lungs

493

(1)

15.1.5 Lung Disease: Emphysema

494

(1)

15.1.6 New Strategy: Lung Volume Reduction Surgery

494

(1)

15.1.7 Application of Biomaterials: Sealants and Bioartificial Trachea

494

(2)

15.2 Lymphatic System

496

(3)

15.2.1 Gross Anatomy of the Lymphatic System

496

(1)

15.2.1.1 Lymphatic Organs (the Lymphoid System)

496

(2)

15.2.2 Diseases of Lymphatic System

498

(1)

15.2.3 Application of Biomaterials

498

(1)

15.3 Digestive System

499

(7)

15.3.1 Gross Anatomy of the Digestive System

499

(1)

15.3.2 Digestion: General Biochemistry of Food Breakdown

500

(1)

15.3.3 Functions of Organs of the Digestive System

501

(1)

15.3.3.1 Oral Complex

501

(1)

15.3.3.2 Pharynx and Esophagus

501

(1)

15.3.3.3 Stomach

501

(1)

15.3.3.4 Small Intestine

502

(1)

15.3.3.5 Small Intestine--Associated Glands: Liver and the Pancreas

502

(1)

15.3.3.6 Large Intestine

502

(1)

15.3.3.7 Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus

503

(1)

15.3.4 Regenerative Ability of Organs of the Digestive System

503

(1)

15.3.5 Digestive System Diseases

503

(1)

15.3.5.1 Cancer and Short Gut Syndrome

503

(1)

15.3.5.2 Progression of Liver Inflammation (Hepatitis)

504

(1)

15.3.6 Application of Biomaterials

504

(1)

15.3.6.1 Intestinal Substitutes

504

(1)

15.3.6.2 Artificial Esophagus

504

(2)

15.3.6.3 Liver Tissue Engineering

506

(1)

15.4 Urinary System

506

(5)

15.4.1 Gross Anatomy of the Urinary System

506

(2)

15.4.2 Kidney

508

(1)

15.4.3 Regeneration of Kidney (Living with One Kidney)

509

(1)

15.4.4 Kidney Failure and Diabetes

509

(2)

15.4.5 Application of Biomaterials

511

(1)

15.5 Reproductive System

511

(3)

15.5.1 Gross Anatomy of the Human Reproductive System

511

(1)

15.5.1.1 Fertilization and Embryo Formation

512

(1)

15.5.2 Diseases of the Reproductive System

513

(1)

15.5.2.1 Infections of the Reproductive System

513

(1)

15.5.2.2 Congenital Abnormalities

513

(1)

15.5.2.3 Cancers

513

(1)

15.5.3 Applications of Biomaterials

514

(1)

15.6
Chapter Highlights

514

(5)

Activities

514

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

515

(1)

Problems and Exercises

515

(1)

Bibliography

516

(3)

Chapter 16 Cells and Biomolecules

519

(48)

Learning Objectives

519

(1)

16.1 Introduction

519

(1)

16.2 Cell Biochemistry and Biosynthesis

520

(9)

16.2.1 Chemical Components of a Cell: Biomacromolecules

520

(1)

16.2.1.1 Polysaccharides (Sugar and Starch)

520

(2)

16.2.1.2 Lipids (Fats and Oily Substances)

522

(1)

16.2.1.3 Proteins

522

(3)

16.2.1.4 DNA and RNA

525

(1)

16.2.2 Types of Biomolecular Bonding

525

(1)

16.2.3 Biosynthesis and Metabolism: The Energy Balance of Cells

526

(1)

16.2.3.1 Cell Metabolism

526

(1)

16.2.3.2 Why Is a Constant Input of Energy Needed to Sustain Living Organisms?

526

(1)

16.2.3.3 How Do Cells Obtain Energy?

527

(1)

16.2.3.4 How Do Enzymes Find Their Substrates?

527

(1)

16.2.3.5 How Do Cells Obtain Energy from Food?

528

(1)

16.3 Cell Structure

529

(4)

16.3.1 Structure of Cell Membrane

529

(1)

16.3.1.1 Phospholipid Bilayer

529

(1)

16.3.1.2 Receptors

529

(1)

16.3.2 Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Cytoskeleton

529

(2)

16.3.2.1 Nucleus

531

(2)

16.3.2.2 Cytoplasm

533

(1)

16.3.2.3 Cytoskeleton

533

(1)

16.4 Transport across Plasma Membranes

533

(3)

16.4.1 Passive Diffusion

534

(1)

16.4.2 Facilitated Diffusion

534

(1)

16.4.3 Active Transport (against a Gradient)

535

(1)

16.4.4 Bulk Transport across Plasma Membranes

535

(1)

16.4.4.1 Pinocytosis and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

535

(1)

16.4.4.2 Phagocytosis

536

(1)

16.4.4.3 Phagocytes: Cells of the Cellular Defense System

536

(1)

16.5 Cell Proliferation

536

(5)

16.5.1 Cell Attachment

537

(1)

16.5.2 Mitosis and the Cell Cycle

538

(1)

16.5.3 Regeneration versus Cancer

538

(1)

16.5.4 Cell Growth Curve

539

(1)

16.5.5 Cell Aging (Senescence)

539

(1)

16.5.6 Phenotype of Proliferating Cells

540

(1)

16.5.7 Cell Death

540

(1)

16.6 Cell Differentiation and Stem Cells

541

(4)

16.6.1 Common Characteristics of Stem Cells

542

(1)

16.6.2 Embryonic Stem Cells

542

(1)

16.6.3 Potency of Stem Cells

542

(1)

16.6.4 Adult (Somatic) Stem Cells

543

(2)

16.7
Chapter Highlights

545

(22)

Activities

546

(1)

Advanced Topic: Cell Therapy to Treat Cardiac Disease

546

(11)

Simple Questions in Class

557

(2)

Problems and Exercises

559

(1)

Bibliography

559

(8)

Chapter 17 Histology and Tissue Properties I: Epithelial, Neuronal, and Muscle Tissue

567

(42)

Learning Objectives

567

(1)

17.1 Introduction

567

(2)

17.1.1 Four Types of Tissues

568

(1)

17.1.2 Tissue Composition and Basic Structure

569

(1)

17.1.3 Regeneration and Carcinogenic Susceptibility of Tissues

569

(1)

17.2 Epithelium

569

(5)

17.2.1 Epithelial Cells

569

(1)

17.2.2 Examples of Epithelia

570

(1)

17.2.3 Endothelium

571

(2)

17.2.3.1 Endothelium and Vascular Tissue Engineering

573

(1)

17.3 Muscular Tissue

574

(9)

17.3.1 Microanatomy of Muscle

574

(1)

17.3.1.1 Skeletal Muscle

574

(1)

17.3.1.2 Cardiac Muscle (Also Called Myocardium)

574

(1)

17.3.1.3 Smooth Muscle

575

(1)

17.3.2 Proteins in Muscle Cells and Muscle Contraction

575

(1)

17.3.2.1 Skeletal Muscle

575

(2)

17.3.2.2 Cardiac Muscle and Cardiomyocytes

577

(2)

17.3.3 Mechanical Performance of Muscular Tissue

579

(1)

17.3.4 Stress--Strain Relationships of Muscular Tissues

579

(3)

17.3.5 Reproducing J-Shaped Mechanical Properties in Synthetic Materials

582

(1)

17.4 Nervous Tissue

583

(3)

17.4.1 Cellular Organization and Histology of Nervous Tissue

583

(1)

17.4.1.1 Neurons

583

(1)

17.4.1.2 Glial Cells

584

(1)

17.4.2 Anatomy of Peripheral Nerve Fibers

585

(1)

17.5
Chapter Highlights

586

(23)

Activities

587

(1)

Advanced Topic: Properties of Proteins in Mammalian Tissues

587

(13)

Simple Questions in Class

600

(2)

Problems and Exercises

602

(1)

Bibliography

602

(7)

Chapter 18 Histology and Tissue Properties II: Connective Tissues

609

(26)

Learning Objectives

609

(1)

18.1 Overview of Connective Tissues

609

(1)

18.2 Types of Connective Tissue

610

(1)

18.2.1 Connective Tissue Proper

610

(1)

18.2.2 Connective Tissue with Specialized Properties

610

(1)

18.2.3 Supporting Connective Tissue

610

(1)

18.2.4 Embryonic Connective Tissue

611

(1)

18.3 Connective Tissue Proper (Skin, Tendon, Ligament)

611

(6)

18.3.1 Cells Present in Connective Tissue

611

(1)

18.3.1.1 Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes

612

(1)

18.3.1.2 Macrophages

612

(1)

18.3.1.3 Mast Cells

613

(1)

18.3.1.4 Plasma Cells

613

(1)

18.3.1.5 Adipose Cells

613

(1)

18.3.1.6 Leukocytes

613

(1)

18.3.2 Acellular Components of Connective Tissue

614

(1)

18.3.2.1 Nonfibrous Gel-Like Substance

614

(1)

18.3.2.2 Tissue Fluid (Interstitial Fluid)

615

(1)

18.3.3 Structural Protein Fibers

615

(1)

18.3.3.1 Collagen

615

(1)

18.3.3.2 Reticular Fibers (Reticulin)

616

(1)

18.3.3.3 Elastic Fiber System

616

(1)

18.4 Mechanical Properties of Structural Proteins

617

(4)

18.4.1 Elasticity of Biological Tissues

617

(1)

18.4.2 Mechanical Properties of Collagen

617

(1)

18.4.2.1 Elasticity of Collagen

617

(3)

18.4.3 Mechanical Properties of Elastin

620

(1)

18.4.4 Resilience of Proteins

620

(1)

18.5 Cartilage

621

(4)

18.5.1 General Aspects of Anatomy and Function

621

(1)

18.5.1.1 Hyaline Cartilage

621

(1)

18.5.1.2 Elastic Cartilage

622

(1)

18.5.1.3 Fibrocartilage

623

(1)

18.5.2 Histology and Structural Aspects of Cartilage

623

(1)

18.5.2.1 Extracellular Matrix of Cartilage

623

(1)

18.5.2.2 Perichondrium

623

(1)

18.5.2.3 Chondrocyte Growth in Cartilage

623

(1)

18.5.3 Repair of Diseased or Damaged Cartilage

623

(1)

18.5.3.1 Articular Cartilage Damage

624

(1)

18.5.3.2 Current Clinical Treatments of Cartilage

624

(1)

18.5.3.3 Total Joint Replacement

625

(1)

18.5.3.4 Success of Cartilage Tissue Engineering

625

(1)

18.6 Bone

625

(4)

18.6.1 Bone Matrix

625

(1)

18.6.1.1 Periosteum and Endosteum

626

(1)

18.6.1.2 Types of Bone

626

(2)

18.6.2 Cells in Bone

628

(1)

18.6.2.1 Osteoblasts

628

(1)

18.6.2.2 Osteoclasts

628

(1)

18.6.2.3 Osteocytes

628

(1)

18.6.2.4 Osteoprogenitor Cells

629

(1)

18.6.3 Mechanical Properties of Bone

629

(1)

18.6.4 Bone Growth and Regeneration

629

(1)

18.7
Chapter Highlights

629

(6)

Laboratory Practice 6

630

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

630

(2)

Problems and Exercises

632

(1)

Bibliography

632

(3)

Chapter 19 Immune System and Body Responses to Biomaterials

635

(20)

Learning Objectives

635

(1)

19.1 Immune System

635

(7)

19.1.1 Cells of the Immune System

636

(2)

19.1.2 Phagocytes

638

(1)

19.1.2.1 Neutrophils

638

(1)

19.1.2.2 Macrophages

638

(1)

19.1.2.3 Dendritic Cells

638

(1)

19.1.2.4 Mast Cells

638

(1)

19.1.2.5 Eosinophils and Basopils

638

(1)

19.1.3 Lymphocytes

639

(1)

19.13.1 B-Cells (from Bone Marrow)

639

(1)

19.1.3.2 T-Cells (Produced in the Thymus)

639

(1)

19.1.3.3 Natural Killer Cells

640

(2)

19.2 Tissue Response to Injuries

642

(2)

19.2.1 Inflammation

642

(1)

19.2.2 Remodeling Phase: Soft Tissue

643

(1)

19.2.3 Remodeling Phase: Hard Tissue

643

(1)

19.3 Body Response to Implants

644

(4)

19.3.1 Local Tissue Responses

645

(1)

19.3.1.1 Biointegration

645

(1)

19.3.1.2 Encapsulation

645

(1)

19.3.1.3 Foreign Body Effects

645

(1)

19.3.1.4 pH Change at Implantation Sites

645

(1)

19.3.1.5 Necrosis

646

(1)

19.3.1.6 Local Carcinogenicity

646

(1)

19.3.2 Local Tissue Responses to Different Materials

646

(1)

19.3.3 Systemic Impact of Implants on the Body

646

(1)

19.3.3.1 Metal and Trace Additive Allergy

647

(1)

19.3.3.2 Carcinogenicity in Other Tissues

647

(1)

19.3.4 Blood Compatibility

647

(1)

19.3.4.1 Thrombogenicity

647

(1)

19.3.4.2 Thromboresistance

648

(1)

19.4
Chapter Highlights

648

(7)

Activities

649

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

649

(1)

Problems and Exercises

650

(1)

Bibliography

651

(4)

PART III Evaluation and Regulation of Medical Devices

Chapter 20 Evaluation of Biomaterials

655

(30)

Learning Objectives

655

(1)

20.1 Overview of Biomaterials Evaluation

655

(1)

20.1.1 Evaluation in the Context of Materials Science and Engineering

655

(1)

20.1.2 Evaluation of Biomaterials in the Context of Biotechnology

655

(1)

20.2 Standards

656

(4)

20.2.1 What Are Standards?

656

(2)

20.2.2 Major International Standardization Organizations

658

(1)

20.2.2.1 Standards of Biomaterials Evaluation

659

(1)

20.2.3 Reference Materials (Controls)

659

(1)

20.2.3.1 Blood--Material Interaction Studies

659

(1)

20.2.4 Sterilization Practices

660

(1)

20.2.4.1 Choice of Sterilization Methods

660

(1)

20.3 Toxicological Evaluation

660

(5)

20.3.1 Scheduling of Testing

661

(1)

20.3.2 Causes of Toxicity Problems

661

(1)

20.3.2.1 Leaching from Polymers

662

(1)

20.3.2.2 Sterilization by-products

662

(1)

20.3.2.3 Drug--Plastic Interactions

662

(1)

20.3.2.4 Biodegradation and/or Biotransformation of Materials

662

(1)

20.3.2.5 Physical Contact

663

(1)

20.3.3 Toxicity Test Methods

663

(1)

20.3.3.1 Cytotoxicity

663

(1)

20.3.3.2 Sensitization

663

(1)

20.3.3.3 Tissue Reactivity after Irritation or Intracutaneous Injection

663

(1)

20.3.3.4 Acute Systemic Toxicity

664

(1)

20.3.3.5 Subchronic Toxicity

664

(1)

20.3.3.6 Genotoxicity

664

(1)

20.3.3.7 Implantation

664

(1)

20.3.3.8 Hemocompatibility

664

(1)

20.3.3.9 Chronic Toxicity

664

(1)

20.3.3.10 Carcinogenicity/Reproductive Toxicity

664

(1)

20.4 Cytotoxicity Testing

665

(2)

20.4.1 Cytotoxicity Test Methods

665

(1)

20.4.1.1 Cytotoxicity Method I: Extract (Elution)

666

(1)

20.4.1.2 Cytotoxicity Method II: Contact

666

(1)

20.4.1.3 Comparison of Extract and Contact

666

(1)

20.5 Evaluation in Animals

667

(2)

20.5.1 Ethical Issues

667

(1)

20.5.2 Selection of Animal Models

667

(1)

20.5.2.1 Abdominal

668

(1)

20.5.2.2 Cardiovascular

668

(1)

20.5.2.3 Neurology

668

(1)

20.5.2.4 Ophthalmology

668

(1)

20.5.2.5 Orthopedics

668

(1)

20.5.2.6 Dental Applications

668

(1)

20.5.2.7 Otology

668

(1)

20.5.2.8 Respiratory System

668

(1)

20.5.2.9 Urogenital Tract

669

(1)

20.5.2.10 Wound Healing

669

(1)

20.6
Chapter Highlights

669

(16)

Laboratory Practice 5

669

(1)

Case Study: Evaluation of Heart Patch in Rats

669

(10)

Simple Questions in Class

679

(1)

Problems and Exercises

680

(1)

Bibliography

681

(4)

Chapter 21 Regulation of Medical Devices

685

(8)

Learning Objectives

685

(1)

21.1 Regulations versus Standards

685

(1)

21.2 Medical Devices

686

(2)

21.2.1 Definition of Medical Devices

686

(1)

21.2.2 Biomaterials in the Legal Context

687

(1)

21.2.3 Classification of Medical Devices in the Legal Field

687

(1)

21.2.3.1 Classification in Canada and EU

687

(1)

21.2.3.2 Classification in the United States

687

(1)

21.2.3.3 Classification of TGA

687

(1)

21.3 Preclinical Testing

688

(1)

21.4 Clinical Trials

688

(2)

21.4.1 Phase I Trials: Is the Treatment Safe?

688

(1)

21.4.2 Phase II Trials: Is the Treatment Effective?

688

(1)

21.4.3 Phase III Trials: How Does the Treatment Compare?

689

(1)

21.4.4 Phase IV Trials: Postmarket Surveillance

689

(1)

21.5 Development of Medical Devices and Possible Career Opportunities

690

(1)

21.6
Chapter Highlights

691

(2)

Activities

691

(1)

Simple Questions in Class

691

(1)

Problems and Exercises

692

(1)

Bibliography

692

(1)

Index

693

Qi-Zhi Chen earned her PhD in biomaterials from Imperial College London in 2007. She was previously an academic at Monash University. She was also formerly with the National Heart and Lung Institute London and the University of Cambridge. She has produced more than 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters. Dr. Chens research interests broadly cover polymeric, ceramic, metallic, and composite biomaterials for application in biomedical engineering. Her teaching interests include physics and various topics of materials science and engineering, in addition to biomaterials.

George Thouas

graduated with a masters degree in biomedical sciences at Monash University, Melbourne, where he also earned his PhD in the same area in 2006. As an academic researcher, he specialized in developmental biology and reproductivemedicine, with a focus on cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function. He has also spent a major part of his career working in bioengineering research, enabling interdisciplinary projects in bioreactor design, medical devices, and novel biomaterials, with applications in tissue engineering and regeneration. Dr. Thouas has produced more than 50 publications, including peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, patents, and conference proceedings.

Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/97814822277032e.html

Märksõnad:

E-raamat: Biomaterials: A Basic Introduction

DRM piirangud

Kopeerimine (copy/paste):

Printimine:

Kasutamine:

Arvustused

Konto & seaded

Otsing

Otsingu andmebaas

Filtreeri tulemusi

Teemad E-raamatute teemad

Vali ostukorv