Contributors |
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xv | |
Biographies |
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xix | |
1 Smart cities with blockchain technology: a comprehensive survey |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 Permissioned and permissionless blockchain in the smart city environment |
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4 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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4 Applications of blockchain technology in smart cities |
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6 | (2) |
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4.1 Sharing economy services |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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4.3 Smart Healthcare Services (SHS) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (5) |
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5.1 Smart Dubai using Blockchain |
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8 | (2) |
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5.2 Blockchain in the United Kingdom |
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10 | (3) |
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5.3 UK and India Consortium |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
2 Future of Sustainable Smart Cities: an insight |
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17 | (6) |
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1.1 What is a sustainable smart city? |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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1.3 The emergence and growth of sustainable smart cities across the globe |
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20 | (1) |
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1.4 The position of SSCs in India |
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20 | (3) |
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2 Characteristics and technologies used in SSC |
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23 | (3) |
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3 Future of IoT and Blockchain and its impact on the various sectors of smart cities |
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26 | (6) |
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3.1 Smart home and smart society |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
3 Artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches for smart transportation in smart cities using blockchain architecture |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (9) |
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3.1 Blockchain-based smart vehicle for public transportation system using artificial intelligence |
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40 | (4) |
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3.2 Smart ticketing system using blockchain technology |
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44 | (2) |
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3.3 Traffic mode prediction using machine learning |
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46 | (2) |
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3.4 Intelligent driving mechanism |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (5) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
4 Blockchain architecture for intelligent water management system in smart cities |
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57 | (2) |
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2 Blockchain in water management |
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59 | (3) |
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2.1 Industrial water management |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (8) |
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3.1 Water management in smart cities |
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62 | (2) |
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3.2 Intelligent control and monitoring unit |
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64 | (2) |
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3.3 Short Message Service (SMS)-based control unit using Internet of Things (IoT) |
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66 | (1) |
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3.4 Blockchain using Internet of Things (IoT) in water management |
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67 | (2) |
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3.5 Blockchain-based smart water quality monitoring system using internet of things (IoT) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (9) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
5 Blockchain-based energy-efficient smart green city in IoT environments |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (3) |
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3.1 Proposed energy management system using blockchain technology |
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86 | (3) |
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3.2 Proposed smart waste management system using blockchain technology |
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89 | (1) |
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4 Domestic wastes collection and management |
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89 | (6) |
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4.1 Waste food management system |
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90 | (2) |
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4.2 Air pollution management system |
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92 | (2) |
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4.3 Soil waste management system |
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94 | (1) |
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5 Overview of proposed architecture design |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (5) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (5) |
6 Applications of blockchain in smart cities: detecting fake documents from land records using blockchain technology |
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106 | (2) |
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1.1 Blockchain key features |
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106 | (2) |
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1.2 Blockchain architecture |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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3 Existing land registration framework |
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110 | (1) |
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3.1 Procedure for land registration |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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4.1 Step 1: user creates an account |
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111 | (1) |
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4.2 Step 2: sellers upload property details on the system |
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111 | (2) |
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4.3 Step 3: accessing the buyer's property |
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113 | (1) |
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4.4 Step 4: after approving the transfer request by seller and then land inspector gets involved |
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113 | (1) |
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4.5 Step 5: transaction verification by land inspector and performs land transitions |
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113 | (1) |
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4.6 Step 6: registering land documents gets validation and authentication |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (3) |
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113 | (1) |
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5.2 Creating buyer registry |
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114 | (1) |
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5.3 Creating seller participant |
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114 | (1) |
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5.4 Property list asset registry |
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114 | (1) |
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5.5 Property for intent of sale |
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114 | (1) |
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5.6 Registered transactions |
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115 | (1) |
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5.7 Generating certificates |
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116 | (1) |
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5.8 Creating block and channeltx |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (3) |
7 Citizen e-governance using blockchain |
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119 | (4) |
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1.1 Introduction to e-governance |
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120 | (1) |
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1.2 Traditional systems of e-governance |
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121 | (1) |
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1.3 Challenges in traditional systems of e-governance |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (14) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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2.7 Land ownership records |
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132 | (4) |
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136 | (1) |
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3 Considerations involved in implementation |
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137 | (5) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (4) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (6) |
8 Cloud/edge computing for smart cities |
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J. Nulyn Punitha Markavathi |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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5 Infrastructure architecture |
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157 | (2) |
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6 Smart city challenges and concerns |
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159 | (1) |
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7 Why do we need smart cities? |
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160 | (1) |
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8 Applications of edge computing |
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161 | (2) |
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9 Features of edge computing |
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163 | (2) |
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10 How edge computing making cities smarter and better |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (4) |
9 Waste management in smart cities using blockchaining technology |
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171 | (2) |
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1.1 Blockchaining and IoT-based waste management system |
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171 | (1) |
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1.2 Blockchaining technology |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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2.1 Contribution of this chapter |
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174 | (1) |
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2.2 Outline of the chapter |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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2.4 Blockchaining-based waste management in smart cities |
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174 | (1) |
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2.5 IoT sensor-based waste management in smart cities |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (5) |
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3.1 Working process for IoT sensors in waste management |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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3.4 Inductive proximity sensor |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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3.8 Working process for blockchaining in waste management |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (4) |
10 Introduction to blockchain and distributed systems-fundamental theories and concepts |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (6) |
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2.1 Systematic literature review |
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185 | (2) |
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2.2 Evolution of blockchain |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (9) |
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3.1 Blockchain operations |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (3) |
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3.3 Features of blockchain |
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197 | (1) |
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3.4 Different blockchain consensus mechanisms |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (4) |
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200 | (2) |
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4.2 Major blockchain platforms |
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202 | (2) |
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5 Applications of blockchain |
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204 | (2) |
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6 Challenges of blockchain |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (3) |
11 Blockchain for green smart cities |
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211 | (3) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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1.3 Need of blockchain in green smart city |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (5) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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2.3 Challenges in green smart city |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (2) |
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3.1 Blockchain and its components |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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4 Characteristics of blockchain to develop smart city |
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221 | (1) |
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5 Smart city application integrated with blockchain |
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222 | (7) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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5.3 Supply chain management |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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5.5 Digital advertisement tracking |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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5.8 Publishing and copy rights management |
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227 | (1) |
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5.9 Blockchain-as-a-service |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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6 Conclusion and future directions |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (5) |
12 A novel Blockchain-based Access Control Manager to Electronic Health Records (EHRs) |
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234 | (4) |
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1.1 Fundamentals of blockchain technology |
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234 | (1) |
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1.2 Elements of blockchain technology |
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235 | (3) |
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238 | (1) |
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3 Blockchain as an Access Control Manager for EHRs |
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238 | (4) |
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3.1 Elements of Access Control Manager |
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238 | (2) |
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3.2 Access control models |
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240 | (2) |
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4 Access Control Policies |
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242 | (1) |
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4.1 Granting Access and Transfer Rights |
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242 | (1) |
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4.2 Revoking Access Rights and Transfer Rights |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
13 Application of blockchain in automotive industry, waste management, and seed traceability |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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3 Blockchain in the automotive industry |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (2) |
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5 Blockchain in waste management |
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251 | (1) |
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6 Seed traceability using smart contracts |
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252 | (5) |
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7 Electronic voting system |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (2) |
14 Blockchain-based health care monitoring for privacy preservation of COVID-19 medical records |
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260 | (4) |
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2 Background and related works |
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264 | (7) |
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271 | (4) |
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272 | (2) |
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3.2 Remote health monitoring on cloud |
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274 | (1) |
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3.3 Cryptographic primitives |
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275 | (1) |
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3.4 Bilinear mapping method |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (9) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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4.7 Uploading HR to cloud |
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278 | (2) |
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4.8 Downloading health record |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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4.10 Protocol on access control |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (2) |
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5 Efficiency of proposed model |
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284 | (7) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (3) |
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5.3 Varying the number of users |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (3) |
15 A reliable blockchain and edge-cloud architecture for facilitating fault-tolerant IoT applications |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (1) |
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3 Reliable blockchain and edge-cloud architecture for facilitating fault-tolerant IoT applications |
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298 | (3) |
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3.1 Proposed CFIoT architecture |
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298 | (3) |
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4 Simulation results and discussion |
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301 | (8) |
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4.1 Experiment 1: evaluation of the proposed CEFIoT architecture with scenario-1 |
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302 | (2) |
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4.2 Experiment 2: evaluation of the proposed CEFIoT architecture with scenario-2 |
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304 | (1) |
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4.3 Experiment 3: evaluation of the proposed CEFIoT architecture with scenario-3 |
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305 | (4) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (4) |
16 Applications of blockchain technology for smart cities in a nutshell |
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V.V. Satyanarayana Tallapragada |
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313 | (6) |
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2 Application of blockchain technology in smart cities |
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319 | (11) |
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319 | (3) |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (2) |
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2.4 Energy and resource management |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (3) |
17 Standards and Protocols of Blockchain |
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335 | (7) |
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1.1 Key Characteristics of DLT |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (2) |
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2 Standards of Blockchain |
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342 | (7) |
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2.1 International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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2.3 IEEE standards association |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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2.5 United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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2.8 Blockchain Standards for Compliance and Trust |
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346 | (1) |
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2.9 Blockchain Standards and Government |
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347 | (2) |
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3 Protocols of Blockchain |
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349 | (3) |
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3.1 Layers of Blockchain Protocols |
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350 | (1) |
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3.2 Application of Blockchain Protocols in Email |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (2) |
Index |
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