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E-raamat: Biomedical Statistics: A Beginner's Guide

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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Nov-2019
  • Kirjastus: Springer Verlag, Singapore
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789813292949
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Biomedical Statistics: A Beginner's GuideSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Nov-2019
  • Kirjastus: Springer Verlag, Singapore
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789813292949
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This book is written in a very easy-to-follow format, and explains the key concepts of biomedical statistics in a lucid yet straightforward manner. It explains how mathematical and statistical tools can be used to find answers to common research questions. In addition, the main text is supplemented by a wealth of solved exercises and illustrative examples to aid in comprehension.





Given its content, the book offers an invaluable quick reference guide for graduating students and can be very helpful in their examination process. At the same time, it represents a handy guide for medical and paramedical teachers, post-graduate medical students, research personnel, biomedical scientists and epidemiologists.
Part I Introduction to Statistics
1 Applications of Statistics
3(6)
1.1 Background
3(1)
1.2 Applications of Statistics
4(5)
1.2.1 Use in Anatomy and Physiology
4(1)
1.2.2 Use in Pharmacology
5(1)
1.2.3 Use in Internal Medicine
5(1)
1.2.4 Use in Surgery
5(1)
1.2.5 Use in Community Medicine
5(1)
1.2.6 Use in Lab Medicine
6(1)
1.2.7 Use in Teaching
7(2)
2 Statistical Terms
9(4)
2.1 Statistical Terms
9(2)
2.1.1 Variable
9(1)
2.1.2 Value
9(1)
2.1.3 Constant
10(1)
2.1.4 Attribute
10(1)
2.1.5 Population/Universe
10(1)
2.1.6 Sample
10(1)
2.1.7 Statistics
11(1)
2.1.8 Parameter
11(1)
2.2 Types of Statistics
11(2)
2.2.1 Descriptive Statistics
11(1)
2.2.2 Inferential Statistics
12(1)
3 Data Types
13(4)
3.1 Background
13(1)
3.2 Categorical or Qualitative Data
13(1)
3.2.1 Nominal Data
14(1)
3.2.2 Ordinal Data
14(1)
3.3 Numerical Data
14(2)
3.3.1 Discrete Data
15(1)
3.3.2 Continuous Data
15(1)
3.4 Cross-Sectional Data
16(1)
3.5 Time Series Data
16(1)
4 Data Classification
17(4)
4.1 Background
17(1)
4.2 Classification of Numerical Data
17(2)
4.3 Classification of Categorical Data
19(2)
4.3.1 Frequency Tables
19(1)
4.3.2 Contingency Table/Cross-Tabulation
19(2)
5 Data Presentation
21(20)
5.1 Background
21(1)
5.2 Pictogram
22(1)
5.3 Pie Diagram
22(1)
5.4 Bar Diagram
23(5)
5.5 Line Diagram
28(2)
5.6 Histogram
30(1)
5.7 Frequency Polygon
31(1)
5.8 O'give Curve
31(3)
5.9 Scatter Diagram
34(1)
5.10 Regression Line
34(3)
5.11 Box and Whisker Plot
37(4)
6 Measures of Central Tendency
41(12)
6.1 Background
41(1)
6.2 Mean
41(4)
6.2.1 Salient Features of Mean
45(1)
6.3 Median
45(4)
6.3.1 Salient Features of Median
49(1)
6.4 Mode
49(4)
6.4.1 Salient Features of Mode
51(2)
7 Measures of Location
53(6)
7.1 Background
53(1)
7.2 Percentile
53(2)
7.3 Decile
55(1)
7.4 Quartile
56(3)
8 Measures of Dispersion
59(12)
8.1 Background
59(1)
8.2 Range
60(1)
8.3 Interquartile Range
61(1)
8.4 Coefficient of Quartile Deviation
62(1)
8.5 Mean Deviation
62(1)
8.6 Mean Square Deviation or Variance
62(2)
8.7 Variance and Standard Deviation
64(2)
8.7.1 Concept of Sum of Squares
64(1)
8.7.2 Concept of Moment in Statistics
65(1)
8.7.3 Features of Standard Deviation
65(1)
8.8 Coefficient of Variance
66(1)
8.9 Skewness
67(1)
8.9.1 Features of Skewness
68(1)
8.10 Kurtosis
68(3)
9 Sampling Methods
71(16)
9.1 What Is Sampling?
71(2)
9.1.1 Probability Sampling
72(1)
9.1.2 Non-probability Sampling
73(1)
9.2 Sampling Process
73(1)
9.3 Without Replacement (WOR) vs with Replacement (WR)
74(1)
9.4 Probability Sampling
74(7)
9.4.1 Situation-Homogenous Population: Method-1, Simple Random Sampling
74(1)
9.4.2 Situation-Homogenous Population: Method-2, Simple Systematic Sampling
75(2)
9.4.3 Situation-Heterogeneous Population: Stratified Random/Systematic Sampling
77(1)
9.4.4 Situation-Heterogeneous Population with Clusters: Cluster Sampling
78(1)
9.4.5 Situation-Heterogeneous Population with Groups and Subgroups: Multistage Sampling
79(1)
9.4.6 Situation-Multiple Parameters with Selective Collection: Multiphase Sampling
79(2)
9.4.7 Event Sampling
81(1)
9.5 Non-probability Sampling
81(6)
9.5.1 Convenient Sampling
81(1)
9.5.2 Judgemental Sampling
82(1)
9.5.3 Quota Sampling
82(1)
9.5.4 Snowball Sampling
82(5)
Part II Tests for Inference
10 Statistical Distribution-Continuous
87(8)
10.1 Background
87(1)
10.2 Normal Distribution
88(1)
10.2.1 Test for Normality
89(1)
10.3 Standard Normal Distribution
89(2)
10.3.1 Utility of Standard Normal Distribution
89(1)
10.3.2 Standard Normal Deviate
90(1)
10.3.3 Concept of Centred Data and Standardized Data
90(1)
10.4 Student t-Distribution
91(1)
10.4.1 Applications
91(1)
10.5 Chi-Square Distribution
92(1)
10.5.1 Applications
92(1)
10.6 F-Distribution
93(2)
11 Sampling Distribution and Hypothesis Testing
95(4)
11.1 Background
95(1)
11.2 Confidence Interval
96(1)
11.3 Difference in Means
96(1)
11.4 Concept of z-Statistics
96(1)
11.4.1 Concept of One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Test
97(1)
11.4.2 Critical Region on Either Side of Means
97(1)
11.5 Hypothesis Testing
97(2)
11.5.1 Type I Error
98(1)
11.5.2 Type H Error
98(1)
11.5.3 Power of Study
98(1)
12 Test of Inference: One-Sample or Two-Sample Mean
99(8)
12.1 Background
99(1)
12.2 One-Sample Mean (z-test)
99(2)
12.3 Two-Sample Mean (z-test)
101(1)
12.4 Test for Homogeneity of Variance in Two Samples (F-test)
102(1)
12.5 Test for Inference: Two Small-Sized Samples (t-test)
103(1)
12.6 Test for Inference of Paired Samples (Paired t-test)
104(3)
13 Test for Inference: Multiple Sample Comparisons
107(8)
13.1 Background
107(1)
13.2 Concept of Sum of Squares
108(2)
13.2.1 To Calculate ESS
108(1)
13.2.2 To Calculate TSS
108(1)
13.2.3 To Calculate BSS
109(1)
13.2.4 Special Scenario
109(1)
13.3 ANOVA One Way
110(1)
13.4 ANOVA Two Way
111(1)
13.5 Duncan's Multiple Range Method
111(1)
13.5.1 Another Approach
112(1)
13.6 Fisher's Least Significance Difference Test
112(1)
13.6.1 Approach 1
112(1)
13.6.2 Approach 2
112(1)
Reference
113(2)
14 Test for Inference: Categorical Data I
115(6)
14.1 Background
115(1)
14.2 Tabulation of Categorical Data
115(2)
14.3 Test for Significance of Individual Proportion
117(1)
14.4 Test for Significance of Difference Between Two Proportions
118(3)
15 Test for Inference: Categorical Data II
121(4)
15.1 Chi-Square Test
121(4)
15.1.1 RxCTable
121(1)
15.1.2 1xC Tables (No. of Rows = 1, No. of Columns = <1)
122(1)
15.1.3 2x2 Table
123(2)
16 Test for Inference: Correlation and Regression
125(8)
16.1 Background
125(1)
16.2 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
126(1)
16.2.1 Test for the Significance of r
127(1)
16.3 Regression Analysis
127(6)
16.3.1 Significance of Model
128(1)
16.3.2 Data Presentation
129(4)
17 Nonparametric Tests
133(12)
17.1 Background
133(1)
17.1.1 Mathematical Basis of Rank Tests
133(1)
17.2 Mann-Whitney U Test
134(2)
17.3 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test
136(4)
17.4 Kruskal-Wallis H Test
140(2)
17.5 Spearman Rank Correlation
142(3)
18 Sample Size Estimation
145(12)
18.1 Background
145(1)
18.2 Sample Size for Assessing Significance of Single Mean
146(1)
18.3 Sample Size for Assessing Significance of Single Proportion.
146(1)
18.4 Sample Size for Assessing Significance of Two Means
147(1)
18.5 Sample Size for Assessing Significance of Two Proportions
148(1)
18.6 Sample Size for Correlation Coefficient
149(1)
18.7 Sample Size for Sensitivity and Specificity
150(1)
18.8 Sample Size for Univariate Logistic Regression (See Chap. 28)
151(1)
18.9 Relative Risk
152(1)
18.10 Sample Size to Assess Significance of Difference in Two Incidences in a Cohort Study
152(1)
18.11 Sample Size for Case Control and Cohort Studies
153(2)
18.12 Sample Size for Unequal Samples
155(1)
18.13 Sample Size for Finite Population
156(1)
19 Epidemiological Studies
157(8)
19.1 Background
157(1)
19.2 Cohort Study
158(2)
19.2.1 Advantages
159(1)
19.2.2 Disadvantages
160(1)
19.3 Case Control Study
160(1)
19.3.1 Advantages
161(1)
19.3.2 Disadvantages
161(1)
19.4 Cross-Sectional Study
161(1)
19.5 Experimental Study
162(1)
19.6 Sources of Errors in Epidemiological Studies
162(1)
19.6.1 Random Error
162(1)
19.6.2 Bias
163(1)
19.6.3 Confounding
163(1)
19.6.4 Effect Modification
163(1)
19.6.5 Reverse Causation
163(1)
19.7 Designing a Study and Writing a Study Report
163(2)
19.7.1 Steps in Designing a Study
163(1)
19.7.2 Writing a Study Report
164(1)
20 Analysis of Diagnostic Test
165(12)
20.1 Background
165(1)
20.2 Sensitivity (Sn)
166(1)
20.3 Specificity (Sp)
166(1)
20.4 Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
167(1)
20.5 Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
167(1)
20.6 Accuracy
168(1)
20.7 Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) Analysis.
169(1)
20.8 Measures of Agreement
169(8)
20.8.1 For Qualitative Data: Inter-Rater Agreement (Cohen's Kappa Statistics)
169(3)
20.8.2 For Quantitative Data: Bland and Altman Plot
172(5)
Part III Demography and Life Tables
21 Demography
177(4)
21.1 Demography
177(1)
21.2 Utility of Demographic Data
177(1)
21.3 Sources of Demographic Data
178(1)
21.3.1 Population Census
178(1)
21.3.2 Record of Vital Statistics
179(1)
21.3.3 Records of Health Institutions
179(1)
21.3.4 Records of Special Surveys
179(1)
21.4 Stages of Life
179(2)
22 Measures of Demography
181(14)
22.1 Background
182(1)
22.2 Measures of Population
182(2)
22.2.1 Mid-year Population
182(2)
22.2.2 Population Density
184(1)
22.3 Measures of Fertility and Reproduction
184(3)
22.3.1 Crude Birth Rate
184(1)
22.3.2 Fertility Rate
185(1)
22.3.3 Reproduction Rate
186(1)
22.4 Measures of Morbidity
187(1)
22.4.1 Disease Incidence Rate
188(1)
22.4.2 Disease Prevalence Rate
188(1)
22.5 Measures of Mortality
188(5)
22.5.1 Crude Death Rate
188(1)
22.5.2 Standardized Death Rate
189(1)
22.5.3 Specific Death Rate
189(4)
22.6 Measures Related to Population Control
193(1)
22.6.1 Couple Protection Rate (CPR)
193(1)
22.6.2 Pearl Index
193(1)
22.7 Measures of Health
194(1)
22.7.1 Comprehensive Indicators
194(1)
22.7.2 Specific Indicators
194(1)
23 Infectious Disease Epidemiology
195(4)
23.1 Background
195(1)
23.2 Primary Attack Rate
196(1)
23.3 Secondary Attack Rate (SAR)
197(1)
23.4 Case Fatality Rate (CFR)
197(1)
23.5 Cause Specific Mortality Rate (CSMR)
198(1)
23.6 Infection Rate (IR)
198(1)
24 Life Tables
199(6)
24.1 Introduction to Life Table
199(1)
24.2 What Is Life Expectancy
199(6)
24.2.1 Uses of Life Tables and Life Expectancy
199(6)
Part IV Concept of Probability
25 Introduction to Probability
205(8)
25.1 Background
205(1)
25.2 Axiomatic Approach Using Set Function
206(1)
25.3 Definitions
206(1)
25.4 Theorems of Probability
207(6)
25.4.1 The Addition Theorem
207(1)
25.4.2 The Multiplication Theorem
208(2)
25.4.3 Bayes' Theorem
210(3)
26 Random Variable and Mathematical Expectation
213(2)
26.1 Random Variable
213(1)
26.2 Mathematical Expectation
214(1)
27 Statistical Distribution: Discrete
215(4)
27.1 Binominal Distribution
215(4)
27.1.1 Properties of B inomial Distribution
216(3)
28 Univariate Logistic Regression: Theoretical Aspects
219(6)
28.1 Model
219(2)
28.2 Estimation of Coefficient (Data Fitting)
221(1)
28.3 Assessing the Significance of the Model
222(3)
Part V Computers in Statistics
29 Use of Computer Software for Basic Statistics
225(32)
29.1 Installing R and RStudio
225(1)
29.1.1 Installing Required Packages
226(1)
29.2 General Functions in R
226(2)
29.3 Use of RStudio in Basic Statistical Calculations
228(29)
29.3.1 Data Types (Also see Chap. 3)
228(1)
29.3.2 Data Classification (Also see Chap. 4)
229(3)
29.3.3 Data Presentation (Also see Chap. 5)
232(6)
29.3.4 Measures of Central Tendency (Also see Chap. 6).
238(1)
29.3.5 Measures of Location (Also see Chap. 7)
238(1)
29.3.6 Measures of Dispersion (Also see Chap. 8)
239(1)
29.3.7 Statistical Distributions: Continuous (Also see Chap. 10)
240(3)
29.3.8 Test for Inference: One-Sample or Two-Sample Mean (Also see Chap. 12)
243(2)
29.3.9 Test for Inference: Multiple Sample Comparisons (Also see Chap. 13)
245(1)
29.3.10 Test for Inference: Categorical Data I (Also see Chap. 14)
246(2)
29.3.11 Test for Inference: Categorical Data U (Also see Chap. 15)
248(1)
29.3.12 Test for Inference: Correlation and Regression (Also see Chap. 16)
249(3)
29.3.13 Analysis of Diagnostic Tests (Also see Chap. 20).
252(1)
29.3.14 Logistic Regression (Also see Chap. 28)
253(1)
29.3.15 Nonparametric tests (Also see Chap. 17)
253(4)
Appendices 257(28)
Index 285
Dr Shakti Kumar Yadav, MBBS, DCP and DNB Pathology, has been working as a Senior Resident at the Department of Pathology, North Delhi Municipal Corporation Medical College and Hindu Rao Hospital, New Delhi since 2017. He completed his Diploma in Clinical Pathology at Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal followed by DNB in Pathology at Hindu Rao Hospital, New Delhi. He has numerous publications to his credit and has been actively involved in teaching undergraduate and graduate medical and paramedical students.

Dr Sompal Singh, BSc Statistics, MBBS, MD Pathology and MBA (Hospital Administration), has been working as a Senior Specialist at the Department of Pathology, NDMC Medical College and Hindu Rao Hospital since 2005. He completed his MD in Pathology at Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi followed by senior residency at the same institute. He has 121 research publications in various national and international journals to his credit, and has also co-authored two books for paramedical students and one for medical undergraduate students. He has a keen interest in teaching, medical education research and breast pathology.







Dr Ruchika Gupta, MBBS, MD (Pathology) and MBA (Hospital Administration), has been working as a Scientist at the Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida since 2015. She completed her MD in Pathology at Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi followed by a senior residency at AIIMS, New Delhi. She also trained in renal pathology during her stint as a pool officer at AIIMS. She also worked as an Assistant Professor and Head of the Department of Pathology, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, New Delhi for nearly five years. She has 145 publications in various national and international journals to her credit, and has co-authored two books for paramedical students. She has been actively involved in organizing and conducting a series of workshops on cervical cancer screening for pathologists at the NICPR, which have attracted participants from across India and abroad.
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