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E-raamat: Blockchain for Smart Cities

Edited by (Full Professor, Department of Automatics and Applied Software, Faculty of Engineering, Aurel Vla), Edited by , Edited by , Edited by (Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Anna University, Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu), Edited by
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Aug-2021
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323859882
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Aug-2021
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323859882

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Focusing on different tools, platforms, and techniques, Blockchain and the Smart City: Infrastructure and Implementation uses case studies from around the world to examine blockchain deployment in diverse smart city applications. The book begins by examining the fundamental theories and concepts of blockchain. It looks at key smart cities’ domains such as banking, insurance, healthcare, and supply chain management. It examines Using case studies for each domain, the book looks at payment mechanisms, fog/edge computing, green computing, and algorithms and consensus mechanisms for smart cities implementation. It looks at tools such as Hyperledger, Etherium, Corda, IBM Blockchain, Hydrachain, as well as policies and regulatory standards, applications, solutions, and methodologies. While exploring future blockchain ecosystems for smart and sustainable city life, the book concludes with the research challenges and opportunities academics, researchers, and companies in implementing blockchain applications.
  • Independently organized chapters for greater readability, adaptability, and flexibility
  • Examines numerous issues from multiple perspectives and academic and industry experts
  • Explores both advances and challenges of cutting-edge technologies
  • Coverage of security, trust, and privacy issues in smart cities
Contributors xv
Biographies xix
1 Smart cities with blockchain technology: a comprehensive survey
Saravanan Krishnan
Lakshmi Prabha Ganesan
1 Introduction
1(2)
2 Related work
3(1)
3 Permissioned and permissionless blockchain in the smart city environment
4(2)
3.1 Permissionless BCT
4(1)
3.2 Permissioned BCT
5(1)
4 Applications of blockchain technology in smart cities
6(2)
4.1 Sharing economy services
6(1)
4.2 Smart vehicles
6(1)
4.3 Smart Healthcare Services (SHS)
7(1)
5 Case studies
8(5)
5.1 Smart Dubai using Blockchain
8(2)
5.2 Blockchain in the United Kingdom
10(3)
5.3 UK and India Consortium
13(1)
6 Conclusion
13(1)
References
14(1)
Further reading
15(2)
2 Future of Sustainable Smart Cities: an insight
V. Padmapriya
D.N. Sujatha
1 Introduction
17(6)
1.1 What is a sustainable smart city?
19(1)
1.2 Components of SSC
19(1)
1.3 The emergence and growth of sustainable smart cities across the globe
20(1)
1.4 The position of SSCs in India
20(3)
2 Characteristics and technologies used in SSC
23(3)
3 Future of IoT and Blockchain and its impact on the various sectors of smart cities
26(6)
3.1 Smart home and smart society
26(2)
3.2 Smart grid
28(2)
3.3 Smart healthcare
30(2)
4 Conclusion
32(1)
References
33(2)
3 Artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches for smart transportation in smart cities using blockchain architecture
S. Sundaresan
K. Suresh Kumar
R. Nishanth
Y. Harold Robinson
A. Jaya Kumar
1 Introduction
35(2)
2 Related works
37(3)
3 Proposed system
40(9)
3.1 Blockchain-based smart vehicle for public transportation system using artificial intelligence
40(4)
3.2 Smart ticketing system using blockchain technology
44(2)
3.3 Traffic mode prediction using machine learning
46(2)
3.4 Intelligent driving mechanism
48(1)
4 Results and discussion
49(5)
5 Conclusion
54(1)
References
55(2)
4 Blockchain architecture for intelligent water management system in smart cities
S. Sundaresan
K. Suresh Kumar
T. Ananth Kumar
V. Ashok
E. Golden Julie
1 Introduction
57(2)
2 Blockchain in water management
59(3)
2.1 Industrial water management
61(1)
3 Proposed system
62(8)
3.1 Water management in smart cities
62(2)
3.2 Intelligent control and monitoring unit
64(2)
3.3 Short Message Service (SMS)-based control unit using Internet of Things (IoT)
66(1)
3.4 Blockchain using Internet of Things (IoT) in water management
67(2)
3.5 Blockchain-based smart water quality monitoring system using internet of things (IoT)
69(1)
4 Results and discussion
70(9)
5 Conclusion
79(1)
References
79(2)
5 Blockchain-based energy-efficient smart green city in IoT environments
K. Suresh Kumar
A.S. Radha Mani
S. Sundaresan
T. Ananth Kumar
Y. Harold Robinson
1 Introduction
81(3)
2 Related works
84(2)
3 Proposed system
86(3)
3.1 Proposed energy management system using blockchain technology
86(3)
3.2 Proposed smart waste management system using blockchain technology
89(1)
4 Domestic wastes collection and management
89(6)
4.1 Waste food management system
90(2)
4.2 Air pollution management system
92(2)
4.3 Soil waste management system
94(1)
5 Overview of proposed architecture design
95(1)
6 Results and discussion
96(5)
7 Conclusion
101(1)
References
101(5)
6 Applications of blockchain in smart cities: detecting fake documents from land records using blockchain technology
R. Dinesh Kumar
V.N.S. Manaswini
1 Introduction
106(2)
1.1 Blockchain key features
106(2)
1.2 Blockchain architecture
108(1)
2 Related survey
108(2)
3 Existing land registration framework
110(1)
3.1 Procedure for land registration
110(1)
4 Proposed framework
111(2)
4.1 Step 1: user creates an account
111(1)
4.2 Step 2: sellers upload property details on the system
111(2)
4.3 Step 3: accessing the buyer's property
113(1)
4.4 Step 4: after approving the transfer request by seller and then land inspector gets involved
113(1)
4.5 Step 5: transaction verification by land inspector and performs land transitions
113(1)
4.6 Step 6: registering land documents gets validation and authentication
113(1)
5 Implementation
113(3)
5.1 Technical workflow
113(1)
5.2 Creating buyer registry
114(1)
5.3 Creating seller participant
114(1)
5.4 Property list asset registry
114(1)
5.5 Property for intent of sale
114(1)
5.6 Registered transactions
115(1)
5.7 Generating certificates
116(1)
5.8 Creating block and channeltx
116(1)
5.9 Key can be found in
116(1)
6 Conclusion
116(1)
References
116(3)
7 Citizen e-governance using blockchain
Rishabh Setiya
Sneha Pandey
Ayush Kumar Singh
Deepak Kumar Sharma
1 Introduction
119(4)
1.1 Introduction to e-governance
120(1)
1.2 Traditional systems of e-governance
121(1)
1.3 Challenges in traditional systems of e-governance
122(1)
2 Use cases
123(14)
2.1 Digital identity
123(2)
2.2 Education
125(2)
2.3 Healthcare
127(2)
2.4 Utility supplies
129(1)
2.5 Tax collection
130(1)
2.6 License management
131(1)
2.7 Land ownership records
132(4)
2.8 Voting
136(1)
3 Considerations involved in implementation
137(5)
3.1 Transparency
138(1)
3.2 Trust
138(1)
3.3 Privacy
139(1)
3.4 Security
139(1)
3.5 Efficiency
139(1)
3.6 Cost
140(1)
3.7 Scalability
141(1)
4 Case studies
142(4)
4.1 Estonia
142(1)
4.2 Dubai
143(2)
4.3 Kenya
145(1)
5 Summary
146(1)
References
147(6)
8 Cloud/edge computing for smart cities
J. Nulyn Punitha Markavathi
D. Kesavaraja
1 Introduction
153(2)
2 Characteristics
155(1)
3 Frameworks
156(1)
4 Existing system
157(1)
5 Infrastructure architecture
157(2)
6 Smart city challenges and concerns
159(1)
7 Why do we need smart cities?
160(1)
8 Applications of edge computing
161(2)
9 Features of edge computing
163(2)
10 How edge computing making cities smarter and better
165(1)
11 Conclusion
166(1)
References
167(4)
9 Waste management in smart cities using blockchaining technology
D. Jeyabharathi
Angelin Merling Thava
S. Jeba Prasanna Idas
T. Sangeetha
1 Introduction
171(2)
1.1 Blockchaining and IoT-based waste management system
171(1)
1.2 Blockchaining technology
172(1)
1.3 Internet of things
172(1)
2 Objective
173(2)
2.1 Contribution of this chapter
174(1)
2.2 Outline of the chapter
174(1)
2.3 Related work
174(1)
2.4 Blockchaining-based waste management in smart cities
174(1)
2.5 IoT sensor-based waste management in smart cities
175(1)
2.6 Motivation
175(1)
3 Proposed work
175(5)
3.1 Working process for IoT sensors in waste management
175(2)
3.2 Raspberry Pi
177(1)
3.3 Ultrasonic sensor
177(1)
3.4 Inductive proximity sensor
177(1)
3.5 Capacitive sensor
178(1)
3.6 Flame sensor
178(1)
3.7 Temperature sensor
178(1)
3.8 Working process for blockchaining in waste management
178(2)
4 Conclusion
180(1)
References
180(4)
10 Introduction to blockchain and distributed systems-fundamental theories and concepts
Neha Sharma
Madhavi Shamkuwar
Sakthi Kumaresh
Inderjit Singh
Amol Goje
1 Introduction
184(1)
2 Literature review
185(6)
2.1 Systematic literature review
185(2)
2.2 Evolution of blockchain
187(4)
3 Blockchain concepts
191(9)
3.1 Blockchain operations
192(2)
3.2 Blockchain network
194(3)
3.3 Features of blockchain
197(1)
3.4 Different blockchain consensus mechanisms
198(2)
4 Blockchain taxomony
200(4)
4.1 Type of blockchains
200(2)
4.2 Major blockchain platforms
202(2)
5 Applications of blockchain
204(2)
6 Challenges of blockchain
206(1)
7 Conclusions
207(1)
References
208(3)
11 Blockchain for green smart cities
S. Porkodi
D. Kesavaraja
1 Introduction
211(3)
1.1 IoT in digital era
211(1)
1.2 Green smart city
212(1)
1.3 Need of blockchain in green smart city
213(1)
2 Green smart city
214(5)
2.1 Architecture
214(1)
2.2 Characteristics
215(2)
2.3 Challenges in green smart city
217(2)
3 Blockchain technology
219(2)
3.1 Blockchain and its components
219(1)
3.2 Smart contracts
220(1)
3.3 Smart assets
220(1)
3.4 Digital identity
221(1)
4 Characteristics of blockchain to develop smart city
221(1)
5 Smart city application integrated with blockchain
222(7)
5.1 Smart healthcare
222(1)
5.2 Smart transportation
223(1)
5.3 Supply chain management
224(1)
5.4 Smart education
225(1)
5.5 Digital advertisement tracking
226(1)
5.6 Smart voting
226(1)
5.7 E-government
227(1)
5.8 Publishing and copy rights management
227(1)
5.9 Blockchain-as-a-service
228(1)
5.10 Smart energy
228(1)
6 Conclusion and future directions
229(1)
References
229(5)
12 A novel Blockchain-based Access Control Manager to Electronic Health Records (EHRs)
Usharani Chelladurai
Seethalakshmi Pandian
1 Introduction
234(4)
1.1 Fundamentals of blockchain technology
234(1)
1.2 Elements of blockchain technology
235(3)
2 Related work
238(1)
3 Blockchain as an Access Control Manager for EHRs
238(4)
3.1 Elements of Access Control Manager
238(2)
3.2 Access control models
240(2)
4 Access Control Policies
242(1)
4.1 Granting Access and Transfer Rights
242(1)
4.2 Revoking Access Rights and Transfer Rights
242(1)
5 Conclusion
243(1)
References
243(2)
13 Application of blockchain in automotive industry, waste management, and seed traceability
N.R. Rajalakshmi
V. Usha
Saravanan Krishnan
1 Introduction
245(2)
2 Literature review
247(1)
3 Blockchain in the automotive industry
247(2)
4 System model
249(2)
5 Blockchain in waste management
251(1)
6 Seed traceability using smart contracts
252(5)
7 Electronic voting system
257(1)
8 Conclusion
258(1)
References
258(2)
14 Blockchain-based health care monitoring for privacy preservation of COVID-19 medical records
J.V. Bibal Benifa
G. Venifa Mini
Saravanan Krishnan
1 Introduction
260(4)
2 Background and related works
264(7)
3 Blockchain taxonomy
271(4)
3.1 Popular blockchains
272(2)
3.2 Remote health monitoring on cloud
274(1)
3.3 Cryptographic primitives
275(1)
3.4 Bilinear mapping method
275(1)
4 Proposed work
275(9)
4.1 IoT devices
276(1)
4.2 Data owner (DO)
277(1)
4.3 Data user (DU)
277(1)
4.4 Gateway server (GWS)
277(1)
4.5 Blockchain network
277(1)
4.6 Cloud storage (CS)
278(1)
4.7 Uploading HR to cloud
278(2)
4.8 Downloading health record
280(1)
4.9 Data user revocation
280(1)
4.10 Protocol on access control
281(1)
4.11 Security analysis
282(2)
5 Efficiency of proposed model
284(7)
5.1 Experimental setup
284(1)
5.2 Experimental results
285(3)
5.3 Varying the number of users
288(1)
5.4 Throughput
289(1)
5.5 Latency
289(1)
5.6 Discussion
290(1)
6 Conclusions
291(1)
References
292(3)
15 A reliable blockchain and edge-cloud architecture for facilitating fault-tolerant IoT applications
A. Amuthan
1 Introduction
295(2)
2 Related work
297(1)
3 Reliable blockchain and edge-cloud architecture for facilitating fault-tolerant IoT applications
298(3)
3.1 Proposed CFIoT architecture
298(3)
4 Simulation results and discussion
301(8)
4.1 Experiment 1: evaluation of the proposed CEFIoT architecture with scenario-1
302(2)
4.2 Experiment 2: evaluation of the proposed CEFIoT architecture with scenario-2
304(1)
4.3 Experiment 3: evaluation of the proposed CEFIoT architecture with scenario-3
305(4)
5 Conclusions
309(1)
References
309(4)
16 Applications of blockchain technology for smart cities in a nutshell
V.V. Satyanarayana Tallapragada
1 Introduction
313(6)
2 Application of blockchain technology in smart cities
319(11)
2.1 Unique identity
319(3)
2.2 Smart properties
322(2)
2.3 Smart governance
324(2)
2.4 Energy and resource management
326(3)
2.5 E-voting
329(1)
3 Conclusion
330(2)
References
332(3)
17 Standards and Protocols of Blockchain
C.M. Naga Sudha
K. Gokuiakrishnan
J. Jesu Vedha Nayahi
1 Introduction
335(7)
1.1 Key Characteristics of DLT
337(1)
1.2 Ecosystem of DLT
338(2)
1.3 Consensus Mechanism
340(2)
2 Standards of Blockchain
342(7)
2.1 International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector
343(1)
2.2 ISO
344(1)
2.3 IEEE standards association
344(1)
2.4 W3C
344(1)
2.5 United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT)
345(1)
2.6 Community Standards
345(1)
2.7 Other Standards
345(1)
2.8 Blockchain Standards for Compliance and Trust
346(1)
2.9 Blockchain Standards and Government
347(2)
3 Protocols of Blockchain
349(3)
3.1 Layers of Blockchain Protocols
350(1)
3.2 Application of Blockchain Protocols in Email
351(1)
4 Conclusion
352(1)
References
353(2)
Index 355
Saravanan Krishnan is working as a Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Anna University, Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu. He has done ME in Software Engineering and PhD in Computer Science Engineering. His research interests include cloud computing, software engineering, Internet of Things, and smart cities. He has published research papers in 14 international conferences and 27 international journals. He has also written 9 book chapters and 5 books with international publishers. He has done consultancy work for Municipal Corporation and Smart City schemes. Valentina Emilia Balas is currently a Full Professor in the Department of Automatics and Applied Software at the Faculty of Engineering, Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad, Romania. She holds a PhD cum Laude in Applied Electronics and Telecommunications from the Polytechnic University of Timisoara. Dr. Balas is the author of more than 350 research papers. She is the Editor-in-Chief of the 'International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms' and the 'International Journal of Computational Systems Engineering', an editorial board member for several other national and international publications, and an expert evaluator for national and international projects and PhD theses. E.Golden Julie is currently working as a Senior Assistant Professor in the department of computer science and Engineering, Anna university, Regional campus, Tirunelveli. She has received Ph.D degree in Information and Communication Engineering from Anna University, Chennai in the year 2017. She has more than 13 years of experience in teaching and has published more than 35 papers in various International Journals and presented more than 20 papers in both national and International Conferences. She has written 10 book chapters by Springer, IGI global Publication. Her research area includes Wireless Sensor Ad-hoc Networks, Soft computing, block chain, fuzzy logic, neural network, soft computing techniques, clustering and IoT. She is also an active life time member in Indian Society of Technical Education. Dr. Y. Harold Robinson is currently working in the School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. He has received Ph.D. degree in Information and Communication Engineering from Anna University, Chennai in the year 2016. He is having more than 15 years of experience in teaching. He has published more than 100 papers in various International Journals and presented more than 45 papers in both national and International Conferences. He is acting as an editor for many research books. His research area includes Wireless Sensor Networks, Ad-hoc Networks ,Soft computing, blockchain, IoT and Image Processing. Raghvendra Kumar is working as an Associate Professor in Computer Science and Engineering Department at GIET University, India. He received BTech, MTech, and PhD in Computer Science and Engineering, India, and Postdoc Fellow from the Institute of Information Technology, Virtual Reality and Multimedia, Vietnam. He has published a number of research papers in international journals and conferences. His research areas are computer networks, data mining, cloud computing, and secure multiparty computations, theory of computer science, and design of algorithms. He authored and edited 23 computer science books in field of IoT, data mining, and biomedical engineering.